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A novel magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer only based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs-MMIP) was successfully synthesized. The DESs-MMIP was constructed by using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/tetrabutylammonium chloride deep eutectic solvent (DES1) as functional monomer, arylamide/(3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride deep eutectic solvent (DES2) as cross-linker and bovine hemoglobin (BHb) as template through surface imprinting technology. The obtained DESs-MMIP was characterized by transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectrometry, thermal gravimetric analysis and vibrating sample magnetometer. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum adsorption capacity of DESs-MMIP on BHb was 229.54 mg g−1 and the imprinting factor reached up to 21.89. The selective adsorption experiments indicated that compared with seven references, DESs-MMIP showed significant selectivity for BHb. The new-type DESs-MMIP exhibited higher adsorption capacity and imprinting factor on BHb than molecularly imprinted polymers constructed with traditional functional monomer and cross-linker in reported methods. The recognition of BHb by DESs-MMIP in calf blood samples demonstrated the practicality of the particles. The DESs-MMIP only based on deep eutectic solvents with excellent selectivity is expected to become an ideal candidate for selective recognition of BHb in complicated samples.

The novel ionic liquids skeleton typed magnetic core-shell molecularly imprinted polymers (Fe3O4–COOH@IL-MIP) were firstly constructed with 1-vinyl-3-aminoformylmethyl imidazolium chloride ionic liquid ([VAFMIM]Cl-IL) modified magnetic particles as the substrate materials, [VAFMIM]Cl-IL as functional monomer, 1,6-hexanediyl-3,3′-bis-1-vinylimidazolium dichloride ionic liquid as cross-linker and Lysozyme (Lys) as template protein via surface-imprinting technique. The structure of Fe3O4–COOH@IL-MIP were confirmed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermo-gravimetric analysis, fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. The adsorption mechanism was discussed from the perspective of amino acid residues of Lys. The maximum adsorption capacity of MIPs was 166.36 mg g−1 and imprinting factor was 2.67. The competitive adsorption experiments demonstrated the favorable recognition ability of MIPs toward Lys. Reusability studies indicated MIPs can be reused ten times without obvious loss of rebinding ability. The Lys conformation maintained intact after elution and the elution rate was as high as 74%. The adsorption experiment of egg white manifested that MIPs can effectively separate Lys in practical samples. Only ILs and Fe3O4 were utilized to fabricate MIPs, this strategy realized the goal of energy and cost saving while achieving simple synthesis of imprinted materials, and is expected to provide a new feasible idea to exploit synthetic methods for protein-MIPs.

Aqueous Biphasic Systems (ABSs) based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were determined and applied in the extraction of lysozyme from chicken egg white. Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) and benzyltributylammonium bromide were utilized as hydrogen-bond acceptors to synthesize six kinds of DESs with different carboxylic acids (such as glycolic acid, Gly). The phase-formation ability of these DESs was evaluated by combining several salts. The results revealed that the content of hydrophilic group and the alkyl side chain length of the carboxylic acids played a crucial role in phase separation process, and the introduce of the benzyl group for quaternary ammonium salt had an aptitude to promote two-phase splitting. Then the system comprising [TBAB][Gly] and Na2SO4 was used to appraise the effect of different experimental parameters on the extraction efficiency, including the amount of DES and salt, the temperature, the values of pH and the ionic strength. More than 98% of lysozyme was transferred into the DES-rich phase at the optimum condition. The activity of lysozyme after the process of extraction still retained 91.73% of initial activity, demonstrating high biocompatibility of the studied system. What's more, the proposed method was successfully utilized for the real sample analysis. Finally, UV-vis, FT-IR, circular dichroism spectra, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy were employed to investigate the extraction mechanism. All of these results verify the excellent feasibility of the proposed system in the analysis of biological samples.

A novel ionic liquid (IL) modified magnetic nanocomposite (mag-MoS2-RGO), which was composed of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), was firstly synthesized and characterized (mag-MoS2-RGO-IL). Compared with mag-MoS2-RGO, the mag-MoS2-RGO-IL exhibited the higher adsorption capacity of 143.9 mg/g for methylene blue (MB) under optimum conditions. Experimental results were imitated by adsorption isotherms and kinetic models, revealing a monolayer adsorption on the homogeneous surface governed by chemisorption. The removal rate was maintained 78% after 5 cycles of regeneration, indicating its good reutilization. Methodological study suggested that the method possessed excellent repeatability, precision and stability. The recoveries from the real samples were in the range of 87.0–98.8% with relative standard deviation of ≤5.2%. Benefiting from composite structure and magnetic Fe3O4, the stable magnetic adsorbent can be quickly separated from aqueous solution. All of above proves that the prepared mag-MoS2-RGO-IL has great application potential in dye separation.

