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Abstract Risk cascading propagation research mostly focuses on complex theoretical networks. Recently, the vulnerability of international chip supply has increased notably, and it is strategically important to explore how shortage risk affects the emergence dynamics of the real chip trade systems. This study abstracts the global chip trade relationship data for 2009–2021 into multiple asymmetrically weighted networks. Using macro-network and micro-node indicators, we explore the topological traits of international chip trade networks and their evolutionary laws. Accordingly, we propose risk cascading propagation models driven by node failure and edge restraint and further innovate to open up the research paradigm of focused-edge networks. Furthermore, a community infection-driven risk cascading propagation mechanism that incorporates community risk absorption capacity is introduced, considering both the propagation attenuation effects and the trade dependency degree. A multi-dimensional dynamic perspective reveals the hidden systemic risks in international chip trade. The main results are as follows: first, international chip trade networks are highly connected and cohesive, consistent with small-world characteristics. Second, the proportion of economies that collapse because of supply shortage risk shocks increases with the impact coefficient $$\alpha /\beta$$ α / β . The dominant power in chip crisis propagation has shifted from Europe and America to Asia, and mainland China’s risk penetration capacity has enhanced significantly. Third, focused-edge networks conform to a multi-hub radiation pattern. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, the degree of control and spillover effects of chip supply shortages in hub economies on the international trade was increasing progressively. Fourth, an increase in absorption capacity $$\lambda$$ λ or attenuation factor $$\gamma$$ γ consistently leads to a decline in avalanche scale, with $$\lambda$$ λ exhibiting critical thresholds. These findings will help policymakers pursue efficient management strategies for chip trade, thereby improving supply stability and security.

Global climate change and overgrazing are driving shifts in the plant composition of grassland communities, which may profoundly affect the function of grassland ecosystems in regulating runoff and soil erosion. Here, we examined the shift effects of normal hillslope alpine meadow to shrub and severely degraded meadow states on runoff and sediment generation under natural rainfall conditions, and determined the contributions of plant and soil properties changes to soil erodibility, runoff and sediment generation by in situ rainfall experiment and monitoring on the hillslope of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that normal meadow shift into severely degraded meadow state, mean weight diameter, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil cohesion and soil erodibility K-factor at the topsoil decreased by 70.3%, 73.1%, 80.3% and −13.1%, respectively, and when normal meadows shift into shrub meadow state, they reduced by 49.1%, −1.3%, 49.4%, and −8.3%, respectively. Runoff and soil loss significantly changed by - 40.0% and 177.8% when normal meadow shifted into a severely degraded meadow state, while runoff and soil loss significantly changed by + 65.0% and +77.8% when normal meadow shifted into a shrub meadow state. Our findings highlight that the two divergent shifts both increased soil loss compared to the normal hillslope alpine meadows. Overall, our results indicate that the divergent shifts of normal alpine meadows exacerbated soil erodibility and soil loss of hillslope alpine meadows. These results obtained here offer a novel perspective on the regulation of runoff and soil erosion in the alpine meadow ecosystem.

Abstract Background TSPAN7 is an important factor in tumor progression. However, the precise function of TSPAN7 and its role in pan-cancer are not clear. Methods Based on Xinhua cohort incorporating 370 patients with kidney neoplasm, we conducted differential expression analysis by immunohistochemistry between tumor and normal tissues, and explored correlations of TSPAN7 with patients’ survival. Subsequently, we conducted a pan-cancer study, and successively employed differential expression analysis, competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, correlation analysis of TSPAN7 with clinical characteristics, tumor purity, tumor genomics, tumor immunity, and drug sensitivity. Last but not least, gene set enrichment analysis was applied to identify enriched pathways of TSPAN7. Results In Xinhua cohort, TSPAN7 expression was significantly up-regulated (P-value = 0.0019) in tumor tissues of kidney neoplasm patients. High TSPAN7 expression was associated with decreases in overall survival (OS) (P-value = 0.009) and progression-free survival (P-value = 0.009), and it was further revealed as an independent risk factor for OS (P-value = 0.0326, HR = 5.66, 95%CI = 1.155–27.8). In pan-cancer analysis, TSPAN7 expression was down-regulated in most tumors, and it was associated with patients’ survival, tumor purity, tumor genomics, tumor immunity, and drug sensitivity. The ceRNA network and PPI network of TSPAN7 were also constructed. Last but not least, the top five enriched pathways of TSPAN7 in various tumors were identified. Conclusion TSPAN7 served as a promising biomarker of various tumors, especially kidney neoplasms, and it was closely associated with tumor purity, tumor genomics, tumor immunology, and drug sensitivity in pan-cancer level.

Abstract Background The present study is to evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Methods A total of 3362 TMD patients were included. Each participant had complete medical records according to the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD). The clinical characteristics including symptoms and signs in relation to age and gender were analyzed. Results The mean age of the patients seeking care was 29.89 ± 13.73Y, and 68.6% of patients were aged 16–35 years. The female-to-male ratio of patients was 2.2: 1, and the average age of males was significantly lower than that of females. The prevalence of clicking symptoms decreased with age, while the prevalence of pain symptoms and limitations in jaw movement increased with age. Females were more likely to have limitations in jaw movement than males. Among the patients with pain, the average visual analogue scale (VAS) was 2.96 ± 1.23. The average VAS score of acute TMD patients (≤ 3 months) was significantly higher than that of chronic TMD patients (> 3 months). Conclusions The majority of TMD patients seeking care were young people. The number and average age of female patients was higher than the males. Female patients were more likely to have limitations in jaw movement than males.

Abstract On a global note, oral health plays a critical role in improving the overall human health. In this vein, dental-related issues with dentin exposure often facilitate the risk of developing various oral-related diseases in gums and teeth. Several oral-based ailments include gums-associated (gingivitis or periodontitis), tooth-based (dental caries, root infection, enamel erosion, and edentulous or total tooth loss), as well as miscellaneous diseases in the buccal or oral cavity (bad breath, mouth sores, and oral cancer). Although established conventional treatment modalities have been available to improve oral health, these therapeutic options suffer from several limitations, such as fail to eradicate bacterial biofilms, deprived regeneration of dental pulp cells, and poor remineralization of teeth, resulting in dental emergencies. To this end, the advent of nanotechnology has resulted in the development of various innovative nanoarchitectured composites from diverse sources. This review presents a comprehensive overview of different nanoarchitectured composites for improving overall oral health. Initially, we emphasize various oral-related diseases, providing detailed pathological circumstances and their effects on human health along with deficiencies of the conventional therapeutic modalities. Further, the importance of various nanostructured components is emphasized, highlighting their predominant actions in solving crucial dental issues, such as anti-bacterial, remineralization, and tissue regeneration abilities. In addition to an emphasis on the synthesis of different nanostructures, various nano-therapeutic solutions from diverse sources are discussed, including natural (plant, animal, and marine)-based components and other synthetic (organic- and inorganic-) architectures, as well as their composites for improving oral health. Finally, we summarize the article with an interesting outlook on overcoming the challenges of translating these innovative platforms to clinics. Graphical abstract

