103 results on '"Yiend J"'
Search Results
2. A qualitative study of the acceptability of cognitive bias modification for paranoia (CBM-pa) in patients with psychosis
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Leung, C. J., Fosuaah, A., Frerichs, J., Heslin, M., Kabir, T., Lee, T. M. C., McGuire, P., Meek, C., Mouchlianitis, E., Nath, A. S., Peters, E., Shergill, S., Stahl, D., Trotta, A., and Yiend, J.
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- 2019
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3. Examining the effects of thought records and behavioral experiments in instigating belief change
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McManus, F., Van Doorn, K., and Yiend, J.
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- 2012
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4. Personalized cognitive training: protocol for individual-level meta-analysis implementing machine learning methods
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Shani, R., Shachaf, T., Derakhshan, Nazanin, Cohen, N., Enock, P.M., McNally, R.J., Mor, N., Daches, S., Williams, A.D., Yiend, J., Carlbring, P., Kuckertz, J.M., Yang, W., Reinecke, A., Beevers, C.G., Bunnell, B.B., Koster, E.H.W, Zilcha-Mano, S., and Okon-Singer, H.
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psyc ,education - Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that cognitive training may enhance well-being. Yet, mixed findings imply that individual differences and training characteristics may interact to moderate training efficacy. To investigate this possibility, the current paper describes a protocol for a data-driven individual-level meta-analysis study aimed at\ud developing personalized cognitive training. To facilitate comprehensive analysis, this protocol proposes criteria for data search, selection and pre-processing along with the rationale for each decision. Twenty-two cognitive training datasets comprising 1544 participants were collected. The datasets incorporated diverse training methods, all aimed at improving well-being. These training regimes differed in training characteristics such as targeted domain (e.g., working memory, attentional bias, interpretation bias, inhibitory control) and training duration, while participants differed in diagnostic status, age and sex. The planned analyses incorporate machine learning algorithms designed to identify which individuals will be most responsive to cognitive training in general and to discern which methods may be a better fit for certain individuals.
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- 2021
5. Differential predictions about future negative events in seasonal and non-seasonal depression
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Dalgleish, T., Golden, A.-M. J., Yiend, J., and Dunn, B. D.
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- 2010
6. Intensive case management: targeted population as important as case-load size
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Burns, T., Yiend, J., and Tyrer, P.
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- 2007
7. Psychological factors associated with uptake of the childhood influenza vaccine and perception of post-vaccination side-effects : a cross-sectional survey in England
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Smith, L.E., Webster, R.K., Weinman, J., Amlôt, R., Yiend, J., and Rubin, G.J.
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Objectives\ud \ud To identify predictors of: uptake of the childhood influenza vaccine in the 2015–2016 influenza season, parental perceptions of side-effects from the influenza vaccine and intention to vaccinate one's child for influenza in the 2016–2017 influenza season.\ud \ud \ud \ud Design\ud \ud Cross-sectional online survey.\ud \ud \ud \ud Setting\ud \ud Data were collected in England shortly after the end of the 2015–2016 immunization campaign.\ud \ud \ud \ud Participants\ud \ud 1001 parents or guardians of children aged between two and seven.\ud \ud \ud \ud Main outcome measures\ud \ud Self-reported uptake of the childhood influenza vaccine in the 2015–2016 influenza season, perception of side-effects from the influenza vaccine and intention to vaccinate one's child in the 2016–2017 influenza season.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud Self-reported uptake of the childhood influenza vaccine was 52.8%. Factors strongly positively associated with uptake included the child having previously been vaccinated against influenza, perceiving the vaccine to be effective and perceiving the child to be susceptible to flu. Factors strongly negatively associated with uptake included perceiving the vaccine to be unsafe, to cause short-term side-effects or long-term health problems and believing that yearly vaccination may overload the immune system. Predictors of intended vaccine uptake in 2016–2017 were similar. Participants who perceived side-effects after the 2015–2016 vaccination reported being less likely to vaccinate their child next year.\ud \ud \ud \ud Side-effects were more likely to be reported in first-born children, by participants who knew another child who had side-effects, those who thought that the vaccine would interact with medication that the child was currently taking, and those who believed the vaccine causes short-term side-effects.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud Perceptions about the childhood influenza vaccine show strong associations with uptake, intended uptake and perception of side-effects. Attempts to improve uptake rates from their current low levels must address these perceptions.
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- 2017
8. Coercion, competence, and consent in offenders with personality disorder
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Zlodre, J, Yiend, J, Burns, T, and Fazel, S
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coercion ,Competence ,informed consent ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,personality disorder ,social sciences ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,offenders with mental disorder ,Article - Abstract
Competence to consent to treatment has not previously been examined in a personality disorder cohort without comorbid mental disorder. We examined competence and coercion in 174 individuals diagnosed with severe personality disorder using two validated tools (the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment and the MacArthur Coercion Assessment Scale – Short Form). Competence was not categorically impaired, but there were variations within the sample on dimensional competence measures. Further, there were significant negative correlations between experienced coercion and competence. Higher coercion scores were associated with two components of competence: lower understanding and reasoning. Patients who consented to treatment had higher scores on competence measures and experienced less coercion. These findings suggest that therapeutic approaches that decrease experienced coercion and increase competence may increase the engagement of individuals diagnosed with severe personality disorders in treatment. © 2015 The Author(s). Published by Taylor and Francis.
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- 2016
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9. Cognitive Bias Modification for paranoia (CBM-pa): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
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Yiend, J, Trotta, A, Meek, C, Dzafic, I, Baldus, N, Crane, B, Kabir, T, Stahl, D, Heslin, M, Shergill, S, McGuire, P, Peters, E, Yiend, J, Trotta, A, Meek, C, Dzafic, I, Baldus, N, Crane, B, Kabir, T, Stahl, D, Heslin, M, Shergill, S, McGuire, P, and Peters, E
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BACKGROUND: Persecutory delusions are the most common type of delusions in psychosis and present in around 10-15% of the general population. Persecutory delusions are thought to be sustained by biased cognitive and emotional processes. Recent advances favour targeted interventions, focussing on specific symptoms or mechanisms. Our aim is to test the clinical feasibility of a novel psychological intervention, which manipulates biased interpretations toward more adaptive processing, in order to reduce paranoia in patients. METHODS: The 'Cognitive Bias Modification for paranoia' (CBM-pa) study is a feasibility, double-blind, randomised controlled trial (RCT) for 60 stabilised outpatients with persistent, distressing paranoid symptoms. Patients will be randomised at a 50:50 ratio, to computerised CBM-pa or a text-reading control intervention, receiving one 40-min session per week, for 6 weeks. CBM-pa involves participants reading stories on a computer screen, completing missing words and answering questions about each story in a way that encourages more helpful beliefs about themselves and others. Treatment as Usual will continue for patients in both groups. Patients will be assessed by a researcher blind to allocation, at baseline, each interim session, post treatment and 1- and 3-month follow-up post treatment. The primary outcome is the feasibility parameters (trial design, recruitment rate and acceptability) of the intervention. The secondary outcomes are clinical symptoms (including severity of paranoia) as assessed by a clinical psychologist, and 'on-line' measurement of interpretation bias and stress/distress. The trial is funded by the NHS National Institute for Health Research. DISCUSSION: This pilot study will test whether CBM-pa has the potential to be a cost-effective, accessible and flexible treatment. If the trial proves feasible and demonstrates preliminary evidence of efficacy, a fully powered RCT will be warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled
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- 2017
10. Coercion, competence, and consent in offenders with personality disorder
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Zlodre, J., primary, Yiend, J., additional, Burns, T., additional, and Fazel, S., additional
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- 2015
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11. Coercion, competence, and consent in offenders with personality disorder.