In this work, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared with vinyl-coated magnetic particles (Fe3O4@VTEO) as the support material, deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on vinyl as the functional monomer, respectively. N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAAm) was used as the crosslinker on account of its abundant carbon-carbon double bonds. The MIPs were prepared with the addition of bovine hemoglobin (BHb) acted as the template. The MIPs particles can be collected quickly by a magnetic field. The composition and morphology of the MIPs particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to illustrate the cubic inverse spinel structure of Fe3O4. Meanwhile, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was applied to characterize the magnetism of the MIPs. Adsorption experiments were performed to attain the optimum adsorption conditions. Under the optimized conditions, the obtained maximum adsorption capacity (Q, mg·g−1) of the MIPs particles is found to be 164.20 mg g−1, and the imprinting factor (IF) is 4.93. Four reference molecules were used to test the selectivity of the MIPs particles, which indicates that the recognition sites can adsorb template molecules with selectivity. Furthermore, the prepared magnetic MIPs particles were applied to capture BHb from the real samples (calf blood) effectively.

In this work, aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) formed by different deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared and applied to extract proteins. The five kinds of DESs comprised amino acids and polyols ([amino acids][polyols]). They were combined with another DES resulting from tetrabutylammonium chloride and polypropylene glycol 400 ([TBAC][PPG400]) to form ABSs. The phase-forming abilities of [TBAC][PPG400]/[amino acids][polyols] were compared with those of [TBAC][PPG400]/amino acids and [TBAC][PPG400]/polyols. The results exhibited that the biphasic formation ability of [amino acids][polyols] lies between those of amino acids and polyols when [TBAC][PPG400] acts as the other phase in ABSs. The systems comprising [TBAC][PPG400] and [L-proline][xylitol] ([Pro][Xyl]) were further investigated to optimize the extraction performance. It was found that 97.30% chymotrypsin tended to distribute into the [Pro][Xyl]-rich phase under optimum conditions. The practical application of the system was demonstrated by the extraction of chymotrypsin from porcine pancreas. Besides, UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy proved that the conformation of proteins remained unchanged during the extraction process. The extraction mechanism of the formation of DES–protein aggregates was investigated via conductivity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The overall results suggest that the DES/DES-based ABSs have outstanding potential in the green extraction of proteins.

A magnetic β-cyclodextrin (MCD) surface molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as cross-linker and functional monomer (MCD@DES-MIP) was successfully synthesized for the specific recognition of bovine hemoglobin (BHb). The adsorption behavior of MCD@DES-MIP for BHb was investigated by adsorption thermodynamics, adsorption kinetics, and pH control experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity of MCD@DES-MIP for BHb under the optimized conditions was 195.94 mg g−1 and the imprinting factor was 4.68. In addition, the competitive adsorption experiments demonstrated that MCD@DES-MIP showed excellent selective extraction ability for BHb in the binary mixture of BHb and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The actual sample analysis manifested that MCD@DES-MIP effectively separated BHb from complex samples. The results of circular dichroism spectra proved that the secondary structure of BHb did not change during elution. The result indicated that MCD@DES-MIP can be used as a new imprinting material for the separation and purification of BHb. Graphical abstract

Magnetic titanium dioxide nanoparticles modified with green deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and xylitol (Xyl) (Fe3O4@TiO2@[ChCl][Xyl]) were synthesized and applied to the solid-phase extraction(MSPE) of chymotrypsin (Chy). The physicochemical properties and morphology of Fe3O4@TiO2@[ChCl][Xyl] was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The experiment parameters such as initial concentration of Chy, extraction time, pH value, ionic strength, extraction temperature and sample matrix were effectively optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the extraction capacity of Fe3O4@TiO2@[ChCl][Xyl] obtained a significantly improvement after the modification of Fe3O4@TiO2 nanoparticles by [ChCl][Xyl], and reached up to 347.8 mg g−1. In the elution experiment, 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-acetic acid (SDS-HAc) was used as eluent, achieving an elution rate of 85.9% for the Chy on Fe3O4@TiO2@[ChCl][Xyl]. And the Fe3O4@TiO2@[ChCl][Xyl] still maintained a good extraction capacity for Chy after six times of reuse. The application result in the extraction of Chy from porcine pancreas crude extract showed a good practical application ability for Chy extraction. All the results indicated that the synthesized Fe3O4@TiO2@[ChCl][Xyl] has good application potential in the extraction of biomolecular molecules such as protein.