Abstract Background Medical school learning environment (MSLE) has a holistic impact on students’ psychosomatic health, academic achievements, and personal development. Students in different grades perceive MSLE in different ways. Thus, it is essential to investigate the specific role of student’s grade in the perception of MSLE. Methods Using the Johns Hopkins Learning Environment Scale (JHLES) as a quantification instrument for the perception level of MSLE, 10,901 medical students in 12 universities in China were categorized into low or high JHLES group according to their questionnaires. We investigated the relationship between student’s grade and JHLES category by univariate analysis employing Pearson Chi-square test and Welch’s ANOVA. Then multivariable logistic regression analysis confirmed the predictive efficacy of student’s grade. A nomogram concerning the prediction of low JHLES score probability in medical students was also constructed. Results A significant difference between two JHLES categories among students in different grades was observed (p

Abstract Aluminum batteries have become the most attractive next-generation energy storage battery due to their advantages of high safety, high abundance, and low cost. However, the dendrite problem associated with inhomogeneous electrodeposition during cycling leads to low Coulombic efficiency and rapid short-circuit failure of the aluminum metal anode, which severely hampers the cycling stability of aluminum battery. Here we show an aluminum anode material that achieves high lattice matching between the substrate and the deposit, allowing the aluminum deposits to maintain preferred crystal plane growth on the substrate surface. It not only reduces the nucleation barrier of aluminum and decreases electrode polarization, but also enables uniform deposition of aluminum, improving the cycling stability of aluminum batteries. Aluminum anode with (111) preferred crystal plane can stably 25000 cycles at the current density of 5 A·g−1, with a capacity retention rate of over 80%.

Abstract Background Leukocyte Ig-like receptor B family 4 (LILRB4) as an immune checkpoint on myeloid cells is a potential target for tumor therapy. Extensive osteolytic bone lesion is the most characteristic feature of multiple myeloma. It is unclear whether ectopic LILRB4 on multiple myeloma regulates bone lesion. Methods The conditioned medium (CM) from LILRB4-WT and -KO cells was used to analyze the effects of LILRB4 on osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Xenograft, syngeneic and patient derived xenograft models were constructed, and micro-CT, H&E staining were used to observe the bone lesion. RNA-seq, cytokine array, qPCR, the activity of luciferase, Co-IP and western blotting were used to clarify the mechanism by which LILRB4 mediated bone damage in multiple myeloma. Results We comprehensively analyzed the expression of LILRB4 in various tumor tissue arrays, and found that LILRB4 was highly expressed in multiple myeloma samples. The patient’s imaging data showed that the higher the expression level of LILRB4, the more serious the bone lesion in patients with multiple myeloma. The conditioned medium from LILRB4-WT not -KO cells could significantly promote the differentiation and maturation of osteoclasts. Xenograft, syngeneic and patient derived xenograft models furtherly confirmed that LILRB4 could mediate bone lesion of multiple myeloma. Next, cytokine array was performed to identify the differentially expressed cytokines, and RELT was identified and regulated by LILRB4. The overexpression or exogenous RELT could regenerate the bone damage in LILRB4-KO cells in vitro and in vivo. The deletion of LILRB4, anti-LILRB4 alone or in combination with bortezomib could significantly delay the progression of bone lesion of multiple myeloma. Conclusions Our findings indicated that LILRB4 promoted the bone lesion by promoting the differentiation and mature of osteoclasts through secreting RELT, and blocking LILRB4 singling pathway could inhibit the bone lesion.

Objective As a charismatic species, cashmere goats have rich genetic resources. In the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, there are three cashmere goat varieties named and approved by the state. These goats are renowned for their high cashmere production and superior cashmere quality. Therefore, it is vitally important to protect their genetic resources as they will serve as breeding material for developing new varieties in the future. Methods Three breeds including Inner Mongolia cashmere goats (IMCG), Hanshan White cashmere goats (HS), and Ujimqin white cashmere goats (WZMQ) were studied. IMCG were of three types: Aerbas (AEBS), Erlangshan (ELS), and Alashan (ALS). Nine DNA samples were collected for each population, and they were genomically re-sequenced to obtain high-depth data. The genetic diversity parameters of each population were estimated to determine selection intensity. Principal component analysis, phylogenetic tree construction and genetic differentiation parameter estimation were performed to determine genetic relationships among populations. Results Samples from the 45 individuals from the five goat populations were sequenced, and 30,601,671 raw single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained. Then, variant calling was conducted using the reference genome, and 17,214,526 SNPs were retained after quality control. Individual sequencing depth of individuals ranged from 21.13× to 46.18×, with an average of 28.5×. In the AEBS, locus polymorphism (79.28) and expected heterozygosity (0.2554) proportions were the lowest, and the homologous consistency ratio (0.1021) and average inbreeding coefficient (0.1348) were the highest, indicating that this population had strong selection intensity. Conversely, ALS and WZMQ selection intensity was relatively low. Genetic distance between HS and the other four populations was relatively high, and genetic exchange existed among the other four populations. Conclusion The Inner Mongolia cashmere goat (AEBS type) population has a relatively high selection intensity and a low genetic diversity. The IMCG (ALS type) and WZMQ populations had relatively low selection intensity and high genetic diversity. The genetic distance between HS and the other four populations was relatively high, with a moderate degree of differentiation. Overall, these genetic variations provide a solid foundation for resource identification of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region cashmere goats in the future.

Abstract Background Fostering empathy has been continuously emphasized in the global medical education. Empathy is crucial to enhance patient-physician relationships, and is associated with medical students’ academic and clinical performance. However, empathy level of medical students in China and related influencing factors are not clear. Methods This was a cross-sectional study among medical students in 11 universities. We used the Jefferson Scale of Empathy Student-version of Chinese version to measure empathy level of medical students. Factors associated with empathy were identified by the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Based on the variables identified above, the nomogram was established to predict high empathy probability of medical students. Receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration plot and decision curve analysis were used to evaluate the discrimination, calibration and educational utility of the model. Results We received 10,901 samples, but a total of 10,576 samples could be used for further analysis (effective response rate of 97.02%). The mean empathy score of undergraduate medical students was 67.38 (standard deviation = 9.39). Six variables including gender, university category, only child or not, self-perception doctor-patient relationship in hospitals, interest of medicine, Kolb learning style showed statistical significance with empathy of medical students (P

Abstract A new idea to alleviate environmental pollution is the development of low-cost adsorbents using natural minerals and fishery wastes to treat high concentrations of heavy metal pollutants in acid mine drainage (AMD). Adsorbent morphology, adsorptive and regenerative capacity, and application potential are limiting factors for their large-scale use. Oyster shells capable of releasing alkalinity were loaded on the surface of lignite to develop two composite adsorbents with different morphologies (powdery and globular) for the treatment of AMD containing Pb(II) and Cd(II). The results show that the ability of the adsorbent to treat AMD is closely related to its morphologies. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model are suitable to describe the adsorption process of OS-M(P), and the maximum adsorption saturation capacities of Pb(II) and Cd(II) are 332.6219 mg/g and 318.9854 mg/g, respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich model are suitable to describe the adsorption process of OS-M(G). A synergistic result of electrostatic adsorption, neutralization precipitation, ion exchange and complex reaction is achieved in the removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by two morphologies of adsorbents. The regeneration times (5 times) and recovery rate (75.75%) of OS-M(G) are higher than those of OS-M(P) (3 times) and recovery rate (20%). The ability of OS-M(G) to treat actual AMD wastewater is still better than that of OS-M(P). OS-M(G) can be used as a promising environmentally friendly adsorbent for the long-term remediation of AMD. This study provides a comprehensive picture of resource management and reuse opportunities for natural mineral and fishery wastes.

