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Continuous cropping has emerged as a significant challenge affecting yield and quality in greenhouse strawberries, particularly as the cultivation of strawberries as a protected crop continues to increase. To address this issue, substrates with 0 or 2 years of continuous cropping were fertilized with two types of organic materials: vermicompost derived from either sludge or cattle manure. A control group consisted of substrate without the addition of vermicompost. Both type of vermicompost improved substrate fertility, promoted plant growth and fruit quality. The cattle manure vermicompost had a better improvement effect at peak fruiting stage. Substrate nutrients were increased 14.58~38.52% (0-year substrate) and 12.04%~42.54% (2-year substrate), respectively. In both substrate types, there was a substantial increase in microbial population and enzyme activity, accompanied by a significant decrease in phenolic acid content. During the senescence stage, the use of cattle manure vermicompost led to enhancements in plant height, leaf area, and root length, with increases ranging from 15.01% to 32.77% and 23.75% to 32.78% across the two substrate types compared to the control group. Furthermore, the application of cattle manure vermicompost significantly improved both fruit yield and quality. Compared with the control (CK), the cattle manure vermicompost increased fruit yield by 18.29% and 19.64% in the 0- and 2-year substrates, respectively. The contents of soluble sugars, vitamin C, and free amino acids in the fruits increased by 21.42%~34.16% (0-year substrate) and 9.62%~42.62% (2-year substrate), at peak fruiting stage. Cattle manure vermicompost application to the 2-year substrate ranked higher in the membership function than the CK treatment at 0-year planting. In conclusion, the application of vermicompost can significantly improve strawberry fruit yield and quality, as well as substrate characteristics, thus effectively addressing challenges associated with continuous cropping. Furthermore, the use of cattle manure vermicompost produced more pronounced positive effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary Enhanced grain yield and quality traits are everlasting breeding goals. It is therefore of great significance to uncover more genetic resources associated with these two important agronomic traits. Plant MYB family transcription factors play important regulatory roles in diverse biological processes. However, studies on genetic functions of MYB in rice yield and quality are rarely to be reported. Here, we investigated a nucleus‐localized transcription factor OsMYB73 which is preferentially expressed in the early developing pericarp and endosperm. We generated targeted mutagenesis of OsMYB73 in rice, and the mutants had longer grains with obvious white‐belly chalky endosperm appearance phenotype. The mutants displayed various changes in starch physicochemical characteristics and lipid components. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that OsMYB73 was chiefly involved in cell wall development and starch metabolism. OsMYB73 mutation affects the expression of genes related to grain size, starch and lipid biosynthesis and auxin biosynthesis. Moreover, inactivation of OsMYB73 triggers broad changes in secondary metabolites. We speculate that rice OsMYB73 and OsNF‐YB1 play synergistic pivotal role in simultaneously as transcription activators to regulate grain filling and storage compounds accumulation to affect endosperm development and grain chalkiness through binding OsISA2, OsLTPL36 and OsYUC11. The study provides important germplasm resources and theoretical basis for genetic improvement of rice yield and quality. In addition, we enriches the potential biological functions of rice MYB family transcription factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to screen exogenous active substances that can effectively regulate the development and maturation process of tobacco leaves,to improve the maturity tolerance of upper tobacco leaves, to promote their full maturity,to improve quality,and to provide technical basis for high-quality tobacco production in upper part of Guiyang City,we used random block design and adopted 4 treatments of CK,spraying water,T1(spraying 5 mg / L spermidine),T2 ( spraying 1 mg / L brassinolide), T3( spraying 40 mg / L methyl jasmonate). Results showed that compared with the CK,different exogenous active substances significantly increased the levels of auxin and cytokinin in upper leaves,decreased the level of abscisic acid,enhanced chlorophyll enzyme activity,increased SPAD value,significantly improved cell membrane stability index, and improved cell membrane stability. It significantly increased the pitch and leaf number of tobacco plants,and significantly enhanced the yield and output value of upper tobacco leaves. Among them,T3 treatment was the highest,which was 19. 03 % and 23. 17 % higher than that of the control,respectively. The contents of total sugar,reducing sugar and potassium in T2 and T3 treatments were higher,and the nicotine content in all treatments decreased. The ratio of two sugars in T1 and T3 treatments was greater than 0. 9,and the ratio of sugar to alkali in different exogenous active substances treatments was in the range of 6. 0-10. 0,while CK was lower. The ratio of two sugars and the ratio of sugar to alkali in different treatments were the highest in T3 treatment,with values being 0. 96 and 9. 24,respectively. The ratio of potassium to chlorine in all treatments was greater than 4. 0,of which T2 treatment was the highest,with a value of 10. 90;the appearance quality and sensory quality of upper tobacco leaves were improved,among which T2 treatment was the best,and the values were 6. 00 and 60. 