Global energy interconnection is an effective way to exploit and utilize renewable energy all over the world, but quantitative analysis on intercontinental power production and exchange under the background of energy interconnection is lacking. This paper constructs a global energy interconnection power balance optimization method based on the sequential production simulation. Firstly, the structure of power sources and complementary characteristics of load and renewable energy between each continent are analyzed. Then, the optimization model for global energy interconnection power balance is established, and a parallel iterative algorithm is proposed to obtain the power generation of each continent and exchanged power between each continent. In case study, the proposed method is tested based on the case of 2030, and the influence of intercontinental transmission capacity on the consumption of renewable energy is also analyzed. The testing results provide useful guidance for the investment decisions, planning, and designing of the global energy interconnection.

A cactus-shaped magnetic composite was prepared for solid-phase extraction of RNA. It is composed of the metal organic framework UiO-66-NH2 that was modified with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The composite was then dispersed in a lactic acid-based deep eutectic solvent (DES, Fe3O4-COOH@UiO-66-NH2@DES). The structures of the sorbents were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, vibrating sample magnetometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The extraction performance of sorbents was optimized and the maximum extraction capacity reached 246 mg·g−1. Extraction is shown to mainly rely on chelation interaction, electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding interaction. The sorbent can selectively extract RNA over DNA, bovine hemoglobin and amino acids. Regeneration studies indicated that the sorbent can be re-used (after regenreation with DES) several times without obvious change of the extraction capacity. The successful extraction of RNA from yeast testified the practical application of the sorbent.

A novel magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method based on 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ionic liquid (IL) modified magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, hydroxylated multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-OH) and zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) nanocomposites (Fe3O4-MWCNTs-OH@ZIF-67@IL) were proposed and applied to extract α–chymotrypsin. The magnetic materials were synthesized successfully and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and zeta potentials. Subsequently, the UV–vis spectrophotometer at about 280 nm was utilized to quantitatively analyze the α–chymotrypsin concentration in the supernatant. Furthermore, single factor experiments revealed that the extraction capacity was influenced by initial α–chymotrypsin concentration, ionic strength, extraction time, extraction temperature and pH value. The extraction capacity could reach up to about 635 mg g−1 under the optimized conditions, absolutely higher than that of extraction for Ovalbumin (OVA), Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Bovine hemoglobin (BHb). In addition, the regeneration studies showed Fe3O4-MWCNTs-OH@ZIF-67@IL particles could be reused several times and kept a high extraction capacity. Besides, the study of enzymatic activity also indicated that the activity of the extracted α–chymotrypsin was well maintained 93% of initial activity. What's more, the proposed method was successfully applied to extract α–chymotrypsin in porcine pancreas crude extract with satisfactory results. All of above conclusions highlight the great potential of the proposed Fe3O4-MWCNTs-OH@ZIF-67@IL-MSPE method in the analysis of biomolecules.

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of polypropylene glycol 400 (PPG 400) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) was combined with a series of new-type salts such as quaternary ammonium salts, amino acid and polyols to form Aqueous Biphasic Systems (ABSs). Phase-forming ability of the salts was investigated firstly. The results showed that polyols had a relatively weak power to produce phases within studied scopes. And the shorter of carbon chain length of salts, the easier to obtain phase-splitting. Then partitioning of three pigments in PPG 400/betaine-based ABSs was addressed to investigate the effect of pigments' hydrophobicity on extraction efficiency. It was found that an increase in hydrophobicity contributed to the migration of pigments in the DES-rich phase. On the other hand, with a decline in phase-forming ability of salts, the extraction efficiency of the whole systems started to go down gradually. Based on the results, selective separation experiment was conducted successfully in the PPG 400/betaine-based systems, including more than 93.00% Sudan Ⅲ in the top phase and about 80.00% sunset yellow FCF/amaranth in the bottom phase. Additionally, ABSs constructed by DES/betaine for partitioning amaranth were further utilized to explore the performances of influence factors and back extraction. It can be concluded that after the optimization above 98.00% amaranth was transferred into the top phase. And 67.98% amaranth can be transferred into the bottom phase in back-extraction experiment. At last, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were applied to probe into extraction mechanism. The results demonstrated that hydrophobicity played an important role in the separation process of pigments. Through combining with new-type DES, this work was devoted to introducing plentiful salts as novel compositions of ABSs and providing an eco-friendly extraction way for partitioning pigments, which boosted development of ABSs in the monitoring food safety field.