Abstract Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a major class of natural products with diverse chemical structures and potent biological activities. A vast majority of RiPP gene clusters remain unexplored in microbial genomes, which is partially due to the lack of rapid and efficient heterologous expression systems for RiPP characterization and biosynthesis. Here, we report a unified biocatalysis (UniBioCat) system based on cell-free gene expression for rapid biosynthesis and engineering of RiPPs. We demonstrate UniBioCat by reconstituting a full biosynthetic pathway for de novo biosynthesis of salivaricin B, a lanthipeptide RiPP. Next, we delete several protease/peptidase genes from the source strain to enhance the performance of UniBioCat, which then can synthesize and screen salivaricin B variants with enhanced antimicrobial activity. Finally, we show that UniBioCat is generalizable by synthesizing and evaluating the bioactivity of ten uncharacterized lanthipeptides. We expect UniBioCat to accelerate the discovery, characterization, and synthesis of RiPPs.

Abstract Background Advanced unresectable gastric cancer (GC) patients were previously treated with chemotherapy alone as the first-line therapy. However, with the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) 2022 approval of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor combined with chemotherapy as the first-li ne treatment for advanced unresectable GC, patients have significantly benefited. However, the significant costs and potential adverse effects necessitate precise patient selection. In recent years, the advent of deep learning (DL) has revolutionized the medical field, particularly in predicting tumor treatment responses. Our study utilizes DL to analyze pathological images, aiming to predict first-line PD-1 combined chemotherapy response for advanced-stage GC. Methods In this multicenter retrospective analysis, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)-stained slides were collected from advanced GC patients across four medical centers. Treatment response was evaluated according to iRECIST 1.1 criteria after a comprehensive first-line PD-1 immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy. Three DL models were employed in an ensemble approach to create the immune checkpoint inhibitors Response Score (ICIsRS) as a novel histopathological biomarker derived from Whole Slide Images (WSIs). Results Analyzing 148,181 patches from 313 WSIs of 264 advanced GC patients, the ensemble model exhibited superior predictive accuracy, leading to the creation of ICIsNet. The model demonstrated robust performance across four testing datasets, achieving AUC values of 0.92, 0.95, 0.96, and 1 respectively. The boxplot, constructed from the ICIsRS, reveals statistically significant disparities between the well response and poor response (all p-values

Abstract Background Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP) is the second most prevalent malignant cancer originating from the renal epithelium. Nowadays, cancer stem cells and stemness-related genes (SRGs) are revealed to play important roles in the carcinogenesis and metastasis of various tumors. Consequently, we aim to investigate the underlying mechanisms of SRGs in KIRP. Methods RNA-seq profiles of 141 KIRP samples were downloaded from the TCGA database, based on which we calculated the mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi). Next, we selected the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between low- and high-mRNAsi groups. Then, we utilized weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and univariate Cox analysis to identify prognostic SRGs. Afterwards, SRGs were included in the multivariate Cox regression analysis to establish a prognostic model. In addition, a regulatory network was constructed by Pearson correlation analysis, incorporating key genes, upstream transcription factors (TFs), and downstream signaling pathways. Finally, we used Connectivity map analysis to identify the potential inhibitors. Results In total, 1124 genes were characterized as DEGs between low- and high-RNAsi groups. Based on six prognostic SRGs (CCKBR, GPR50, GDNF, SPOCK3, KC877982.1, and MYO15A), a prediction model was established with an area under curve of 0.861. Furthermore, among the TFs, genes, and signaling pathways that had significant correlations, the CBX2-ASPH-Notch signaling pathway was the most significantly correlated. Finally, resveratrol might be a potential inhibitor for KIRP. Conclusions We suggested that CBX2 could regulate ASPH through activation of the Notch signaling pathway, which might be correlated with the carcinogenesis, development, and unfavorable prognosis of KIRP.

In this paper, a fixed-time consensus control algorithm is proposed for non-triangular structure stochastic nonlinear multi-agent systems (SNMASs) with input saturation via the command-filtered backstepping design method. Fuzzy logic systems are employed to identify the nonlinear dynamics of each agent. By introducing the fixed-time command filter and constructing the fractional power error compensation mechanism, the "complexity explosion" problem is effectively avoided, and the influence of filtered errors is eliminated in a fixed time. Based on the fixed-time stability theory, it strictly proves that all signals in the closed-loop system are fixed-time bounded in probability, and the consensus error converges to a sufficiently small neighborhood of the origin in probability within a fixed time. Finally, a comparison simulation example verifies the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed fixed-time consensus control strategy.

Abstract Background The metastasis and aggressive nature of prostate cancer (PCa) has become a major malignancy related threat that concerns men’s health. The efficacy of immune monotherapy against PCa is questionable due to its lymphocyte-suppressive nature. Method Endoplasmic reticulum stress- (ERS-) and PCa-prognosis-related genes were obtained from the Molecular Signatures Database and the Cancer Genome Atlas database. The expression, prognosis and immune infiltration values of key genes were explored by “survival R package”, “rms”, “xCELL algorithm”, and univariate–multivariate Cox and LASSO regression analyses. The “consensus cluster plus R package” was used for cluster analysis. Result As ERS-related genes, ERLIN2 and CDK5RAP3 showed significant expressional, prognostic and clinic-pathologic values. They were defined as the key genes significantly correlated with immune infiltration and response. The nomogram was constructed with T-stage and primary treatment outcome, and the risk-prognostic model was constructed in the following way: Riskscore = (− 0.1918) * ERLIN2 + (0.5254) * CDK5RAP3. Subsequently, prognostic subgroups based on key genes classified the high-risk group as a pro-cancer subgroup that had lower mutation rates of critical genes (SPOP and MUC16), multiple low-expression immune-relevant molecules, and differences in macrophages (M1 and M2) expressions. Finally, ERLIN2 as an anti-oncogene and CDK5RAP3 as a pro-oncogene were further confirmed by cell phenotype assays and immunohistochemistry. Conclusion We identified ERLIN2 and CDK5RAP3 as ERS-related genes with important prognostic and immunologic values, and classified patients between high- and low-risk subgroups, which provided new prognostic markers, immunotherapeutic targets, and basis for prognostic assessments.