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Zlodre, J., Yiend, J., Burns, T., and Fazel, S.
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DURESS (Law) ,CONSENT (Law) ,PERSONALITY disorders ,CRIMINALS ,COMPETENT authority ,DISEASES - Abstract
Competence to consent to treatment has not previously been examined in a personality disorder cohort without comorbid mental disorder. We examined competence and coercion in 174 individuals diagnosed with severe personality disorder using two validated tools (the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment and the MacArthur Coercion Assessment Scale – Short Form). Competence was not categorically impaired, but there were variations within the sample on dimensional competence measures. Further, there were significant negative correlations between experienced coercion and competence. Higher coercion scores were associated with two components of competence: lower understanding and reasoning. Patients who consented to treatment had higher scores on competence measures and experienced less coercion. These findings suggest that therapeutic approaches that decrease experienced coercion and increase competence may increase the engagement of individuals diagnosed with severe personality disorders in treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2016
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12. A systematic review of outcome measures used in forensic mental health research with consensus panel opinion
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Fitzpatrick, R, primary, Chambers, J, additional, Burns, T, additional, Doll, H, additional, Fazel, S, additional, Jenkinson, C, additional, Kaur, A, additional, Knapp, M, additional, Sutton, L, additional, and Yiend, J, additional
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- 2010
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13. Differential predictions about future negative events in seasonal and non-seasonal depression
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Dalgleish, T., primary, Golden, A.-M. J., additional, Yiend, J., additional, and Dunn, B. D., additional
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- 2009
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14. Does Emotional Suppression Have a Negative Effect on Mood When Recalling Distressing Memories?
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Dalgleigh, T., primary, Yiend, J., additional, Schweizer, S., additional, and Dunn, B. D., additional
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- 2009
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15. An overview of the IDEA research project inclusion for DSPD: Evaluation, assessment and treatment
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Willmott, L., primary, Casey, H., additional, Clarke, M., additional, Elkington, Z., additional, Foster, A., additional, Jones, C., additional, Prendergast, J., additional, Burns, T., additional, and Yiend, J., additional
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- 2009
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16. Authors' reply
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Burns, T., primary, Yiend, J., additional, and Tyrer, P., additional
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- 2007
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17. Anxiety and attention to threat
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Yiend, J., primary and Mathews, A., additional
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- 2001
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18. 'Oops!': Performance correlates of everyday attentional failures in traumatic brain injured and normal subjects
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Robertson, I. H., Manly, T., Andrade, J., Baddeley, B. T., and Yiend, J.
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- 1997
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19. Evaluation of the UK dangerous and severe personality disorder (DSPD) program
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Yiend Jenny, Burns Tom, and Sinclair Julia
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Psychiatry ,RC435-571 - Published
- 2007
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20. Does emotion processing ability mediate the relationship between psychopathy and group psychotherapy engagement?
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Casey, H, Burns, T, and Yiend, J
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Psychiatry ,Emotion ,Psychological medicine ,Psychotherapy ,Cognition ,Social psychiatry ,Experimental psychology ,Evidence based mental health ,Emotion research ,Experimental psychopathology - Abstract
Therapeutic engagement in psychopathy is an important area of study due to reports of poor engagement leading to poor treatment outcome for this group. One factor that may influence effective engagement is the ability to process emotional information, which has been shown to be impaired in psychopathy. The study investigated the association between engagement in group therapy and level of psychopathy and assessed whether this relationship is mediated by emotion processing ability. It was hypothesised that higher levels of psychopathy would be associated with lower levels of therapy engagement; however, this relationship would be mediated by four emotion processing indicators believed to be important for good treatment outcome. Specifically, awareness and arousal of emotion, emotion regulation ability, interpretation bias and ability to transform emotion would: i. jointly mediate the relationship between psychopathy and therapy engagement ii. each uniquely mediate the relationship between psychopathy and therapy engagement. Participants, violent offenders with varying levels of psychopathy, were interviewed in a cross-sectional design. Emotion processing ability was assessed using five computerised tasks each selected to best capture one of the cognitive mechanisms of emotion processing outlined above. Psychopathy was measured using the Psychopathy Check List-Revised. Therapy engagement was assessed by group therapists three months after interview using the Group Emotional Engagement Questionnaire (GEEQ). The GEEQ is a new measure designed, developed and tested as part of this study to measure its dependent variable accurately. Psychometric evaluation of the GEEQ demonstrated high levels of reliability (internal, inter-rater) with between good and adequate validity (convergent, discriminant) and good predictive validity. Mediation analysis revealed high Factor 1 psychopathy (the affective component) was associated with poorer therapy engagement (lower GEEQ scores). Interpretation of emotion and transforming emotion acted as suppressors on this relationship. This may suggest that those with many Factor 1 traits used positive interpretation bias as a defence against experiencing distress (schema overcompensation). This response was resistant to change and gave high Factor 1 participants the appearance of being better engaged in therapy than they were. Reaction time data suggested this phenomenon occurred as an automatic response rather than a conscious effort to impression manage.
- Published
- 2013
21. Assessing the efficacy and safety of STOP (successful treatment for paranoia)-an app-based cognitive bias modification therapy for paranoia: a randomised clinical trial protocol.
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Yiend J, Taher R, Fialho C, Hampshire C, Hsu CW, Kabir T, Keppens J, McGuire P, Mouchlianitis E, Peters E, Ricci T, Shergill S, Stahl D, Vamvakas G, and Jacobsen P
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- Humans, Double-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Time Factors, Cognition, Paranoid Disorders therapy, Paranoid Disorders psychology, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Mobile Applications, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy methods
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Background: Paranoia, the belief that you are at risk of significant physical or emotional harm from others, is a common difficulty, which causes significant distress and impairment to daily functioning, including in psychosis-spectrum disorders. According to cognitive models of psychosis, paranoia may be partly maintained by cognitive processes, including interpretation biases. Cognitive bias modification for paranoia (CBM-pa) is an intervention targeting the bias towards interpreting ambiguous social scenarios in a way that is personally threatening. This study aims to test the efficacy and safety of a mobile app version of CBM-pa, called STOP (successful treatment of paranoia)., Methods: The STOP study is a double-blind, superiority, three-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT). People are eligible for the trial if they experience persistent, distressing paranoia, as assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales, and show evidence of an interpretation bias towards threat on standardised assessments. Participants are randomised to either STOP (two groups: 6- or 12-session dose) or text-reading control (12 sessions). Treatment as usual will continue for all participants. Sessions are completed weekly and last around 40 min. STOP is completely self-administered with no therapist assistance. STOP involves reading ambiguous social scenarios, all of which could be interpreted in a paranoid way. In each scenario, participants are prompted to consider more helpful alternatives by completing a word and answering a question. Participants are assessed at baseline, after each session, and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks post-randomisation. The primary outcome is the self-reported severity of paranoid symptoms at 24 weeks, measured using the Paranoia Scale. The target sample size is 273 which is powered to detect a 15% symptom reduction on the primary outcome. The secondary outcomes are standardized measures of depression, anxiety and recovery and measures of interpretation bias. Safety is a primary outcome and measured by the Negative Effects Questionnaire and a checklist of adverse events completed fortnightly with researchers. The trial is conducted with the help of a Lived Experience Advisory Panel., Discussion: This study will assess STOP's efficacy and safety. STOP has the potential to be an accessible intervention to complement other treatments for any conditions that involve significant paranoia., Trial Registration: ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN17754650. Registered on 03/08/2021. https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN17754650 ., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate {24}: The study has been approved by the London-Stanmore Research Ethics Committee (reference: 21/LO/0896). Informed consent is obtained from all participants in the study. Consent for publication {32}: Not applicable—no identifying images or other personal or clinical details of participants are presented here or will be presented in reports of the trial results. The participant information materials and informed consent form are available from the corresponding author on request. Competing interests {28}: The authors declare that they have no competing interests and are independent of the contractors., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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22. Developing a process for assessing the safety of a digital mental health intervention and gaining regulatory approval: a case study and academic's guide.