Seeking effective synthesis strategy of adsorbents with di-selective adsorption ability to remove dyes in wastewater is of great significance for solving the increasing environmental problems. Hence, three deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were synthesized and polymerized on the surface of magnetic (Fe3O4) polydopamine (MPDA), in which DES acted as both stabilizer and surface modifier for PDA coating. The fabricated nanoparticles (named as MPDA-PDES) were used as adsorbents for selective adsorption of binary dyes solution. Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were suitable to describe adsorption process of malachite green (MG) and sunset yellow FCF (SY) on MPDA-PDES1, respectively, indicated that the adsorption of MG was monolayer uptake, and that of SY was physical adsorption. The effect of solution pH and ionic strength suggested that electrostatic interaction was mainly adsorption driving force. Interestingly, the addition of CaCl2 in adsorption system realized dynamic transformation from selective adsorption of MG by MPDA-PDES1 to selective adsorption of SY. And selectivity factor reduced from 37.57 to 0.30. MPDA-PDES1 adsorbent possessed excellent anti-interference ability, regeneration and reusability, can be continuously reused six times and adsorption capacity remained basically unchanged. The adsorption of MG-SY from synthetic wastewater manifested that MPDA-PDES1 had unlimited potential for selective removal of target dyes in actual wastewater. Mechanism exploration revealed that MPDA stabilized by DES containing long-chain alkyl groups exhibited better selective adsorption capacity for cationic dyes in binary dyes solutions. This was due to the synergistic effect of electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking between MPDA-PDES1 and dyes. Therefore, proposed DES-based PDA modification strategy improved the stability and reusability of PDA materials, and achieved outstanding selective adsorption ability because of tailorability of DES structure, which provided new ideas for design and synthesis of high-efficiency adsorbents.

A novel magnetic extractant, PEG 4000 modified Fe3O4nanomaterial that coated with dianionic amino acid ionic liquid (Fe3O4@PEG@DAAAIL), was successfully synthesized and characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and zeta potentials were used to confirm that the novel nanocomposite was successfully synthesized. Subsequently, the prepared Fe3O4@PEG@DAAAIL nanocomposite was used as the extractant for trypsin coupled with magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). The concentrations of trypsin in the supernatant were detected by UV-vis spectrophotometer at 278nm. The extraction ability turned out to be better than the other four kinds of extractants prepared in this work. Furthermore, the influence of a series of factors, such as extraction time and temperature, initial trypsin concentration, the value of pH and ionic strength, was systematically investigated. Under the optimal extraction condition, the extraction capacity for trypsin could reach up to 718.73mg/g, absolutely higher than that of other adsorbents reported. This satisfactory extraction capacity could be maintained unchangeable after at least eight days, and kept over 90% of initial extraction capacity after eight recycles. What's more, the activity of trypsin after extraction retained 92.29% of initial activity, verifying the biocompatibility of the prepared extractant. Finally, the developed Fe3O4@PEG@DAAAIL-MSPE method was successfully applied to the real sample analysis with satisfactory results. All of above proves the potential value of Fe3O4@PEG@DAAAIL-MSPE in the analysis of biomass.

A molecularly imprinted polymer based on silica modified Fe3O4 microsphere and ionic liquid was prepared for the adsorption and specific recognition of DNA. Water-compatible imidazolium ionic liquids were introduced on the surface of silica-coated Fe3O4 microsphere, then used as the adsorbents, againsting DNA from salmon testes (stDNA) by combining immobilized template and surface imprinting techniques. The imprinted polymer layers were grafted onto ionic liquid functionalized microspheres through sol-gel approach using N-3-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-3-aminopropyl imidazolium chloride and N-3-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-3-mexyl imidazolium chloride as the functional monomers, and tetraethoxysilane as the cross-linker. Because both imidazolium ionic liquid and DNA are soluble in water, it is mandatory to implement an imprinted process in an aqueous medium to well maintain the integrity of the conformation. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometry were employed to characterize the materials. The nanomaterials with multiple imprinting sites and biocompatible cavities exhibit high specific adsorption capacity of DNA (162 mg·g−1) and excellent rebinding selectivity (imprinting factor up to 6.6) against non-imprinted molecules at pH value of 5.10. Moreover, it is feasible to strip DNA from the highly cross-linked polymer network by using aqueous NaCl (1.0 M). The nanomaterials are cap able of capturing DNA from calf whole blood, which might provide a viable tool for DNA preconcentration, separation and recognition.