Abstract Purpose Patent processus vaginalis (PPV) is usually observed in pediatric abdominal surgery; however, robotic single-port surgery in repairing processus vaginalis has not been reported in children. Herein, we present our clinical experiences in single-port robotic surgeries for PPV repair to evaluate both efficacy and safety. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients underwent single-port robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery for genitourinary diseases from May 2020 and May 2023 in our center. Among these patients, 21 children had PPV repaired at the same time. The case characteristics and follow-up data were recorded. Results Twenty-one of the 53 children were found to have PPV during genitourinary surgery. The simultaneous treatment of the primary disease and PPV with a single-port robotic-assisted platform was both convenient and safe. There was no significant increase in total operation time, and no excessive intraoperative hemorrhage was observed in any of the operations. There were no complications observed on follow-up. Conclusion With a high incidence of PPV in children, a single-port robotic-assisted procedure is feasible and effective if simultaneously performed when addressing a primary abdominal disease.

This qualitative study showcases the viewpoints of Chinese international students and university professionals about the services offered at a francophone university in Montreal regarding “welcoming” and “integration.” Semi-directed interviews were conducted among 22 participants, of which 14 were students and 8 university professionals. Using the concept of care, we conducted a thematic analysis. According to the analysis, students mention the lack of effective support, while university professionals discuss the support offered and its pitfalls. In terms of recommendations, we stress the importance of tackling current structural issues rather than putting the responsibility for the quality of the experience on students’ shoulders. We also emphasize that professionals who provide services directly to students must be given proper training and resources through universities to enable them to change the current paradigm and offer services that reflect the concept of student care.

Defect detection is critical to industrial quality control in leather production engineering. The various sizes and locations of defects in leather, as well as significant differences within the same class and indistinctive variations between different classes of defects, contribute to the complexity of the problem. To address this challenge, we propose a Multi-Layer Residual Convolutional Attention (MLRCA) approach. MLRCA enhances its ability to capture both intra-class and inter-class differences by enhancing the semantic feature representation in the backbone network. To improve multiscale fusion effects, we also incorporate the MLRCA module into the feature pyramid network (FPN) and propose a new multi-layer residual convolution attention feature pyramid network (ML-FPN). This approach enables more accurate identification of leather defects at a more detailed level by selectively capturing contextual information from different domains. We then implement the Side-Aware Boundary Localization (SABL) detection head, which accurately locates defects and helps the network distinguish between similar defect categories for more precise positioning. To validate the effectiveness of our approach, we conducted ablation experiments on the created leather dataset. Comparative experiments demonstrate the excellent capability of our model to detect minor defects. The model achieved 83.4, 89.7, and 85.6 for the AP, AP50, and AP75 evaluation metrics. In addition, the model achieves 71.3, 89.9, and 88.9 for APS, APM, and APL. Our approach has been confirmed feasible through experimentation and provides new insights for automated leather defect detection methods.

The mechanism of generation of shock waves by the collapse of a cavitation bubble near a single particle or dual particles is numerically investigated using OpenFOAM. For the single-particle case, shock waves during bubble inception and jet impacting on the particle surface are revealed in detail. The pressure induced on the particle by the inception shock wave of the bubble decreases with increasing bubble-particle distance, and the pressure is proportional to 1/r1.26 (r being the distance from the center of the shock wave). For the dual particles, the evolution of the neck structure is closely related to the generation mechanism of the shock wave. At extremely close particle–bubble distances, two shock waves propagating in opposite directions are emitted outside and inside the bubble after two necks collide. At long particle–bubble distances, a shock wave is emitted after the neck contracts, and simultaneously the bubble splits into two daughter bubbles. The energy of the shock wave generated by the neck constriction (i.e., the pressure at its generation location) first increases and then decreases with increasing bubble-particle distance. For unequal-sized double particles, the size of the daughter bubble depends on the bubble-particle distance and the particle size. These findings provide new perspectives for understanding the damage sustained by hydro-mechanical components operating in sand-laden water flows.

BackgroundStudy engagement is regarded important to medical students’ physical and mental wellbeing. However, the relationship between learning environment of medical schools and the study engagement of medical students was still unclear. This study was aimed to ascertain the positive effect of learning environment in study engagement.MethodsWe collected 10,901 valid questionnaires from 12 medical universities in China, and UWES-S was utilized to assess the study engagement levels. Then Pearson Chi-Square test and Welch’s ANOVA test were conducted to find the relationship between study engagement and learning environment, and subgroup analysis was used to eradicate possible influence of confounding factors. After that, a multivariate analysis was performed to prove learning environment was an independent factor, and we constructed a nomogram as a predictive model.ResultsWith Pearson Chi-Square test (p

Fish skeletal muscle is composed of well-defined fiber types. In order to identify potential candidate genes affecting muscle growth and development under epigenetic regulation. Bisulfite sequencing was utilized to analyze and compare the muscle DNA methylation profiles of Larimichthys crocea inhabiting different environments. The results revealed that DNA methylation in L. crocea was predominantly CG methylation, with 2,396 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) identified through comparisons among different populations. The largest difference in methylation was observed between the ZhouShan and JinMen wild populations, suggesting that L. crocea may have undergone selection and domestication. Additionally, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially methylated genes (DMGs) revealed 626 enriched GO functional categories, including various muscle-related genes such as myh10, myf5, myf6, ndufv1, klhl31, map3k4, syn2b, sostdc1a, bag4, and hsp90ab. However, significant enrichment in KEGG pathways was observed only in the JinMen and XiangShan populations of L. crocea. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical foundation for a better understanding of the epigenetic regulation of skeletal muscle growth and development in L. crocea under different environmental conditions.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an important public health therapeutic agent widely used in the prevention and treatment of malaria and autoimmune diseases, with some antiviral effects, as well as a common autophagy inhibitor. Its autophagy-inhibiting effect attracts great research interest in mammals but is still little studied in fish. We even have no idea about the effects of HCQ on different tissues of fish and what concentrations should be used for safety studies. This study investigated the effect of different concentration of HCQ treatments on the survival, tissue structure, and expressions of genes related to autophagy, apoptosis, and inflammation in the gill, spleen, testis, and ovary of Sebastiscus marmoratus. The results showed that the higher HCQ concentration (77.40 and 154.80 mg/mL) led to mass mortality within an hour. The half-lethal concentration (LC50, 24 h) of HCQ for S. marmoratus was approximately 48.95 mg/mL. When exposed to 30.96 mg/mL HCQ for 24 hours, autophagy was blocked as revealed by electron microscopy from gill, spleen and testis of fish. The expressions of autophagy-related genes (LC3/Cx43), apoptosis-related genes (Cas3/p53), and inflammation-related genes (TNF-α/IL8) exhibited tissue-specific and dose-dependent responses. The gonads showed preferential expression of all these genes and were found to be sensitive and regular after HCQ treatment. For example, at a concentration of 30.96 mg/mL, the testis demonstrated a regularity that suggests it is an ideal candidate tissue for studying the role of HCQ or autophagy. This study systematically revealed the response of S. marmoratus to different concentrations of HCQ and provided optional assay concentrations for key tissues, serving as an important reference for the future studies on HCQ and autophagy in S. marmoratus. Furthermore, the potential crosstalk between autophagy, apoptosis, and inflammatory pathways initially identified in this study could be helpful for the future research on autophagy regulation in marine fish.