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Taher R, Hall CL, Bergin ADG, Gupta N, Heaysman C, Jacobsen P, Kabir T, Kalnad N, Keppens J, Hsu CW, McGuire P, Peters E, Shergill S, Stahl D, Stock BW, and Yiend J
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- Humans, Patient Safety, Research Design, Risk Assessment, Treatment Outcome, Risk Factors, Telemedicine, Mental Health
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Background: The field of digital mental health has followed an exponential growth trajectory in recent years. While the evidence base has increased significantly, its adoption within health and care services has been slowed by several challenges, including a lack of knowledge from researchers regarding how to navigate the pathway for mandatory regulatory approval. This paper details the steps that a team must take to achieve the required approvals to carry out a research study using a novel digital mental health intervention. We used a randomised controlled trial of a digital mental health intervention called STOP (Successful Treatment of Paranoia) as a worked example., Methods: The methods section explains the two main objectives that are required to achieve regulatory approval (MHRA Notification of No Objection) and the detailed steps involved within each, as carried out for the STOP trial. First, the existing safety of digital mental health interventions must be demonstrated. This can refer to literature reviews, any feasibility/pilot safety data, and requires a risk management plan. Second, a detailed plan to further evaluate the safety of the digital mental health intervention is needed. As part of this we describe the STOP study's development of a framework for categorising adverse events and based on this framework, a tool to collect adverse event data., Results: We present literature review results, safety-related feasibility study findings and the full risk management plan for STOP, which addressed 26 possible hazards, and included the 6-point scales developed to quantify the probability and severity of typical risks involved when a psychiatric population receives a digital intervention without the direct support of a therapist. We also present an Adverse Event Category Framework for Digital Therapeutic Devices and the Adverse Events Checklist-which assesses 15 different categories of adverse events-that was constructed from this and used in the STOP trial., Conclusions: The example shared in this paper serves as a guide for academics and professionals working in the field of digital mental health. It provides insights into the safety assessment requirements of regulatory bodies when a clinical investigation of a digital mental health intervention is proposed. Methods, scales and tools that could easily be adapted for use in other similar research are presented, with the expectation that these will assist other researchers in the field seeking regulatory approval for digital mental health products., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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23. Bridging the gap from medical to psychological safety assessment: consensus study in a digital mental health context.
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Taher R, Bhanushali P, Allan S, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Bolton H, Dennison L, Wallace BE, Hadjistavropoulos HD, Hall CL, Hardy A, Henry AL, Lane S, Maguire T, Moreton A, Moukhtarian TR, Vallejos EP, Shergill S, Stahl D, Thew GR, Timulak L, van den Berg D, Viganò N, Stock BW, Young KS, and Yiend J
- Abstract
Background: Digital Mental Health Interventions (DMHIs) that meet the definition of a medical device are regulated by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK. The MHRA uses procedures that were originally developed for pharmaceuticals to assess the safety of DMHIs. There is recognition that this may not be ideal, as is evident by an ongoing consultation for reform led by the MHRA and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence., Aims: The aim of this study was to generate an experts' consensus on how the medical regulatory method used for assessing safety could best be adapted for DMHIs., Method: An online Delphi study containing three rounds was conducted with an international panel of 20 experts with experience/knowledge in the field of UK digital mental health., Results: Sixty-four items were generated, of which 41 achieved consensus (64%). Consensus emerged around ten recommendations, falling into five main themes: Enhancing the quality of adverse events data in DMHIs; Re-defining serious adverse events for DMHIs; Reassessing short-term symptom deterioration in psychological interventions as a therapeutic risk; Maximising the benefit of the Yellow Card Scheme; and Developing a harmonised approach for assessing the safety of psychological interventions in general., Conclusion: The implementation of the recommendations provided by this consensus could improve the assessment of safety of DMHIs, making them more effective in detecting and mitigating risk.
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- 2024
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24. User-Centered Development of STOP (Successful Treatment for Paranoia): Material Development and Usability Testing for a Digital Therapeutic for Paranoia.
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Hsu CW, Stahl D, Mouchlianitis E, Peters E, Vamvakas G, Keppens J, Watson M, Schmidt N, Jacobsen P, McGuire P, Shergill S, Kabir T, Hirani T, Yang Z, and Yiend J
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- Humans, Paranoid Disorders therapy, User-Centered Design, User-Computer Interface, Telemedicine, Mobile Applications
- Abstract
Background: Paranoia is a highly debilitating mental health condition. One novel intervention for paranoia is cognitive bias modification for paranoia (CBM-pa). CBM-pa comes from a class of interventions that focus on manipulating interpretation bias. Here, we aimed to develop and evaluate new therapy content for CBM-pa for later use in a self-administered digital therapeutic for paranoia called STOP ("Successful Treatment of Paranoia")., Objective: This study aimed to (1) take a user-centered approach with input from living experts, clinicians, and academics to create and evaluate paranoia-relevant item content to be used in STOP and (2) engage with living experts and the design team from a digital health care solutions company to cocreate and pilot-test the STOP mobile app prototype., Methods: We invited 18 people with living or lived experiences of paranoia to create text exemplars of personal, everyday emotionally ambiguous scenarios that could provoke paranoid thoughts. Researchers then adapted 240 suitable exemplars into corresponding intervention items in the format commonly used for CBM training and created 240 control items for the purpose of testing STOP. Each item included newly developed, visually enriching graphics content to increase the engagement and realism of the basic text scenarios. All items were then evaluated for their paranoia severity and readability by living experts (n=8) and clinicians (n=7) and for their item length by the research team. Items were evenly distributed into six 40-item sessions based on these evaluations. Finalized items were presented in the STOP mobile app, which was co-designed with a digital health care solutions company, living or lived experts, and the academic team; user acceptance was evaluated across 2 pilot tests involving living or lived experts., Results: All materials reached predefined acceptable thresholds on all rating criteria: paranoia severity (intervention items: ≥1; control items: ≤1, readability: ≥3, and length of the scenarios), and there was no systematic difference between the intervention and control group materials overall or between individual sessions within each group. For item graphics, we also found no systematic differences in users' ratings of complexity (P=.68), attractiveness (P=.15), and interest (P=.14) between intervention and control group materials. User acceptance testing of the mobile app found that it is easy to use and navigate, interactive, and helpful., Conclusions: Material development for any new digital therapeutic requires an iterative and rigorous process of testing involving multiple contributing groups. Appropriate user-centered development can create user-friendly mobile health apps, which may improve face validity and have a greater chance of being engaging and acceptable to the target end users., (©Che-Wei Hsu, Daniel Stahl, Elias Mouchlianitis, Emmanuelle Peters, George Vamvakas, Jeroen Keppens, Miles Watson, Nora Schmidt, Pamela Jacobsen, Philip McGuire, Sukhi Shergill, Thomas Kabir, Tia Hirani, Ziyang Yang, Jenny Yiend. Originally published in JMIR Human Factors (https://humanfactors.jmir.org), 08.12.2023.)
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- 2023
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25. The role of consciousness in threat extinction learning.