A magnetically responsive composite was prepared for improved solid-phase extraction of salmon sperm DNA sodium salt. It consists of chitosan-modified Fe3O4-magnetized multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated with a poly(ethylene glycol) based deep eutectic solvent. The sorbent was characterized by X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of the concentration of DNA, ionic strength, pH value, temperature and extraction time on extraction performance were optimized. Compared to plain Fe3O4, the new sorbent displays a superior DNA extraction capacity of 178 mg·g−1. It also displays favorable selectivity for DNA over bovine hemoglobin. Regeneration studies show that (a) 79% of DNA can be eluted from loaded sorbent by using 1 M NaCl, and that (b) the conformation of DNA remains unchanged as evidenced by CD spectra. The sorbent can be recycled six times without significant loss of extraction capacity. It was applied to the extraction of DNA from bovine whole blood prior to DNA quantitation by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results show this new sorbent to be a viable material for separation of DNA that excels by its low cost, high loading capacity and ease of regeneration.

In this work, 16 kinds of novel deep eutectic solvents (DESs) composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and quaternary ammonium salts, were coupled with Aqueous Biphasic Systems (ABSs) to extract RNA. The phase forming ability of ABSs were comprehensively evaluated, involving the effects of various proportions of DESs' components, carbon chain length and anions species of quaternary ammonium salts, average molecular weights of PEG and inorganic salts nature. Then the systems were applied in RNA extraction, and the results revealed that the extraction efficiency values were distinctly enhanced by relatively lower PEG content in DESs, smaller PEG molecular weights, longer carbon chain of quaternary ammonium salts and more hydrophobic inorganic salts. Then the systems composed of [TBAB][PEG600] and Na2SO4 were utilized in the influence factor experiments, proving that the electrostatic interaction was the dominant force for RNA extraction. Therefore, back-extraction efficiency values ranging between 85.19% and 90.78% were obtained by adjusting the ionic strength. Besides, the selective separation of RNA and tryptophane (Trp) was successfully accomplished. It was found that 86.19% RNA was distributed in the bottom phase, while 72.02% Trp was enriched in the top phase in the novel ABSs. Finally, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to further investigate the extraction mechanism. The proposed method reveals the outstanding feasibility of the newly developed ABSs formed by PEG-based DESs and inorganic salts for the green extraction of RNA.

A cactus-shaped magnetic composite was prepared for solid-phase extraction of RNA. It is composed of the metal organic framework UiO-66-NH

This article described the fabrication of novel magnetic carbon nanotube modified with polymeric deep eutectic solvent (M-CNT@PDES) and its application as extractant for the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The physicochemical properties and morphology of M-CNT@PDES were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), zeta potentials, fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Afterwards, several parameters such as pH value, initial concentration of BSA, extraction time, ionic strength and extraction temperature were optimized. The results indicated that the modification of PDES significantly improved the extraction performance for BSA, and the maximum extraction capacity was 225.15 mg/g under the optimized conditions. In addition, 0.20 mol/L NaCl-PBS solution was chosen as the appropriate eluent, and favourable elution rate (81.22%) was obtained. Circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) indicated that the secondary structure of BSA has not changed during extraction and elution. The regenerative experiment and application in real calf serum confirmed the outstanding durability and practical application ability of M-CNT@PDES. All of above verified that the proposed M-CNT@PDES coupled with MSPE method has great application potential for the pre-concentration of biomolecules.

Amino functional dicationic ionic liquid (AFDCIL) was prepared and then coated on the surface of magnetic graphene oxide (GO) as a new magnetic adsorbent (Fe@GO@AFDCIL) for the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of protein. The Fe@GO@AFDCIL composite was characterized by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and zeta-potential nanoparticles. The bovine hemoglobin (BHb) was used as the analyte, and the extraction performance of Fe@GO@AFDCIL was investigated in the MSPE procedure. The concentration of BHb in samples was determined by a UV-vis spectrophotometer. A comparative investigation of Fe@GO@AFDCIL composite and traditional IL-coated Fe@GO composites (Fe@GO@IL) exhibited the benefits of Fe@GO@AFDCIL. The adsorbed BHb could be eluted from the Fe@GO@AFDCIL by 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution. The Fe@GO@AFDCIL exhibited favorable stability which could be reused at least 15 times. Under the optimized condition, the real samples were investigated, which demonstrated that the Fe@GO@AFDCIL was able to be applied in extracting bovine hemoglobin (BHb) from real biological samples.