The jet dynamics of a cavitation bubble near unequal-sized dual particles is investigated employing OpenFOAM, and the effects of the jets on the particles are quantitatively analyzed in terms of their pressure impacts. Different from single-particle cases, the necks that evolve between dual particles are closely linked to the formation mechanism of the jets. Based on the simulation results, the jet dynamics can be divided into five scenarios: (1) the contraction of the annular depression produced by the collision of the two necks causes the bubble to split into two daughter bubbles and generates a single jet inside each daughter bubble; (2) the annular depression impacts the particle, leading to the bubble to fracture and producing a single jet inside a daughter bubble; (3) the bubble is split by a single neck constriction and produces a single jet; (4) the bubble is split by a single neck constriction and generates two jets; and (5) the bubble is split by the contraction of two necks and produces four jets together with three daughter bubbles. As the bubble–particle distance or the radius ratio of the dual particles increases, the maximum force on the small particle generated by the bubble decreases.

Abstract Background Malignant mesothelioma is a type of infrequent tumor that is substantially related to asbestos exposure and has a terrible prognosis. We tried to produce a fibroblast differentiation-related gene set for creating a novel classification and prognostic prediction model of MESO. Method Three databases, including NCBI-GEO, TCGA, and MET-500, separately provide single-cell RNA sequencing data, bulk RNA sequencing profiles of MESO, and RNA sequencing information on bone metastatic tumors. Dimensionality reduction and clustering analysis were leveraged to acquire fibroblast subtypes in the MESO microenvironment. The fibroblast differentiation-related genes (FDGs), which were associated with survival and subsequently utilized to generate the MESO categorization and prognostic prediction model, were selected in combination with pseudotime analysis and survival information from the TCGA database. Then, regulatory network was constructed for each MESO subtype, and candidate inhibitors were predicted. Clinical specimens were collected for further validation. Result A total of six fibroblast subtypes, three differentiation states, and 39 FDGs were identified. Based on the expression level of FDGs, three MESO subtypes were distinguished in the fibroblast differentiation-based classification (FDBC). In the multivariate prognostic prediction model, the risk score that was dependent on the expression level of several important FDGs, was verified to be an independently effective prognostic factor and worked well in internal cohorts. Finally, we predicted 24 potential drugs for the treatment of MESO. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining and statistical analysis provided further validation. Conclusion Fibroblast differentiation-related genes (FDGs), especially those in low-differentiation states, might participate in the proliferation and invasion of MESO. Hopefully, the raised clinical subtyping of MESO would provide references for clinical practitioners.

Parkinson's disease is associated with bursting of the thalamic (TC) neuron, which receives the inhibitory synaptic current of the basal ganglia composed of multiple nuclei; deep brain stimulation (DBS) applied to the basal ganglia can eliminate the bursting to recover to the normal state. In this paper, the complex nonlinear dynamics for the appearance and disappearance of the bursting are obtained in a widely used theoretical model of a neuronal network. First, through a bifurcation analysis, isolated TC neurons exhibit paradoxical bursting induced from the resting state by enhanced inhibitory effect, which is different from the common view that the enhanced inhibitory effect should suppress the electrical behaviors. Second, the mechanism for the appearance of bursting is obtained by analyzing the electrical activities of the basal ganglia. The inhibitory synaptic current from the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) induces a reduced firing rate of the subthalamic nucleus (STN); then, an excitatory synaptic current from the STN induces the bursting behaviors of the GPe. The excitatory current of STN neurons and the inhibitory current of the GPe cause bursting behaviors of the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), thus resulting in an enhanced inhibition from the GPi to the TC, which can induce the paradoxical bursting similar to the isolated TC neurons. Third, the cause for the disappearance of paradoxical bursting is acquired.The high frequency pulses of DBS induces enhanced firing activity of the STN and GPe neurons and enhanced inhibitory synaptic current from the GPe to the GPi, resulting in a reduced inhibitory effect from the GPi to the TC, which can eliminate the paradoxical bursting. Finally, the fast-slow dynamics of the paradoxical bursting of isolated TC neurons are acquired, which is related to the saddle-node and saddle-homoclinic orbit bifurcations of the fast subsystem of the TC neuron model. The results provide theoretical support for understanding the mechanism of Parkinson's disease and treatment methods such as DBS.

Abstract Reflective displays have the advantages of energy efficiency, high brightness, eye protection, and good readability, making them an attractive display technology. Photonic crystal (PhC) structural color is highly regarded as an ideal choice for reflective displays for its ecofriendliness, colorfastness, and adjustability. In this review, we introduce the fundamental classification and manufacturing methods of PhC reflective displays. We systematically summarize the display principles of PhC‐based displays driven by various stimuli. Furthermore, we present the latest research advancements in PhC displays based on smart actuators. Additionally, we offer a detailed overview of the current research status and application prospects of liquid crystal structural color displays and three‐dimensional PhC displays. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by PhC displays and provide insights into their prospects.

The YOLOv4 network is widely used in object detection tasks as a representative network, but there is also the problem that the complexity of the network model affects the detection speed. In this paper, we propose an improved MV2_S_YE object detection algorithm based on the YOLOv4 network to improve the detection accuracy while increasing the road object detection speed. Firstly, the backbone network CSPDarknet53 of the YOLOv4 network is replaced by the Mobilenetv2 network to reduce the number of parameters of the network; secondly, the channel attention mechanism is introduced, and the SENet module is embedded in the structure of the PANet to optimize the object detection accuracy; finally, the EIOU loss function is used to replace the CIOU loss function to improve the object detection accuracy further. The MV2_S_YE network is obtained and tested on Pascal VOC, Udacity, and KAIST datasets. To evaluate our approach, we compared MV2-S-YE with YOLOv4, YOLOv4-tiny, YOLOv7-tiny and YOLOv8s. The results show that MV2-S-YE 的 mAP@0.5 achieves 80.9%, 66.7%, and 94.8% on the VOC2007, Udacity, and KAIST test sets, respectively, and is higher than YOLOv8s on both the Udacity and KAIST test sets. On the VOC2007 test set MV2-S-YE achieves a detection speed of 45FPS which is higher than YOLOv8s.

Abstract Background With increasing detection of small renal masses and accumulating evidence that nephron sparing surgery (NSS) could achieve oncological equivalence and functional superiority compared with radical nephrectomy (RN), NSS has become first‐line therapy for some patients with localized renal masses. Objective This study aims to review the publications in the kidney neoplasm and NSS field, exploring the research hotspots. Method Kidney neoplasm and NSS related publications before July 3th 2023 were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection database. We then used bibliometric analysis to conduct performance analysis, citation analysis and co‐citation network of publications, together with keyword co‐occurrence analysis. Results Seven thousand five hundred and sixty‐four documents were finally retrieved, and the annual publications increased exponentially. The most productive authors were “KAOUK JH” and “GILL IS”, while USA, and 12 American affiliations such as CLEVELAND CLINIC FOUNDATION and MAYO CLINIC were far leading in this field. Journal of Urology and European Urology were journals with the highest citations and h‐index. Discussion Through literature reviewing plus co‐occurrence and clustering analysis, the therapeutic effects of partial nephrectomy (PN) versus RN on patients with localized renal cell carcinoma, different operative approaches of PN, and conservative NSS methods were deemed as the most focused topics. Conclusion Three aspects were the most important hotspots in this field. Firstly, how to provide the optimal management choices for different patients. Secondly, therapeutic effects of different management options and surgical techniques needed more prospective and randomized studies. Finally, more novel technologies and surgical techniques were required.