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Lam CLM, Barry TJ, Yiend J, and Lee TMC
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- Humans, Learning physiology, Fear physiology, Conditioning, Classical physiology, Consciousness, Extinction, Psychological physiology
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Extinction learning is regarded as a core mechanism underlying exposure therapy. The extent to which learned threats can be extinguished without conscious awareness is a controversial and on-going debate. We investigated whether implicit vs. explicit exposure to a threatened stimulus can modulate defence responses measured using pupillometry. Healthy participants underwent a threat conditioning paradigm in which one of the conditioned stimuli (CS) was perceptually suppressed using continuous flash suppression (CFS). Participants' pupillary responses, CS pleasantness ratings, and trial-by-trial awareness of the CS were recorded. During Extinction, participants' pupils dilated more in the trials in which they were unaware of the CS than in those in which they were aware of it (Cohen's d = 0.57). After reinstatement, the percentage of fear recovery was greater for the CFS-suppressed CS than the CS with full awareness. The current study suggests that the modulation of fear responses by extinction with reduced visual awareness is weaker compared to extinction with full perceptual awareness., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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- 2023
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26. The Safety of Digital Mental Health Interventions: Systematic Review and Recommendations.
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Taher R, Hsu CW, Hampshire C, Fialho C, Heaysman C, Stahl D, Shergill S, and Yiend J
- Abstract
Background: Evidence suggests that digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) for common mental health conditions are effective. However, digital interventions, such as face-to-face therapies, pose risks to patients. A safe intervention is considered one in which the measured benefits outweigh the identified and mitigated risks., Objective: This study aims to review the literature to assess how DMHIs assess safety, what risks are reported, and how they are mitigated in both the research and postmarket phases and building on existing recommendations for assessing, reporting, and mitigating safety in the DMHI and standardizing practice., Methods: PsycINFO, Embase, and MEDLINE databases were searched for studies that addressed the safety of DMHIs. The inclusion criteria were any study that addressed the safety of a clinical DMHI, even if not as a main outcome, in an adult population, and in English. As the outcome data were mainly qualitative in nature, a meta-analysis was not possible, and qualitative analysis was used to collate the results. Quantitative results were synthesized in the form of tables and percentages. To illustrate the use of a single common safety metric across studies, we calculated odds ratios and CIs, wherever possible., Results: Overall, 23 studies were included in this review. Although many of the included studies assessed safety by actively collecting adverse event (AE) data, over one-third (8/23, 35%) did not assess or collect any safety data. The methods and frequency of safety data collection varied widely, and very few studies have performed formal statistical analyses. The main treatment-related reported AE was symptom deterioration. The main method used to mitigate risk was exclusion of high-risk groups. A secondary web-based search found that 6 DMHIs were available for users or patients to use (postmarket phase), all of which used indications and contraindications to mitigate risk, although there was no evidence of ongoing safety review., Conclusions: The findings of this review show the need for a standardized classification of AEs, a standardized method for assessing AEs to statically analyze AE data, and evidence-based practices for mitigating risk in DMHIs, both in the research and postmarket phases. This review produced 7 specific, measurable, and achievable recommendations with the potential to have an immediate impact on the field, which were implemented across ongoing and future research. Improving the quality of DMHI safety data will allow meaningful assessment of the safety of DMHIs and confidence in whether the benefits of a new DMHI outweigh its risks., Trial Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022333181; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=333181., (©Rayan Taher, Che-Wei Hsu, Chloe Hampshire, Carolina Fialho, Clare Heaysman, Daniel Stahl, Sukhi Shergill, Jenny Yiend. Originally published in JMIR Mental Health (https://mental.jmir.org), 09.10.2023.)
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- 2023
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27. Cognitive bias modification for paranoia (CBM-pa): a randomised controlled feasibility study in patients with distressing paranoid beliefs.
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Yiend J, Lam CLM, Schmidt N, Crane B, Heslin M, Kabir T, McGuire P, Meek C, Mouchlianitis E, Peters E, Stahl D, Trotta A, and Shergill S
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- Humans, Feasibility Studies, Double-Blind Method, Bias, Cognition, Paranoid Disorders therapy, Paranoid Disorders psychology, Anxiety
- Abstract
Background: Cognitive Bias Modification for paranoia (CBM-pa) is a novel, theory-driven psychological intervention targeting the biased interpretation of emotional ambiguity associated with paranoia. Study objectives were (i) test the intervention's feasibility, (ii) provide effect size estimates, (iii) assess dose-response and (iv) select primary outcomes for future trials., Methods: In a double-blind randomised controlled trial, sixty-three outpatients with clinically significant paranoia were randomised to either CBM-pa or an active control (text reading) between April 2016 and September 2017. Patients received one 40 min session per week for 6 weeks. Assessments were given at baseline, after each interim session, post-treatment, and at 1- and 3-months post-treatment., Results: A total of 122 patients were screened and 63 were randomised. The recruitment rate was 51.2%, with few dropouts (four out of 63) and follow-up rates were 90.5% (1-month) and 93.7% (3-months). Each session took 30-40 min to complete. There was no statistical evidence of harmful effects of the intervention. Preliminary data were consistent with efficacy of CBM-pa over text-reading control: patients randomised to the intervention, compared to control patients, reported reduced interpretation bias ( d = -0.48 to -0.76), improved symptoms of paranoia ( d = -0.19 to -0.38), and lower depressed and anxious mood ( d = -0.03 to -0.29). The intervention effect was evident after the third session., Conclusions: CBM-pa is feasible for patients with paranoia. A fully powered randomised control trial is warranted.
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- 2023
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28. The Relationship Between Attention, Interpretation, and Memory Bias During Facial Perception in Social Anxiety.
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Leung CJ, Yiend J, and Lee TMC
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- Adult, Anxiety psychology, Bias, Humans, Perception, Social Perception, Anger, Facial Expression
- Abstract
Although cognitive theories suggest the interactive nature of information processing biases in contributing to social anxiety, most studies to date have investigated these biases in isolation. This study aimed at (a) testing the association between social anxiety and each of the threat-related cognitive biases: attention, interpretation, and memory bias; and (b) examining the relationship between these cognitive biases in facial perception. We recruited an unselected sample of 188 adult participants and measured their level of social anxiety and cognitive biases using faces displaying angry, disgusted, happy, and ambiguous versions of these expressions. All bias tasks were assessed with the same set of facial stimuli. Regression analyses showed that social anxiety symptoms significantly predicted attention avoidance and poorer sensitivity in recognizing threatening faces. Social anxiety was, however, unrelated to interpretation bias in our sample. Results of path analysis suggested that attention bias influenced memory bias indirectly through interpretation bias for angry but not disgusted faces. Our findings suggest that, regardless of social anxiety level, when individuals selectively oriented to faces displaying anger, the faces were interpreted to be more negative. This, in turn, predicted better memory for the angry faces. The results provided further empirical support for the combined cognitive bias hypothesis., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
- Published
- 2022
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29. The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Leung CJ, Yiend J, Trotta A, and Lee TMC
- Subjects
- Attention, Bias, Cognition, Humans, Anxiety psychology, Anxiety Disorders psychology
- Abstract
Cognitive theories have postulated the relational nature of different cognitive biases in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders. To test this combined cognitive bias hypothesis, this review addressed the following questions: (i) whether different cognitive biases are associated with each other and (ii) whether one bias influences another bias. We identified 36 articles that studied the relationship between cognitive biases (attention, interpretation and memory bias). Of these, 31 studies were entered into two meta-analyses. Sixteen studies were included in the first meta-analysis of the correlation between cognitive bias indices. A further 15 studies were included in another meta-analysis to examine the transfer effects of cognitive bias modification (CBM) to another bias. Both meta-analyses yielded small but significant overall pooled effect sizes after the removal of outliers (r = 0.11 and g = 0.19 respectively). Moderator analyses revealed that the relationship between interpretation and memory bias was significantly stronger than other types of cognitive bias correlations and CBM is more potent in modifying biases when it was delivered in the laboratory compared with online. Our review quantifies the strength of the relationships between biases and transfer effects following CBM, which serves as a basis to further understand the mechanisms underlying biased information processing., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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30. Personalized cognitive training: Protocol for individual-level meta-analysis implementing machine learning methods.