This study was devoted to compare ternary and binary deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) to extract proteins. Four types of binary DESs and four ternary DESs, composed of a hydrogen bond acceptor (tetramethylammonium chloride, TMAC) and hydrogen bond donors, were synthesized. The phase diagrams of the studied DESs demonstrated that binary DESs were more amenable to producing a two-phase split. Afterwards, their ability to extract four different substances was further evaluated. It was found that the systems based on ternary DESs showed a better potential in the field of extraction. Two types of DESs with ATPS, involving TMAC–urea (TMAC–U) and TMAC–glycerol–urea (TMAC–G–U), were investigated for five influence factors such as the amount of DES, concentration of salt, mass of BSA, temperature and pH, on the extracting of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Under the optimal conditions, the values of their respective extraction efficiency were up to 99.31% and 98.95%. Moreover, the back extraction efficiencies were discussed, which indicated that the ternary DESs reached up to 71.89%, remarkably different from binary DES (21.02%). Finally, UV-vis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), circular dichroism (CD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), conductivity measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to study the extraction mechanism. This study reveals the outstanding feasibility of TMAC–G–U based DES with an ATPS for the protein extraction process, providing significant information for designing task-specific DESs.

The ecological and human health threats brought by emerging pollutants are increasingly serious. Development of efficient removal methods is urgent. Herein, seven deep eutectic solvents (DESs) composed by quaternary ammonium salts and lactic acid or glycolic acid were synthesized and used to regulate magnetic (Fe3O4) metal organic framework (MUiO-66-NH2) composites. The obtained nanoparticles (named as DES-MUiO-66-NH2) were used as adsorbents to adsorb pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics model were suitable to analyze the adsorption process of DES-MUiO-66-NH2 to PPCPs, indicated that the adsorption of PPCPs was chemisorption on homogeneous surface of DES-MUiO-66-NH2 adsorbents. Under the optimal conditions, the adsorption capacity of DES-MUiO-66-NH2 toward ofloxacin and mefenamic acid reached up to 97.60 and 79.22 mg/g, respectively. Mechanism exploration indicated that DES-MUiO-66-NH2 selectively adsorbed PPCPs through electrostatic interaction, chelation, π-π stacking, hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Density functional theory proved the chelation through theoretical calculation. Selective experiments manifested that the structures of DESs directly determined the specificity of DES-MUiO-66-NH2 for different PPCPs, and the investigation of structure–activity relationship provided new ideas for designing efficient tailor-made adsorbents for PPCPs. The proposed PPCPs removal approach focused on the guiding role of DESs in selective adsorption. And this green DESs regulation idea provided more options for the synthesis of high-efficiency and functional adsorbents for emerging pollutants.

With 2 × 330MW subcritical coal-fired boiler as the research object, the influence of two kinds of primary air flue gas recirculation schemes on the combustion of pulverized coal and the formation of NOx were studied by numerical simulation software. The variation law of SCR inlet fume temperature was studied with boiler thermodynamic calculation. The calculation results show that the reasonable smoke mixing method can effectively improve the SCR inlet flue gas temperature and reduce the furnace outlet NOx concentration. The optimal proportion was 20% with the primary air mixing smoke while maintaining constant air mass. The results of numerical simulation and thermodynamic calculation show that SCR inlet flue temperature can be increased by 15°C, the concentration of NOx emission can reduce by 18.29mg/Nm3.

Successive development of China’s power spot market has subjected the operation and dispatching mode of the existing power system to an increasingly greater influence imposed by the electricity market mechanism. In China’s northern provinces requiring winter heating, it is a huge challenge to the trading mechanism of power spot market to simultaneously guarantee the safe operation of power system and the heating mode of heating unit. To address this issue, this paper analyses the operation conditions and problems of power spot market during winter heating in northern China. Based on the analysis of the power spot market in a northern city, This paper analyzes some crucial problems in the construction of spot market and sums up policy advice for the further construction of spot market adapted to direct electricity purchase by large consumers in northern China.