Background: Black students and residents experience racism in medical school. This qualitative study documents Black students’ and residents’ experiences of racism using Critical Race Theory (CRT) and explores their coping mechanisms using the theatrical metaphor. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with four Black medical students and residents (two medical students and two residents) studying in Montréal and analyzed their experiences through counter-stories. We identified themes related to their experiences of racism during medical training and their coping mechanisms. Results: Our analysis reveals these experiences of racism occur in academic and clinical settings (classes, internships, social interactions with peers, faculty, and patients, and through the curriculum), in the form of microaggressions. The analysis also indicates that Black students and residents try to cope with racism using a hyper-ritualization strategy to better fit in (e.g., clothing, behaviours). Conclusion: Considering that Black students and residents experience various forms of racism (subtle or explicit) during their medical training, these findings urge us to increase awareness about racism of students, residents, teachers and health care workers in universities and teaching hospitals. Pathways to increase the representation of Black students and residents seem to be part of the solution, but improving the learning environment must be a priority to improve racial justice in medical training in Québec.

Colibacillosis caused by Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), including peritonitis, respiratory tract inflammation and ovaritis, is recognized as one of the most common and economically destructive bacterial diseases in poultry worldwide. In this study, the characteristics and inhibitory potential of phages were investigated by double-layer plate method, transmission electron microscopy, whole genome sequencing, bioinformatics analysis and animal experiments. The results showed that phages C-3 and G21-7 isolated from sewage around goose farms infected multiple O serogroups (O1, O2, O18, O78, O157, O26, O145, O178, O103 and O104) Escherichia coli (E.coli) with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 and 1, respectively. According to the one-step growth curve, the incubation time of both bacteriophage C-3 and G21-7 was 10 min. Sensitivity tests confirmed that C-3 and G21-6 are stable at 4 to 50 °C and pH in the range of 4 to 11. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analysis, phages C-3 and G21-7 belong to Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) phage species of the genus Saphexavirus of Herelleviridae family. According to genomic analysis, phage C-3 and G21-7 were 58,097 bp and 57,339 bp in size, respectively, with G+C content of 39.91% and 39.99%, encoding proteins of 97 CDS (105 to 3,993 bp) and 96 CDS (105 to 3,993 bp), and both contained 2 tRNAs. Both phages contained two tail proteins and holin-endolysin system coding genes, and neither carried resistance genes nor virulence factors. Phage mixture has a good safety profile and has shown good survival probability and feed efficiency in both treatment and prophylaxis experiments with one-day-old goslings. These results suggest that phage C-3 and G21-7 can be used as potential antimicrobials for the prevention and treatment of APEC.

The interaction between an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and an aqueous solution has great application prospects in biomedicine and many other fields. Reactive species adjacent to a water surface is critical to the activation of APPJ-treated water, which is affected by both the water evaporation and the admixture of ambient air. In this paper, taking He APPJ as an example, a two-dimensional (2D) cylindrically symmetric fluid model is developed to obtain the spatial distributions of gas components before discharging, and a series of global models are developed for the discharge in the boundary gas layer adjacent to the water surface. The interfacial distributions of reactive species and their fluxes onto the water surface are quantified. It is found that the electron density is 1016–1017 m−3 and it shows an annular distribution in the boundary gas layer. The density distributions of most reactive species there reveal ring-like shapes as well. The dominant cation and anion in such a boundary layer are H3O+ and OH−, respectively. The most abundant metastable is O2(a1Δ), the most abundant reactive oxygen species are H2O2 and OH, and the most abundant reactive nitrogen species are NO and HNO2. The species of H2O2, OH, HO2, and HNO2 are reportedly to have significant biological effects, and in our simulation, their fluxes onto the water surface are remarkable, higher than 1017 m−2 s−1. In addition, the effects of radial gas velocity and water evaporation on the particle flux distributions are also revealed.

With the development of white light-emitting diode (LED) technology, near-infrared (NIR) phosphor-converted (pc) LED is becoming a new emerging light source. However, due to the lack of long wavelength components of the phosphors, the application of NIR pc-LED is restricted. In this work, a continuous ultra-broadband NIR emission without the emission gap in the 850–950 nm region has been realized in the Mg4Nb2O9 (MNO):Cr3+, Yb3+ phosphor. Meanwhile, when compared to MNO:Cr3+, an improved internal quantum efficiency (from 55.4% to 72.6%) and thermal stability (from 39% to 63% at 100 °C) have been obtained for MNO:Cr3+, Yb3+, which is attributed to the combined effect of the efficient energy transfer from Cr3+ to its nearest Yb3+ and the unique energy levels of Yb3+. The performances of the fabricated pc-LED devices by combining MNO:Cr3+, Yb3+ with 460 nm LED chips were also given, and the results demonstrate that the MNO:Cr3+, Yb3+ phosphor may have potential for practical application in the NIR pc-LED.

BackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) is one of the most threatening health problems for the elderly males. However, our understanding of the disease has been limited by the research technology for a long time. Recently, the maturity of sequencing technology and omics studies has been accelerating the studies of PCa, establishing themselves as an essential impetus in this field.MethodsWe assessed Web of Science (WoS) database for publications of sequencing and omics studies in PCa on July 3rd, 2023. Bibliometrix was used to conduct ulterior bibliometric analysis of countries/affiliations, authors, sources, publications, and keywords. Subsequently, purposeful large amounts of literature reading were proceeded to analyze research hotspots in this field.Results3325 publications were included in the study. Research associated with sequencing and omics studies in PCa had shown an obvious increase recently. The USA and China were the most productive countries, and harbored close collaboration. CHINNAIYAN AM was identified as the most influential author, and CANCER RESEARCH exhibited huge impact in this field. Highly cited publications and their co-citation relationships were used to filtrate literatures for subsequent literature reading. Based on keyword analysis and large amounts of literature reading, ‘the molecular pathogenesis of PCa’ and ‘the clinical application of sequencing and omics studies in PCa’ were summarized as two research hotspots in the field.ConclusionSequencing technology had a deep impact on the studies of PCa. Sequencing and omics studies in PCa helped researchers reveal the molecular pathogenesis, and provided new possibilities for the clinical practice of PCa.

