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Immunotherapy has emerged as a crucial advancement in pulmonary carcinoma treatment. Nevertheless, its unique side effects not only reduce patients’ quality of life but also affect treatment efficacy, with severe cases potentially endangering the patient’s life. This study uses bibliometric analysis to perform a comprehensive bibliometric analysis literature on IRAEs in lung cancer from 1991 to 2023, retrieved from the Web of Science database. The dataset was analyzed using VOSviewer and CiteSpace to identify trends, key contributors, and emerging research areas. A total of 124 publications were analyzed, revealing a notable increase in research activity post-2015, with China and the USA contributing over 50% of the studies. This research highlights the importance of understanding IRAEs and suggests future investigations into the pulmonary microbiota and tumor microenvironment.

ABSTRACTAn increasing body of research indicates that immunotherapy has demonstrated substantial effectiveness in the realm of metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC), especially among patients with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) (dMMR/MSI-H mCRC). This study constitutes the inaugural bibliometric and visual analysis of immunotherapy related to mCRC during the last decade. Between 2013 and the conclusion of 2022, we screened 306 articles from Web of Science and subjected them to analysis using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. The United States stood out as the primary contributor in this area, representing 33.33% of the publications, with China following closely at 24.51%. The most prolific institution has the lowest average citation rate. Sorbonne University were the most highly cited institutions. Notably, Frontiers In Oncology published the largest quantity of articles. Andre, Thierry, and Overman, Michael J. were prominent authors known for their prolific output and the high citation rates of their work. The focus areas in this field encompass “tumor microenvironment,” “liver metastasis,” “tumor-associated macrophages,” “combination therapy” and “gut microbiota.” Some keywords offer promise as potential biomarkers for evaluating the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic interventions.

Horizontal well technology is a promising method for oil and gas development. During cementing operations in horizontal wells, it was found that conventional casing centralizers could not meet the requirements for casing cementing in expanded wellbores. Therefore, a new type of casing centralizer needs to be designed for horizontal well sections that have undergone enlargement. By analyzing the most common materials currently used, 45 steel was selected for the spring leaf of the novel casing centralizer. To evaluate the centralization effect of the horizontal well casing centralizer, a casing centralization degree evaluation function was established, and a wellbore-centralizer mechanical model was proposed using the finite element method to simulate the working conditions of the centralizer spring leaf in ϕ215.9 and ϕ311.2 mm well sections. On this basis, a wellbore-centralizer-casing coupling model that does not consider the effect of wellbore fluid on the casing was established to simulate the centralization characteristics of the new casing centralizer and traditional centralizer under different wellbore sizes. Simulation results show that the average casing centralization degree of the new centralizer is 85.53%, while that of the traditional centralizer is 55.58%. That is, the horizontal well casing centralizer can maintain a good centralization effect on the casing string.

The paper introduces a numerical simulation method for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging of submerged body wakes by integrating hydrodynamics, electromagnetic scattering, and SAR imaging simulation. This work is helpful for better understanding SAR images of submerged body wakes. Among these, the hydrodynamic model consists of two sets of ocean dynamics closely related to SAR imaging, namely the wake of the submerged body and wind waves. For the wake, we simulated it using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical methods. Furthermore, we compared and computed the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of wakes under various navigation parameters and sea surface conditions. Following that, based on the operational principles and imaging theory of synthetic aperture radar (SAR), we established the SAR raw echo signal of the wake. Employing a Range-Doppler (RD) algorithm, we generated simulated SAR images of the wake. The results indicate that utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical methods enables the simulation of wake characteristics generated by the motion of a submerged body with different velocities. The backscattering features of wakes are closely associated with the relative orientation between the wake and the radar line of sight. Under specific wind speeds, the wake gets masked within the sea surface background, resulting in less discernible characteristics of the wake in SAR images. This suggests that at lower speeds of submerged body or under specific wind conditions, the detectability of the wake in SAR images significantly diminishes.

It is difficult to adjust the pH of oil acidized wastewater rich in Ca2+, thus hindering the polyacrylamide (PAM) flocculation. This study aims at accelerating the flocculation process by introducing CO2 into the water to induce the formation of CaCO3 nuclei. The order in which CO2 and NaOH were added affected the floc structures. Compared with CO2-NaOH-PAM, the flocs of NaOH-CO2-PAM were more compact and more CaCO3 crystals were formed. The aqueous Ca2+ involved in the reaction reached 20%, and CO2 utilization was enhanced. The settling time was shortened by half (from 20 to 3 min), and NaOH consumption was reduced by one-tenth (from 0.03 to 0.003 mol), hence significantly reducing the costs. Due to the higher settling rate and shorter contact time, the NaOH-CO2-PAM flocs adsorbed less so that the residual oil was 124 mg·L−1, while in the case of CO2-NaOH-PAM it was 88 mg·L−1. As a promising coagulation aid, CO2 can also be used to mineralize pollutants in wastewater.

A wavelength-interval switchable wide-band multi-wavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser with a half-open cavity is proposed and experimentally demonstrated, which is constructed by random distributed feedback (RDFB) mirrors provided by Rayleigh backscattering in a 1-km-long highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) and a fiber loop mirror (FLM) incorporated a high-power erbium-doped fiber amplifier (HP-EDFA). A strong RDFB and high stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) gain are provided by the HNLF. The HP-EDFA is incorporated into the FLM to boost power of the Brillouin pump and feedback Stokes, enhanced SBS and multiple four-wave mixing are stimulated in the HNLF. Using the presented scheme, up to 118 stable Stokes laser lines with a power deviation of less than 15 dB, 70 stable Stokes laser lines with a power deviation of less than 5 dB and a fix wavelength spacing of 0.075 nm are obtained. Peak power fluctuations of arbitrarily chosen 27 Brillouin comb lines are less than 1.95 dB during a 60-minute measurement period, indicates that the proposed laser has a good stability. The effect of pump power of the HP-EDFA on Stokes generating in the laser is also investigated. Furthermore, when a polarization-maintaining fiber loop mirror is cascaded with the free end of the HNLF via an optical isolator, wavelength-interval switchable laser can be conveniently achieved.

Accounting for one quarter of China’s land area, the endorheic Shiyang River basin is a vast semi-arid to arid region in China’s northwest. Exploring the impact of changes in land use on this arid area’s carbon budget under global warming is a key component to global climate change research. Variation in the region’s soil carbon storage due to land use changes occurring between 1973 and 2012 was estimated. The results show that land use change has a significant impact on the soil carbon budget, with soil carbon storage having decreased by 3.89 Tg between 1973 and 2012. Grassland stored the greatest amount of soil carbon (114.34 Mg ha−1), whereas considerably lower carbon storage occurred in woodland (58.53 Mg ha−1), cropland (26.75 Mg ha−1) and unused land (13.47 Mg ha−1). Grasslands transformed into cropland, and woodlands degraded into grassland have substantially reduced soil carbon storage, suggesting that measures should be adopted to reverse this trend to improve soil productivity.