Novel polymeric deep eutectic solvents (PDES) based on 3-acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride/D-sorbitol functionalized amino-magnetic (Fe3O4 NH2) metal-organic framework (HKUST-1-MOF) composites (Fe3O4 NH2@HKUST-1@PDES) were synthesized and characterized by field emission transmission electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and zeta potentials. Then the composites were firstly utilized to selectively separate malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV) coupled with magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE). A response surface methodology (RSM) based on Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) was selected to analytically optimize the extraction parameters including initial concentration of dyes, extraction time, pH value and extraction temperature. The maximum extraction amount and optimal extraction conditions predicted by the RSM model matched well with the actual experimental results, and the extraction amount was 966.93 mg g−1 for MG and 788.90 mg g−1 for CV,respectively. The results indicated that the model possessed higher calculation accuracy through analyzing fewer sample points, thereby achieving theoretical prediction of extraction amount and conditions and being a prefect supplementary to actual experiments. The electrostatic interaction between the composites and cationic dyes played the main roll in the extraction process. The proposed extraction method exhibited lower limit of detection (98.19 ng mL−1 for MG and 23.97 ng mL−1 for CV) and preeminent precision (RSD ˂ 0.4%). Spiked recoveries of fish samples at three spiking levers ranged from 89.43% to 100.65% for MG and 95.29%–98.03% for CV. All results highlighted the excellent potential of Fe3O4 NH2@HKUST-1@PDES-MSPE strategy in selective separation of cationic dyes in complex medium.

In the boiler combustion of power plants, the smoke loss is the main combustion heat loss of the boiler. Reducing the exhaust gas temperature is one of the main means to reduce the heat loss of the exhaust gas, and it is also the main measure for improving the thermal efficiency of the boiler in each power plant. This paper summarizes and discusses the application and economics of installing composite phase change heat exchangers for coal-fired boilers.

In order to reduce the complexity of Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signal detection, the iterative method is utilized for signal detection. Based on the implementation and analysis of the successive over relaxation (SOR) iterative algorithm, it can achieve near-optimal performance and can reduce an order of magnitude for the computational complexity. The simulation results that employing optimized relaxation factor can achieve the low bit error rate with less iteration and an efficient relaxation range is obtained to guide the relaxation factor selection.

In this work, aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) composed of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were developed and utilized to efficiently extract DNA for the first time. Four kinds of ILs/DESs were mainly constituted by betaine/carboxylic acid and betaine/carbohydrates respectively. While another DES ([TBAB][PPG400]) was formed by polypropylene glycol 400 (PPG 400) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB). The phase-formation ability of the studied ABSs was evaluated by using [TBAB][PPG400]/(ILs/DESs) and [TBAB][PPG400]/inorganic salts. The results revealed that the phase forming ability of ABSs involved with the size of anion alky chain of ILs, the viscosity, the density and the hydrophilicity of DESs, ionic radius and ionic valence of inorganic salts. Then the system comprising [TBAB][PPG400]/IL was selected to ascertain the optimum extraction conditions for the extraction of DNA by the influence factor experiments. Meanwhile the maximum extraction efficiency could be attained 99.60%. Mixed sample experiments were implemented to separate DNA/cytochrome C (Cyt-c) and DNA/bovine hemoglobin (BHb), where the DNA mainly partitioned to IL-rich bottom phase. It turned out that the relationship between the isoelectric point of analytes and the pH of the system played an important role in the separation process. The result also showed that the studied system can be applied to selectively separate mixtures of nucleic acids and proteins in a single-step. Moreover, the developed system was successfully applied to the extraction of DNA from bovine whole blood with satisfactory result. Finally, the extraction mechanisms associated with the separation process were explored by FT-IR spectra, circular dichroism spectra (CD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Overall, the novel systems have been proven to be a remarkable performance in the separation of DNA, which is expected to be widely used and provide further possibilities in separation fields.