A low-cost composite adsorption material has been synthesized from fishery wastes and natural minerals to address challenges such as ecological balance destruction caused by high concentrations of Pb and Cd in acid mine drainage (AMD), unreasonable use of low-caloric lignite, and environmental pollution caused by idle accumulation of oyster shells. This new adsorbent can effectively treat AMD by improving acidity and adsorbing Pb2+ and Cd2+. In this study, oyster shell-modified lignite composite in globular shape (OSL-G) was synthesized by using pyrolyzed oyster shell and lignite, with the addition of bentonite adhesive. The adsorption properties of OSL-G on AMD were evaluated, and the potential mechanism of OSL-G repairing AMD was explored. The results showed that when the mass ratio of oyster shell to lignite was 1:1, oyster shell-modified lignite composite (OSL) was synthesized at 900 °C for 20 min. When the adhesive content was 15.50 %, the roasting temperature was 640 °C, and the roasting time was 2.35 h, OSL-G was synthesized and the adsorption effect was the best. The OSL-G could effectively treat AMD with pH 4 ∼ 5 and initial Pb2+ and Cd2+ concentrations of 10 mg/L within 600 min at a dosage of 4 g/L. The OSL-G adsorption process followed the quasi-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption saturation capacities of Pb2+ and Cd2+ were 107.2821 mg/g and 8.3777 mg/g at 298.15 K, respectively. The adsorption process was a multistep controlled spontaneous endothermic process. The potential mechanism was mainly the adsorption-condensation coexistence results of electrostatic adsorption, neutralization precipitation, ion exchange, and surface complexation. The removal rates of Pb2+ and Cd2+ of the recovered OSL-G (ROSL-G) were still high, reaching 57.26 % and 50.38 % after 5 times of adsorption–desorption, respectively. The applicability of ROSL-G after adsorption–desorption for other heavy metal components in AMD proved its good application potential. This study suggested that OSL-G can be used as a promising environmentally friendly adsorbent for AMD. This study provided a broad picture of the management and reuse possibilities of fishery wastes and natural mineral resources, and addressed established, current, and potential strategic needs, particularly in terms of sustainability challenges and ecological civilization construction.

Artificial intelligence is steadily permeating various sectors, including healthcare. This research specifically addresses lung cancer, the world's deadliest disease with the highest mortality rate. Two primary factors contribute to its onset: genetic predisposition and environmental factors, such as smoking and exposure to pollutants. Recognizing the need for more effective diagnosis techniques, our study embarked on devising a machine learning strategy tailored to boost precision in lung cancer detection. Our aim was to devise a diagnostic method that is both less invasive and cost-effective. To this end, we proposed four methods, benchmarking them against prevalent techniques using a universally recognized dataset from Kaggle. Among our methods, one emerged as particularly promising, outperforming the competition in accuracy, precision and sensitivity. This method utilized hyperparameter tuning, focusing on the Gamma and C parameters, which were set at a value of 10. These parameters influence kernel width and regularization strength, respectively. As a result, we achieved an accuracy of 99.16%, a precision of 98% and a sensitivity rate of 100%. In conclusion, our enhanced prediction mechanism has proven to surpass traditional and contemporary strategies in lung cancer detection.

Abstract Motion recognition (MR)‐based somatosensory interaction technology, which interprets user movements as input instructions, presents a natural approach for promoting human‐computer interaction, a critical element for advancing metaverse applications. Herein, this work introduces a non‐intrusive muscle‐sensing wearable device, that in conjunction with machine learning, enables motion‐control‐based somatosensory interaction with metaverse avatars. To facilitate MR, the proposed device simultaneously detects muscle mechanical activities, including dynamic muscle shape changes and vibrational mechanomyogram signals, utilizing a flexible 16‐channel pressure sensor array (weighing ≈0.38 g). Leveraging the rich information from multiple channels, a recognition accuracy of ≈96.06% is achieved by classifying ten lower‐limb motions executed by ten human subjects. In addition, this work demonstrates the practical application of muscle‐sensing‐based somatosensory interaction, using the proposed wearable device, for enabling the real‐time control of avatars in a virtual space. This study provides an alternative approach to traditional rigid inertial measurement units and electromyography‐based methods for achieving accurate human motion capture, which can further broaden the applications of motion‐interactive wearable devices for the coming metaverse age.

Abstract Genotyping plays an important role in breeding and population studies. Currently available genotyping technologies, including solid‐phase chips and sequencing, often have several limitations in their application to local chickens in China, including high costs, insufficient diversity, and poor universality. In the present study, we developed a chicken 5 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array suitable for breeding and genetic analysis using genotyping by targeted sequencing technology. The chip design was based on genomic data from 33 local breeds, and 5847 SNPs were selected for the final chip design. Among these SNPs, 3427 sites were associated with economic traits in broiler chickens. Our chip contained 25,000 high‐quality SNP markers captured from 5 K regions with highly efficient target site capture. Population analyses of the eight breeds showed high detection rates and minor allele frequencies for SNP markers on the array, enabling clear differentiation of different populations and families within populations. The genetic diversity trend obtained using the chip was consistent with the results obtained from microsatellite analyses. Additionally, the 5 K array was applied to a genome‐wide association study of broilers, resulting in the identification of several growth‐ and meat quality‐related loci. Therefore, the newly developed chip is efficient, cost‐effective, and well suited for application in local Chinese chickens, which will accelerate poultry breeding improvements and enhance conservation efforts.

Abstract Community partitioning is an effective technique for cyberspace mapping. However, existing community partitioning algorithm only uses the topological structure of the network to divide the community and disregards factors such as real hierarchy, overlap, and directionality of information transmission between communities in cyberspace. Consequently, the traditional community division algorithm is not suitable for dividing cyberspace resources effectively. Based on cyberspace community structure characteristics, this study introduces an algorithm that combines an improved local fitness maximization (LFM) algorithm with the PageRank (PR) algorithm for community partitioning on cyberspace resources, called PR-LFM. First, seed nodes are determined using degree centrality, followed by local community expansion. Nodes belonging to multiple communities undergo further partitioning so that they are retained in the community where they are most important, thus preserving the community’s original structure. The experimental data demonstrate good results in the resource division of cyberspace.

Abstract Background Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (GI-NENs) often result in liver metastases, and the role of Primary Tumor Resection (PTR) in managing GI-NENs with liver metastases (GI-NENLM) is still debated. This study aimed to investigate the potential benefits of PTR in treating GI-NENLM by analyzing data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) and the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (FAH). Methods The SEER Registry 17 database and the FAH clinical pathology database were used to collect clinicopathology data for GI-NENLM diagnosed between 2010 and 2019 and between 2011 and 2022, respectively. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match the clinicopathological characteristics of patients from both cohorts. Inverse probability weighting (IPTW) was used to weigh the PTR and non-PTR groups. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Results After matching, 155 patients from the SEER database were matched to the FAH cohort. PTR was significantly associated with better prognosis in PSM-matched/unmatched SEER cohorts (P

Abstract Background Prostate cancer is currently the second most lethal malignancy in men worldwide due to metastasis and invasion in advanced stages. Studies have revealed that androgen deprivation therapy can induce stable remission in patients with advanced prostate cancer, although most patients will develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in 1–2 years. Docetaxel and enzalutamide improve survival in patients with CRPC, although only for a short time, eventually patients develop primary or secondary resistance, causing disease progression or biochemical relapse. Methods The gene expression profiles of docetaxel-sensitive or -resistant prostate cancer cell lines, namely GSE33455, GSE36135, GSE78201, GSE104935, and GSE143408, were sequentially analyzed for differentially expressed genes and progress-free interval significance. Subsequently, the overall survival significance and clinic-pathological features were analyzed by the R package. The implications of hub genes mutations, methylation in prostate cancer and the relationship with the tumor immune cell infiltration microenvironment were assessed with the help of cBioPortal, UALCAN and TISIDB web resources. Finally, effects of the hub genes on the progression and drug resistance in prostate cancer were explored using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, cell phenotype, and drug sensitivity. Result Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) was tentatively identified by bioinformatic analysis as an hub gene for the development of drug resistance, including docetaxel and enzalutamide, in prostate cancer. Additionally, GAD1 expression, mutation and methylation were significantly correlated with the clinicopathological features and the tumor immune microenvironment. RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, cell phenotype and drug sensitivity experiments further demonstrated that GAD1 promoted prostate cancer progression and decreased the therapeutic effect of docetaxel or enzalutamide. Conclusion This research confirmed that GAD1 was a hub gene in the progression and development of drug resistance in prostate cancer. This helped to explain prostate cancer drug resistance and provides new immune-related therapeutic targets and biomarkers for it.