- Author
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Shani R, Tal S, Derakshan N, Cohen N, Enock PM, McNally RJ, Mor N, Daches S, Williams AD, Yiend J, Carlbring P, Kuckertz JM, Yang W, Reinecke A, Beevers CG, Bunnell BE, Koster EHW, Zilcha-Mano S, and Okon-Singer H
- Subjects
- Cognition, Humans, Machine Learning, Memory, Short-Term, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Attentional Bias, Cognition Disorders
- Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that cognitive training may enhance well-being. Yet, mixed findings imply that individual differences and training characteristics may interact to moderate training efficacy. To investigate this possibility, the current paper describes a protocol for a data-driven individual-level meta-analysis study aimed at developing personalized cognitive training. To facilitate comprehensive analysis, this protocol proposes criteria for data search, selection and pre-processing along with the rationale for each decision. Twenty-two cognitive training datasets comprising 1544 participants were collected. The datasets incorporated diverse training methods, all aimed at improving well-being. These training regimes differed in training characteristics such as targeted domain (e.g., working memory, attentional bias, interpretation bias, inhibitory control) and training duration, while participants differed in diagnostic status, age and sex. The planned analyses incorporate machine learning algorithms designed to identify which individuals will be most responsive to cognitive training in general and to discern which methods may be a better fit for certain individuals., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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31. Anxiety mediates the relationship between interpretation bias and paranoia in patients with persistent persecutory beliefs.
- Author
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Lam CLM, Mouchlianitis E, Lee TMC, and Yiend J
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Affect, Anxiety Disorders complications, Anxiety Disorders psychology, Interpersonal Relations, Paranoid Disorders complications, Paranoid Disorders psychology
- Abstract
Background and Objectives: The role of interpretation bias in generating and maintaining persecutory beliefs/paranoid ideation is becoming established in the literature, but how negative mood affects this relationship remains unclear. The current study investigated the mediating role of anxiety and depression in the association between interpretation bias and paranoia in patients with persistent paranoia. Methods/Design: We applied the mediation model to clinical data gathered from patients with persistent paranoia ( N = 62), and compared how levels of depression and anxiety affected the association between interpretation bias and paranoia. Results: Interpretation bias and anxiety accounted for 43% of the variance in paranoia, while interpretation bias and depression explained 31% of this variance. Levels of anxiety, but not depression, partially mediated the relationship between interpretation bias and paranoid beliefs. Our data suggest that the association between interpretation bias and paranoid beliefs takes effect partly, although not completely, through heightened levels of anxiety. Conclusions: The current study highlighted the role of anxiety as a mediator in the association between interpretation bias and paranoid beliefs in patients with distressing paranoia. These findings inform the potential mechanism underlying cognitive interventions for pathological paranoia. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN: 90749868. Retrospectively registered on 12 May 2016.
- Published
- 2021
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32. Biased interpretation in paranoia and its modification.
- Author
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Savulich G, Edwards A, Assadi S, Guven H, Leathers-Smith E, Shergill S, and Yiend J
- Subjects
- Adult, Anxiety psychology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Depression psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Paranoid Disorders psychology, Psychotic Disorders psychology
- Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cognitive models of psychosis implicate interpretation biases as one of the mechanisms involved in the formation and maintenance of symptoms. First we measured the strength of association between interpretation biases and psychosis-relevant traits. Next we manipulated these biases and quantified the effects of doing so on psychosis-relevant outcomes., Methods: Experiment 1 used two measures of interpretation bias in a healthy sample (n = 70). Experiment 2 used a novel cognitive bias modification procedure (CMB-pa) in individuals with moderate trait paranoia (n = 60)., Results: Experiment 1 revealed that over a third of the variance in interpretation bias could be explained by the combined effect of trait measures of paranoia/psychosis. In Experiment 2, CBM-pa produced training-congruent changes in the interpretation of new ambiguous information and influenced the interpretation, attribution and distress associated with a real-life social event., Limitations: The potentially confounding effects of elevated anxiety and depression on interpretation bias and the restricted range of outcome measures to assess the wider effects of CBM-pa., Conclusions: These studies are consistent with interpretation biases contributing to the maintenance of paranoia. CBM-pa could next be adapted and evaluated to test its efficacy as a therapeutic intervention., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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33. The implication of cognitive processes in emotional bias.
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Lam CLM, Leung CJ, Yiend J, and Lee TMC
- Subjects
- Anxiety Disorders, Bias, Cognition, Humans, Arousal, Emotions
- Abstract
Recently, Yuan et al. (2019) quantitatively reviewed emotional bias studies with P3 event-related potential amplitudes and demonstrated that emotional bias varies with stimulus parameters, such as type, arousal, and task setting. We believe that emotional biases might profitably be studied together with cognitive processes in order to understand the affective dysregulation underpinning various mental illnesses. In this commentary, we highlighted the role of attention bias and interpretation bias as examples of cognitive processes affecting emotional bias in anxiety disorders. We discussed the potential synergy of examining cognitive processes alongside emotional bias to understand the psychopathology underlying various prevalent forms of mental disorders and potentially disentangle the intricate mechanisms for further interventions., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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34. Why do parents not re-vaccinate their child for influenza? A prospective cohort study.
- Author
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Smith LE, Amlôt R, Weinman J, Yiend J, and Rubin GJ
- Subjects
- Child, Humans, Parents, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vaccination, Influenza Vaccines adverse effects, Influenza, Human prevention & control
- Abstract
Child influenza vaccination rates for the UK are published annually, however there are no publicly available data on how many children are re-vaccinated the following year. This prospective cohort study aimed to identify factors associated with not re-vaccinating one's child. Participants (n = 270) completed a questionnaire before their child was vaccinated for influenza in the 2016/17 season, and follow-up questionnaires three days and one month after their child's vaccination. Re-vaccination data were collected at the end of the 2017/18 influenza season (n = 232, response rate 85.9%). Forty-one children (17.7%) were not re-vaccinated for influenza in 2017/18. Parental report of severe side-effects three days after vaccination (p = .04) and worry about side-effects one month after vaccination (p = .05) were associated with not re-vaccinating. However, the restricted sample size reduced the statistical power of these analyses. Decreasing parental worry about side-effects may help improve re-vaccination rates. Clinical trial registration: The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02909855)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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35. Psychosocial Factors Affecting Parental Report of Symptoms in Children: A Systematic Review.
- Author
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Smith LE, Weinman J, Yiend J, and Rubin J
- Subjects
- Adult, Child, Humans, Affect physiology, Child Behavior physiology, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Problem Behavior, Psychology
- Abstract
Objective: Parents make important treatment decisions for their children based on symptoms they perceive their child to be experiencing. Multiple psychological factors are associated with subjective symptom perception, but factors affecting perception of symptoms in others have been explored less. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify parent and child psychological factors associated with parental report of physical symptoms in their child., Methods: We searched Embase, Ovid, PsycINFO, and Scopus for studies that investigated associations between psychological factors and parental report of symptoms in their child., Results: Thirty-six citations reporting on 34 studies that assessed the association between parent or child psychological factors and parental report of physical symptoms in the child were included in the review. Three main factors were identified as being associated with parental symptom report. First, there was evidence for an association between parental symptom report and affect, in particular parent and child anxiety. Second, child behavioral and conduct problems, and temperament-related challenges (problems with feeding and sleeping) were associated with parental symptom report. Third, parental expectations and beliefs that symptoms would occur were associated with parental symptom report, although few studies investigated these associations., Conclusions: Parent and child affect, and parental expectations and beliefs may influence parents' cognition, causing them to pay more attention to their child, interpret their child's behavior as symptomatic, and recall symptoms in the child. Given the importance of parental perception of symptoms in driving decisions around care, additional research in this field is needed.