Lu Zhang,1,* Xingxing Xie,1,* Yigang Zhou,2,* Dainan Yu,1 Yu Deng,1 Jiexiu Ouyang,3 Bei Yang,1 Dan Luo,1 Dalei Zhang,1 Haibin Kuang1,3 1Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 2Department of Color Ultrasonic Room, No 96716 Hospital of PLA, 3Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Medical Experimental Teaching Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have recently found applications in a wide variety of consumer goods. TiO2 NPs exposure significantly increases fetal deformities and mortality. However, the potential toxicity of TiO2 NPs on the growth and development of placenta has been rarely studied during mice pregnancy.Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal exposure of TiO2 NPs on the placentation.Methods: Mice were administered TiO2 NPs by gavage at 0, 1 and 10 mg/kg/day from gestational day (GD) 1 to GD 13. Uteri and placentas from these mice were collected and counted the numbers of implanted and resorbed embryo and measured the placental weight on GD 13. Placental morphometry was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of Hand1, Esx1, Eomes, Hand2, Ascl2 and Fra1 mRNA were assessed by qRT-PCR. Uterine NK (uNK) cells were detected by using DBA lectin. Laminin immunohistochemical staining was to identify fetal vessels. Western blotting and transmission electron micrograph (TEM) were used to assess the apoptosis of placenta.Results: No treatment-related difference was observed in the numbers of implanted and resorbed embryos and weight of placenta between the groups. However, 1 mg/kg/day TiO2 NPs treatment significantly reduced the ratio of placenta/body weight on GD 13. The proportion of spongiotrophoblast in the 10 mg/kg/day dose group became higher than that in the control group, yet that of labyrinth was significantly lower in 10 mg/kg/day mice. The expression levels of Hand1, Esx1, Eomes, Hand2, Ascl2 and Fra1 mRNA markedly decreased in TiO2 NP treated placentas. Furthermore, TiO2 NPs treatment impaired the formation of intricate networks of fetal vessels and reduced the number of uNK cells, and inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of placenta by nuclear pyknosis, the activation of caspase-3 and upregulation of Bax protein and downregulation of Bcl-2 protein on GD 13.Conclusion: Gestational exposure to TiO2 NPs significantly impairs the growth and development of placenta in mice, with a mechanism that seems to be involved in the dysregulation of vascularization, proliferation and apoptosis. Therefore, our results suggested the need for great caution while handling of the nanomaterials by workers and specially pregnant consumers. Keywords: nanoparticles, titanium dioxide, placenta, proliferation, apoptosis, vascularization

A magnetized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared via a surface-imprinting technique. An allyl-based deep eutectic solvent was chosen as the functional monomer to obtain the polymer for specific recognition of lysozyme. It was deposited on silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles. The structure of the polymer was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and vibrating sample magnetometry. The maximum binding capacity of the imprinted polymer is found to be 108 mg·g-1, which is higher than that of non-imprinted polymer. Compared to reference proteins such as cytochrome C, bovine hemoglobin and bovine serum albumin, the MIP shows favorable selectivity for lysozyme. Besides, the imprinted polymer can be further used to specifically recognize lysozyme from the protein mixture and chicken egg white. Reusability studies demonstrate that the polymer can be recycled four times without significant loss of adsorption capacity. The LOD of the method is 12.8 μg·mL-1. The relative standard deviations (for n = 3) are 1.38% for precision and 2.76% for repeatability. Its facile synthesis, high adsorption performance and excellent selectivity to capture lysozyme make this polymer an attractive candidate to be applied in biomacromolecular purification. Graphical abstract Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on deep eutectic solvent as functional monomer was fabricated and applied for the specific recognition of lysozyme. The MIP exhibits high adsorption capacity and excellent selectivity for lysozyme.

Background/Aims: The previous study in our lab showed that Nodal molecule on bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) was modulated by all kinds of lung microbes. The present study was designed to determine the effects of Nodal on proliferation of BECs and BECs-induced differentiation of T-helper (Th) cells. The epigenetic mechanisms of Nodal expression following treatments of different lung microbes were also identified. Methods: Real-time polymerization chain reaction (PCR) and western blot were used to determine the expression of Nodal. Flow cytometry was used to observe the effects of proliferation of BECs and subsequent BECs-induced differentiation of Th cells. Methylation levels of CpG islands in Nodal promoters were also analyzed by time of flight mass spectrometry. Results: The results showed that Nodal promoted proliferation of BECs and BECs-induced differentiation of Th cell from Th1 to Th2 and Th17. Nodal promoter showed a hyper-methylation in normal BECs. Through methylation modification in the promoter, P. aeruginosa or A.baumanni inhibited the expression of Nodal while RSV promoted the expression of Nodal. Conclusions: Our data showed that Nodal promoted Th2 and Th17 differentiation and inhibited Th1 differentiation which may cause imbalance of airway microenvironment. P. aeruginosa or A.baumanni may be hopeful for the treatment of airway hyperresponsveness by inhibition Nodal expression through DNA methylation modification in the promoter.