Abstract Microplastics (MPs) produced by the decomposition of plastics exist persistently, interfering with soil fertility and plant nutrition. Both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and earthworms are beneficial in terrestrial ecosystems, but their interactions under MPs contamination are unclear so far. Here, the influences of inoculating earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on indigenous AM fungi and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) growth were investigated in a vegetable soil treated with 0.1% low-density polyethylene (LDPE), while the specific interactions of earthworm and AM fungus (Funneliformis caledonium) under LDPE contamination were further resolved in another experiment using sterilized soil. Inoculation of earthworms shifted soil AM fungal community structure, replacing the predominant genus Glomus by Paraglomus, and increased the abundance, diversity (i.e., Shannon) index, and root colonization rate of AM fungi by 108, 34.6 and 45.0%, respectively. Earthworms also significantly decreased soil pH, and significantly increased soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, shoot biomass and fruit yield of pepper by 394, 82.8 and 188%, respectively. In the sterilized soil, both E. fetida and F. caledonium improved pepper growth, while the latter noticeably increased phosphorus (P) translocation efficiency from root to shoot, and the combination induced the highest soil ALP activity and pepper fruit yield. Furthermore, the significantly interactive effects between earthworm and AM fungus were observed in soil pH and available P concentration, as well as in shoot P concentration and fruit yield of pepper. This study revealed the interaction between earthworms and AM fungi under MPs contamination conditions for the first time, indicating that earthworms could facilitate vegetable growth via enhancing the propagation and P-promoting function of AM fungi in LDPE-contaminated soils. Graphical Abstract

Highlights A humanoid intelligent display platform (HIDP) is created using stretchable and resilient ionotronic materials, and can be applicable in extreme environments and complex mechanical stimulations. HIDP links sound amplitude and brightness through machine learning for audiovisual interaction. HIDP identifies and displays animal species and corresponding frequencies in real-time.

The Dynamic Gait Event Identifier (DGEI) introduces a pioneering approach for real-time gait event detection that seamlessly aligns with the needs of embedded system design and optimization. DGEI creates a new standard for gait analysis by combining software and hardware co-design with real-time data analysis, using a combination of first-order difference functions and sliding window techniques. The method is specifically designed to accurately separate and analyze key gait events such as heel strike (HS), toe-off (TO), walking start (WS), and walking pause (WP) from a continuous stream of inertial measurement unit (IMU) signals. The core innovation of DGEI is the application of its dynamic feature extraction strategies, including first-order differential integration with positive/negative windows, weighted sleep time analysis, and adaptive thresholding, which together improve its accuracy in gait segmentation. The experimental results show that the accuracy rate of HS event detection is 97.82%, and the accuracy rate of TO event detection is 99.03%, which is suitable for embedded systems. Validation on a comprehensive dataset of 1550 gait instances shows that DGEI achieves near-perfect alignment with human annotations, with a difference of less than one frame in pulse onset times in 99.2% of the cases.

Medium-nickel cobalt-free cathode materials have attracted much attention in recent years for their low cost and high energy density. However, the structural stability of nickel-based cathode materials becomes compromised when accompanied by the increasing of voltage, leading to poor cycling performance and, thus, hindering their widespread industrial application. In this work, we investigated the optimal charge cut-off voltage for the nickel-based cathode material LiNi0.6Mn0.4O2 (NM64). Within the voltage range of 3.0 to 4.5 V, the electrode energy density reached 784.08 Wh/kg, with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 84.49%. The reversible specific capacity at 0.1 C reached 197.84 mAh/g, and it still maintained a high reversible specific capacity of nearly 150 mAh/g, with a capacity retention rate of 86% after 150 cycles at 1 C. Furthermore, NM64 exhibited an intact morphological structure without noticeable cracking after 150 cycles, indicating excellent structural stability. This study emphasizes the relationship between the stability of NM64 cathodes and different operating voltage ranges, thereby promoting the development of high-voltage layered nickel-based cathode materials.

Evaluating the degradation of hull and ship performance and exploring their degradation pathways is crucial for developing scientific and reasonable ship maintenance plans. This paper proposes a two-stage optimization (TSO) algorithm that combines the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, capable of simultaneously optimizing input features and model parameters to enhance the accuracy and generalization ability of speed prediction models. Additionally, a performance degradation assessment method based on speed loss is provided, aimed at evaluating the degradation of hull and propeller performance, as well as extracting the performance degradation paths. The results indicated that the proposed TSO-LSTM-GA algorithm significantly outperformed existing baseline models. Furthermore, the provided performance degradation assessment method demonstrated certain effectiveness on the target ship data, with a measured degradation rate of 0.00344 kn/d and a performance degradation of 9.569% over 478 days, corresponding to an annual speed loss of 1.257 kn.

Saffron, the dried stigma of Crocus sativus L., is a renowned spice and medicinal herb. During its production, a significant amount of floral residues, rich in bioactive compounds, are discarded as agricultural by-products. This study presents a novel approach to the sustainable utilization of these stigmaless floral residues (FRC) by optimizing the extraction and purification of their flavonoids, analyzing their chemical composition, and evaluating their effect on glucose uptake. The extraction of flavonoids from FRC was optimized using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for extraction were an ethanol concentration of 67.7%, a temperature of 67.6 °C, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30, an extraction time of 3 h, and two extractions. The crude extract obtained was then purified using macroporous resin HPD100, selected after comparing the adsorption and desorption characteristics of six different resins. The optimal purification parameters were an adsorption concentration of 40 mg/mL, a loading volume of 7 bed volumes (BV) at a flow rate of 3 BV/h, and 80% ethanol as the eluent with a volume of 4 BV. The resulting flavonoid-enriched extract (FFRC) had an experimental yield of 8.67% ± 0.01 and a flavonoid content of 128.30 ± 4.64 mg/g. The main flavonoids in FFRC were identified as kaempferol glycosides, isorhamnetin glycosides, and quercetin glycosides. Moreover, FFRC significantly stimulated glucose consumption and uptake in C2C12 myotubes, suggesting its potential utility as a natural hypoglycemic agent. This study contributes to the sustainable and value-added utilization of agricultural resources by providing data for the exploitation and application of flavonoids from saffron by-products.