- Published
- 2020
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36. Utilising cognitive bias modification to remedy appearance and self-worth biases in eating disorder psychopathology: A systematic review.
- Author
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Matheson E, Wade TD, and Yiend J
- Subjects
- Feeding and Eating Disorders physiopathology, Humans, Attentional Bias physiology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy methods, Feeding and Eating Disorders rehabilitation, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Thinking physiology
- Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study systematically reviewed the impact of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) on biases related to attention (CBM-A) and interpretation (CBM-I) for appearance and self-worth stimuli and the subsequent impact on eating disorder (ED) psychopathology., Method: The current review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), with 12 studies meeting inclusion criteria (CBM-A n = 5; CBM-I n = 7)., Results: The literature provides preliminary support for CBM-A and CBM-I efficacy in eliciting bias change in varying degrees of psychopathology (Cohen's d ranging between -1.67 and 1.34; 9 studies reflected improved bias, and 3 reflected no change or did not assess), while highlighting the less robust effects associated with improving ED psychopathology (d ranging between -1.30 and 0.61; 5 studies reflected symptom improvement, and 7 reflected no change or did not assess)., Limitations: The review only considered peer reviewed research and did not report on the findings of unpublished data; thus, the current findings may not provide an accurate representation of CBM in EDs., Conclusions: The current findings highlight the potential of CBM as an adjunct intervention for EDs; however the limited number of investigations and high degree of heterogeneity across the included studies impedes on the generalisability of the findings., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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37. Biased cognition in East Asian and Western cultures.
- Author
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Yiend J, André J, Smith L, Chen LH, Toulopoulou T, Chen E, Sham P, and Parkinson B
- Subjects
- Acculturation, Adult, Attention, Bias, Emigration and Immigration, Emotions, Asia, Eastern, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Stroop Test, Task Performance and Analysis, United Kingdom, Young Adult, Cognition physiology, Culture
- Abstract
The majority of cognitive bias research has been conducted in Western cultures. We examined cross-cultural differences in cognitive biases, comparing Westerners' and East Asians' performance and acculturation following migration to the opposite culture. Two local (UK, Hong Kong) and four migrant (short-term and long-term migrants to each culture) samples completed culturally validated tasks measuring attentional and interpretation bias. Hong Kong residents were more positively biased than people living in the UK on several measures, consistent with the lower prevalence of psychological disorders in East Asia. Migrants to the UK had reduced positive biases on some tasks, while migrants to Hong Kong were more positive, compared to their respective home counterparts, consistent with acculturation in attention and interpretation biases. These data illustrate the importance of cultural validation of findings and, if replicated, would have implications for the mental health and well-being of migrants., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2019
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38. The neural correlates of perceived energy levels in older adults with late-life depression.
- Author
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Lam CLM, Liu HL, Huang CM, Wai YY, Lee SH, Yiend J, Lin C, and Lee TMC
- Subjects
- Aged, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways pathology, Neuropsychological Tests, Severity of Illness Index, White Matter pathology, Depression diagnosis, Depression physiopathology, Fatigue, Pyramidal Tracts diagnostic imaging, Pyramidal Tracts physiopathology, White Matter diagnostic imaging, White Matter physiopathology
- Abstract
Late-life depression is common among older adults. Although white-matter abnormality is highly implicated, the extent to which the corticospinal tract is associated with the pathophysiology of late-life depression is unclear. The current study aims to investigate the white-matter structural integrity of the corticospinal tract and determine its cognitive and functional correlates in older adults with late-life depression. Twenty-eight older adults with clinical depression and 23 healthy age-matched older adults participated in the study. The white matter volume and the white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) of the corticospinal tract, as well as the global WMHs, were measured. Psychomotor processing speed, severity of depression, perceived levels of energy and physical functioning were measured to examine the relationships among the correlates in the depressed participants. The right corticospinal tract volume was significantly higher in depressed older adults relative to healthy controls. Moreover, the right corticospinal tract volume was significantly associated with the overall severity of depression and accounted for 17% of its variance. It further attenuated the relationship between the severity of depression and perceived levels of energy. Our findings suggested that higher volume in the right corticospinal tract is implicated in LLD and may relate to lower perceived levels of energy experienced by older adults with depression.
- Published
- 2019
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39. Negative Interpretation Biases Precede the Onset of Psychosis.
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Yiend J, Allen P, Lopez ND, Falkenberg I, Tseng HH, and McGuire P
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Bias, Psychotic Disorders diagnosis
- Abstract
This study investigated whether a negative interpretation bias was present in people at high risk for psychosis. People with an At Risk Mental State (ARMS; n = 21), patients with First Episode Psychosis (FEP; n = 20), and healthy controls (n = 20) performed three tasks, each of which was designed to measure interpretation bias. Both ARMS and FEP participants showed an attenuated positive bias compared to controls. These findings extend previous results investigating interpretation bias in psychosis by showing that interpretative biases are present before the onset of psychosis, and could therefore contribute to its development. Biased interpretation mechanisms could be a new target for clinical intervention in the early phase of psychosis., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
- Published
- 2019
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40. Parental Expectation of Side Effects Following Vaccination Is Self-fulfilling: A Prospective Cohort Study.
- Author
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Smith LE, Weinman J, Amlôt R, Yiend J, and Rubin GJ
- Subjects
- Child, Humans, Influenza, Human prevention & control, Anticipation, Psychological, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Influenza Vaccines adverse effects, Parents psychology, Patient Acceptance of Health Care psychology, Vaccination adverse effects
- Abstract
Background: One of the major factors contributing to parental refusal of vaccinations is the perception that vaccines cause side effects. Although symptoms are commonly reported following vaccinations, their causes are not always straightforward. Although some may be directly attributable to the vaccine itself, others may reflect pre-existing or coincidental symptoms that are misattributed to the vaccine., Purpose: To investigate psychological factors associated with parental report of side effects following vaccination with the child influenza vaccine, and parental intention to re-vaccinate one's child the following year., Methods: A prospective cohort study was run in primary care practices in London in the 2016-2017 influenza season (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02909855). Two hundred seventy parents from 14 practices completed a questionnaire before their child's vaccination. Follow-up questionnaires were completed 3 days after vaccination and one month after vaccination. Parental report of side effects and vaccination intention for the subsequent year were measured., Results: Parental report of side effects was strongly associated with pre-vaccination expectation of side effects. Suggestions received from the media, National Health Service (NHS) vaccination leaflet, and health care workers, as well as uncertainty-related beliefs, perceived sensitivity of the child to medicines, pessimism, and anxiety were also associated with reporting side effects. Side effect report was associated with lower vaccination intention for the following influenza season., Conclusions: Side effect perception following vaccination is influenced by psychological factors, in particular expectations. Perceiving side effects reduces future vaccination intention. Future public health communications should aim to decrease unrealistic expectations of side effects to increase vaccine uptake., (© Society of Behavioral Medicine 2018. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2019
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41. Interaction between childhood adversity and functional polymorphisms in the dopamine pathway on first-episode psychosis.
- Author
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Trotta A, Iyegbe C, Yiend J, Dazzan P, David AS, Pariante C, Mondelli V, Colizzi M, Murray RM, Di Forti M, and Fisher HL
- Subjects
- Adult, Catechol O-Methyltransferase genetics, Dopamine metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt genetics, Receptors, Dopamine D2 genetics, Signal Transduction genetics, Adverse Childhood Experiences, Gene-Environment Interaction, Psychotic Disorders etiology, Psychotic Disorders genetics, Schizophrenia etiology, Schizophrenia genetics
- Abstract
Background: There is consistent evidence of a cumulative relationship between childhood adversity and psychosis, with number of adversities experienced increasing the probability of psychosis onset. It is possible that genetic factors moderate the association between childhood adversity and psychosis, potentially by influencing how an individual reacts biologically and/or psychologically following exposure to adversity, in such a way as to set them off on the path to psychosis. However, identifying the specific genetic variants involved and how they interact with childhood adversity remains challenging. We examined whether the association between cumulative exposure to childhood adversity and development of psychotic disorder was moderated by the COMT Val
158 Met, AKT1 rs2494732 or DRD2 rs1076560 polymorphisms, known to affect dopamine levels., Methods: Participants were 285 first-presentation psychosis cases and 256 geographically-matched controls drawn from the Genetics and Psychosis (GAP) study. Childhood adversity was assessed using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q) and blood- and cheek-derived genotype data were collected., Results: Our findings revealed no main effect of COMT Val158 Met, AKT1 rs2494732 and DRD2 rs1076560 polymorphisms on psychosis case status or reports of childhood adversity. Individuals reporting a history of multiple adversities were more likely to be psychosis patients than controls, regardless of their genetic risk. There was no evidence of candidate genotype by childhood adversity interactions in relation to psychosis onset., Conclusion: These findings did not provide evidence of a possible role of COMT Val158 Met, AKT1 rs2494732 or DRD2 rs1076560 genotypes in modifying the association between childhood adversity and onset of psychosis., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
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42. A new cognitive bias modification technique to influence risk factors for eating disorders.
- Author
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Matheson E, Wade TD, and Yiend J
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Bias, Female, Humans, Risk Factors, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy methods, Feeding and Eating Disorders psychology
- Abstract
Objective: Eating disorder psychopathology is associated with a propensity to interpret ambiguous stimuli to be negatively related to one's appearance and self-worth. The relative impact of modifying interpretation bias for these respective stimuli is unknown. Hence the main aim of the current study was to compare two cognitive bias modification protocols targeting interpretation bias (CBM-I), one focused on appearance and the other on self-worth, in terms of impacting interpretation bias, body dissatisfaction and negative affect. The appearance-based CBM-I protocol was developed for the current study., Method: Female university students (N = 123) were randomized into one of three CBM-I conditions: appearance, self-worth or control. Immediately following a negative induction that significantly increased body dissatisfaction and negative affect, participants underwent their respective CBM-I training., Results: The CBM-I for appearance produced significant changes in the targeted bias, as well as significant improvements (moderate effect sizes) in appearance satisfaction, relative to the CBM-I for self-worth and control conditions., Discussion: The results support the usefulness of the CBM-I for appearance protocol, and suggests that this technique warrants further investigation with respect to modifying interpretation bias and risk factors associated with eating disorder psychopathology. Null effects of CBM-I for self-worth should be interpreted in light of study limitations, including the potential unsuitability of training material for young women. CBM-I for both types of interpretation bias should be evaluated in future research., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2018
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43. Six-month longitudinal associations between cognitive functioning and distress among the community-based elderly in Hong Kong: A cross-lagged panel analysis.
- Author
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Leung CJ, Cheng L, Yu J, Yiend J, and Lee TMC
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Hong Kong epidemiology, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Stress, Psychological diagnosis, Time Factors, Cognition physiology, Independent Living trends, Self Report, Stress, Psychological epidemiology, Stress, Psychological psychology
- Abstract
Although previous studies have extensively documented the cross-sectional relationship between cognitive impairment and psychological distress, findings relating to their longitudinal associations remains mixed. The present study examines the longitudinal associations and mutual influence between cognitive functioning and psychological distress across six months among community-dwelling elderly in Hong Kong. A total of 162 older adults (40 males; M
age = 69.8 years, SD = 6.4) were administered objective and subjective measures of cognitive functioning, as well as self-reported ratings of distress, at two time points six months apart. Using structural equation modeling, we tested the cross-lagged relationships between cognitive functioning and distress. Our cross-lagged model indicated that cognitive functioning at baseline significantly predicted subsequent psychological distress. However, distress was not significantly associated with subsequent cognitive functioning. Additionally, the objective and subjective measures of cognitive functioning were not significantly correlated. These findings suggested that distress may occur as a consequence of poorer cognitive functioning in elderly, but not vice versa. The lack of correlation between objective and subjective cognitive measures suggested that the participants may not have adequate insight into their cognitive abilities. The implications of these findings are discussed., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)- Published
- 2018
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44. Bilingual comparison of Mandarin and English cognitive bias tasks.
- Author
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Smith L, Leung WG, Crane B, Parkinson B, Toulopoulou T, and Yiend J
- Subjects
- Attention, China, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Emotions, Female, Humans, Language, Male, United Kingdom, Bias, Cognition, Linguistics methods, Multilingualism
- Abstract
Most research into cognitive biases has used Western samples, despite potential East-West socio-cultural differences. One reason is the lack of appropriate measures for non-Westerners. This study is about cross-linguistic equivalence which needs to be established before assessing cross-cultural differences in future research. We developed parallel Mandarin and English measures of interpretation bias and attention bias using back-translation and decentering procedures. We assessed task equivalence by administering both sets of measures to 47 bilingual Mandarin-English speakers. Interpretation bias measurement was similar and reliable across language versions, confirming suitability of the Mandarin versions for future cross-cultural research. By contrast, scores on attention bias tasks did not intercorrelate reliably, suggesting that nonverbal stimuli such as pictures or facial expressions of emotion might present better prospects for cross-cultural comparison. The development of the first set of equivalent measures of interpretation bias in an Eastern language paves the way for future research investigating East-West differences in biased cognition.
- Published
- 2018
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45. A systematic review of factors affecting vaccine uptake in young children.
- Author
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Smith LE, Amlôt R, Weinman J, Yiend J, and Rubin GJ
- Subjects
- Child, Decision Making physiology, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Vaccines adverse effects, Parents psychology, Vaccination psychology, Vaccines immunology
- Abstract
Background: Many parents make a conscious decision not to vaccinate their child. Multiple beliefs and perceptions surround this choice. If uptake of routine child vaccination is to increase, public health communications about vaccines must be informed by evidence on the factors affecting uptake., Method: We conducted a systematic review to investigate psychological, social and contextual factors associated with uptake of routine vaccines in young children. Studies were included if they reported analyses of the association between psychological factors and uptake or included parents' self-reported reasons for or against vaccination., Results: Our search identified 9110 citations after deduplication. Sixty-eight citations describing sixty-four studies were included in the review. The quality of the studies was mixed. There is strong evidence for an association between vaccination uptake and: not perceiving vaccines to cause adverse effects; general positive attitudes towards vaccination; positive vaccine recommendations; and perceiving fewer practical difficulties of vaccination. While there was good evidence for an association between vaccination and perceived susceptibility to the illness, evidence for an association between perceived severity of an illness and vaccination was weak. Other factors associated with vaccination include knowledge about the vaccine, social influences and trust in the healthcare profession. Having increased information about the vaccine was associated with vaccination, but the influence of different sources of information needs more research., Conclusion: Understanding which factors are consistently associated with the decision to vaccinate one's child is important to identify messages which should be targeted by public health communications about routine child vaccinations., (Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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46. Cognitive Bias Modification for paranoia (CBM-pa): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
- Author
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Yiend J, Trotta A, Meek C, Dzafic I, Baldus N, Crane B, Kabir T, Stahl D, Heslin M, Shergill S, McGuire P, and Peters E
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Clinical Protocols, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy economics, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Delusions diagnosis, Delusions economics, Delusions psychology, Double-Blind Method, Feasibility Studies, Female, Health Care Costs, Humans, London, Male, Middle Aged, Paranoid Disorders diagnosis, Paranoid Disorders economics, Paranoid Disorders psychology, Pilot Projects, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Research Design, Therapy, Computer-Assisted economics, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy methods, Delusions therapy, Paranoid Disorders therapy, Therapy, Computer-Assisted methods
- Abstract
Background: Persecutory delusions are the most common type of delusions in psychosis and present in around 10-15% of the general population. Persecutory delusions are thought to be sustained by biased cognitive and emotional processes. Recent advances favour targeted interventions, focussing on specific symptoms or mechanisms. Our aim is to test the clinical feasibility of a novel psychological intervention, which manipulates biased interpretations toward more adaptive processing, in order to reduce paranoia in patients., Methods: The 'Cognitive Bias Modification for paranoia' (CBM-pa) study is a feasibility, double-blind, randomised controlled trial (RCT) for 60 stabilised outpatients with persistent, distressing paranoid symptoms. Patients will be randomised at a 50:50 ratio, to computerised CBM-pa or a text-reading control intervention, receiving one 40-min session per week, for 6 weeks. CBM-pa involves participants reading stories on a computer screen, completing missing words and answering questions about each story in a way that encourages more helpful beliefs about themselves and others. Treatment as Usual will continue for patients in both groups. Patients will be assessed by a researcher blind to allocation, at baseline, each interim session, post treatment and 1- and 3-month follow-up post treatment. The primary outcome is the feasibility parameters (trial design, recruitment rate and acceptability) of the intervention. The secondary outcomes are clinical symptoms (including severity of paranoia) as assessed by a clinical psychologist, and 'on-line' measurement of interpretation bias and stress/distress. The trial is funded by the NHS National Institute for Health Research., Discussion: This pilot study will test whether CBM-pa has the potential to be a cost-effective, accessible and flexible treatment. If the trial proves feasible and demonstrates preliminary evidence of efficacy, a fully powered RCT will be warranted., Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN: 90749868 . Retrospectively registered on 12 May 2016.
- Published
- 2017
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47. Generalized Anxiety Disorder, worry and attention to threat: A systematic review.
- Author
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Goodwin H, Yiend J, and Hirsch CR
- Subjects
- Humans, Anxiety psychology, Anxiety Disorders psychology, Attention physiology
- Abstract
Among anxious populations, attention has been demonstrated to be preferentially biased to threatening material compared to neutral or other valenced material. Individuals who have high levels of trait worry, such as those with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), may be biased to threat but research has produced equivocal findings. This review aimed to systematically review the extant experimental literature to establish the current evidence of attentional bias to threat among trait worriers compared to healthy controls and other clinical populations. Twenty-nine published articles were included in the final review. There was strong evidence of a bias to threat among GAD patients compared to other groups and this was found across most experimental paradigms. Few studies had investigated this bias in non-clinical trait worriers. Among GAD patients this bias to threat was most strongly evidenced when visual threat material was in a verbal-linguistic format (i.e., words) rather than when in pictorial form (i.e., images or faces). The bias was also found across several domains of negative material, supporting the general nature of worry. Further research should look to examine the specific components of the threat bias in GAD, as well as investigating the bias to threat in trait worriers., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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48. Psychological factors associated with uptake of the childhood influenza vaccine and perception of post-vaccination side-effects: A cross-sectional survey in England.
- Author
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Smith LE, Webster RK, Weinman J, Amlôt R, Yiend J, and Rubin GJ
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, England, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions psychology, Influenza Vaccines administration & dosage, Influenza Vaccines adverse effects, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Vaccination adverse effects, Vaccination psychology
- Abstract
Objectives: To identify predictors of: uptake of the childhood influenza vaccine in the 2015-2016 influenza season, parental perceptions of side-effects from the influenza vaccine and intention to vaccinate one's child for influenza in the 2016-2017 influenza season., Design: Cross-sectional online survey., Setting: Data were collected in England shortly after the end of the 2015-2016 immunization campaign., Participants: 1001 parents or guardians of children aged between two and seven., Main Outcome Measures: Self-reported uptake of the childhood influenza vaccine in the 2015-2016 influenza season, perception of side-effects from the influenza vaccine and intention to vaccinate one's child in the 2016-2017 influenza season., Results: Self-reported uptake of the childhood influenza vaccine was 52.8%. Factors strongly positively associated with uptake included the child having previously been vaccinated against influenza, perceiving the vaccine to be effective and perceiving the child to be susceptible to flu. Factors strongly negatively associated with uptake included perceiving the vaccine to be unsafe, to cause short-term side-effects or long-term health problems and believing that yearly vaccination may overload the immune system. Predictors of intended vaccine uptake in 2016-2017 were similar. Participants who perceived side-effects after the 2015-2016 vaccination reported being less likely to vaccinate their child next year. Side-effects were more likely to be reported in first-born children, by participants who knew another child who had side-effects, those who thought that the vaccine would interact with medication that the child was currently taking, and those who believed the vaccine causes short-term side-effects., Conclusions: Perceptions about the childhood influenza vaccine show strong associations with uptake, intended uptake and perception of side-effects. Attempts to improve uptake rates from their current low levels must address these perceptions., (Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Imaging and neuropsychological correlates of white matter lesions in different subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A systematic review.
- Author
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Lam CLM, Yiend J, and Lee TMC
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognitive Dysfunction classification, Cognitive Dysfunction physiopathology, Female, Humans, Male, Neuroimaging, Cognitive Dysfunction diagnostic imaging, White Matter diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
Background: White matter lesions (WML) are prevalent in older adults. The association between WML and cognition in different subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is inconsistent in the literature., Objectves: We aim to provide a systematic review on the impact of WML in different subtypes of MCI, and discuss the recent findings on white matter plasticity., Methods: We reviewed peer-reviewed articles from January 2011 to August 2016 and identified 12 studies investigating the association between WML and subtypes of MCI with both neuroimaging and cognitive measures., Results: Our review shows that 1) WM abnormality was identified between different subtypes of MCI and healthy controls on diffusion imaging; 2) neither visual ratings of WML nor its volumetry differentiate different subtypes of MCI or its prognosis to dementia; and 3) cognitive correlates of WML were evident in the Amnestic-type MCI in the domains of memory, language, psychomotor speed, attention and executive functions., Conclusion: Cognitive reserve and the plasticity of white matter may modulate the impact of WML on the manifestation of the neurodegenerative disease. Further research is needed to study the plasticity of white matter in the MCI population to evaluate its potential clinical application.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Automaticity of Attentional Bias to Threat in High and Low Worriers.
- Author
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Goodwin H, Eagleson C, Mathews A, Yiend J, and Hirsch C
- Abstract
Individuals with high levels of worry are more likely than others to attend to possible threats, although the extent of top-down attentional control processes on this bias is unknown. We compared the performance of high ( n = 26) and low worriers ( n = 26) on a probe discrimination task designed to assess attention to threat cues, under cognitive load or no-load conditions. The expected difference between groups was confirmed, with high worriers being more likely to attend to threat cues than low worriers. Importantly however, there were no significant effects involving condition (cognitive load vs. no-load), nor any significant association with self-perceived attentional control ability. These results suggest that pathological worriers are more likely to attend to threat than are individuals with low levels of worry, regardless of task demands on limited cognitive control resources. This finding is consistent with the dominance of habitual bottom-up influences over top-down control processes in biased attention to threat.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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