00 points,respectively. In general,spraying 1 mg / L brassinolide T2 treatment could promote the growth of upper tobacco leaves,improve the stability of cell membrane,delay senescence,improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of tobacco plants,increase the number of leaves,enhance the yield and output value of upper tobacco,increase the content of sugar and potassium,decrease the content of nicotine,significantly increase the ratio of sugar to alkali,improve the appearance quality and sensory quality of tobacco leaves,improve the maturity and identity of tobacco leaves,improve the aroma quality and aroma quantity and reduce the irritation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angelica sinensis is a perennial herbaceous species mainly cultivated in the Gansu, Yunnan, and Qinghai provinces of China, and its dried roots have been widely used for nourishing blood and harmonizing vital energy, largely relying on its bioactive compounds (e.g., alkylphthalides, polysaccharides, and flavonoids). In recent years, viral diseases have been suspected to be present in A. sinensis in field cultivation. In order to reveal the infection status and causes, a survey and the identification of viral diseases and their influence on the yield and quality of A. sinensis were conducted in four different counties of Gansu province. The results showed viral disease rates of ca. 21% to 37% for potato virus Y (PVY) and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), as well as ca. 2.8- to 8.9-fold decreases in root yield on a unit-area basis; meanwhile, the contents of the main bioactive compounds (i.e., ferulic acid, ligustilide, and polysaccharides) were significantly lower in the virus-infected plants (VIPs) compared with the virus-free plants (VFPs); there were significant positive relationships of the viral disease rate with planting density and expression levels of the PVY-coat protein (CP) and ToMV-CP genes (p < 0.01). The above-mentioned observations indicate that it is necessary and urgent to take measures (e.g., controlling plant density, rational rotation, and using virus-free seedlings) to prevent the spread of plant viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Long-term use of chemical fertilizers (CFs) can cause soil compaction and acidification. In recent years, bio-organic fertilizers (BOFs) have begun to replace CFs in some vegetables and cash crops, but the application of CFs or BOFs has resulted in crop quality and disease occurrence. Methods: This study aimed to analyze the microbial mechanism of differences between CFs and BOFs in root disease, quality, and yield of tuber Chinese herbal medicine. We studied the effects of CFs, organic fertilizers, commercial BOFs, biocontrol bacteria BOFs, and biocontrol fungi BOFs on rhizosphere microbial community structure and function, root rot, quality, and yield of Codonopsis pilosula at different periods after application and analyzed the correlation. Results and discussion: Compared to CFs, the emergence rate and yield in BOF treatments were increased by 21.12 and 33.65%, respectively, and the ash content, water content, and disease index in the BOF treatments were decreased by 17.87, 8.19, and 76.60%, respectively. The structural equation model showed that CFs promoted the quality and yield of C. pilosula by influencing soil environmental factors, while BOFs directly drove soil bacterial community to reduce disease index and improve the quality and yield of C. pilosula. There was a stronger interaction and stability of soil microbial networks after BOF treatments. Microlunatus , Rubrobacter , Luteitalea , Nakamurella , and Pedomicrobium were identified as effector bacteria, which were related to disease prevention and yield and quality increase of C. pilosula. Microbial functional analysis indicated that the signal transduction and amino acid metabolism of soil bacteria might play a major role in improving the quality and yield of C. pilosula in the early and middle growth stages. In conclusion, compared to CFs, BOFs obtained a lower disease index of root rot and a higher quality and yield of C. pilosula by changing the structure and function of the rhizosphere bacterial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The taproot of Glycyrrhiza uralensis is globally appreciated for its medicinal and commercial value and is one of the most popular medicinal plants. With the decline of wild G. uralensis resources, cultivated G. uralensis has become a key method to ensure supply. However, soil salinization poses challenges to G. uralensis cultivation and affects the yield and quality of it. In this study, the inhibitory effects of NaCl and Na2SO4 on yield and quality of G. uralensis were comprehensively evaluated in a three-year large-scale pot experiment, and the alleviating effects of supplementation with lanthanum nitrate (La (NO3)3) on G. uralensis were further evaluated under salt stress. The findings indicate that La (NO3)3 significantly strengthened the plant's salt tolerance by enhancing photosynthetic capacity, osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant defenses, and cellular balance of ions, which led to a substantial increase in root biomass and accumulation of major medicinal components. In comparison to the NaCl-stress treatment, the 0.75 M La (NO3)3 + NaCl treatment resulted in a 20% and 34% increase in taproot length and biomass, respectively, alongside a 52% and 43% rise in glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhizin content, respectively. Similar improvements were observed with 0.75 M La (NO3)3 + Na2SO4 treatment, which increased root length and biomass by 14% and 26%, respectively, and glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhizin content by 40% and 38%, respectively. The combined showed that application of La (NO3)3 not only significantly improved the salt resilience of G. uralensis, but also had a more pronounced alleviation of growth inhibition induced by NaCl compared to Na2SO4 stress except in the gas exchange parameters and root growth. This study provides a scientific basis for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of G. uralensis in saline soils and a new approach for other medicinal plants to improve their salt tolerance. Graphical Abstract

A two-year pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the combined application of biochar and chemical fertilizer on soil quality and vegetable growth by adding different proportions of chemical fertilizer and biochar to the soil in 2022 and no fertilizer in 2023. It was concluded that the combined treatment improved the soil's properties. After two consecutive years of planting vegetables, the improvement of soil properties was the most significant with the 1.5 g biochar + 80% chemical fertilizer optimal fertilizer application (BCF6) treatment. In comparison to the control (CK), soil pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved organic carbon increased by 0.59 units, 166.6%, and 282.6%, respectively. Soil fertility also improved significantly, indicating that the combined treatments resulted in the slow release of nutrients to enhance the effectiveness of the fertilizers. Co-application significantly increased the yield of the edible parts of Chinese cabbage and improved its quality. The most significant effects of vitamin C content and soluble protein were observed in Chinese cabbage under BCF6 treatment, which were 3.33 and 1.42 times more than the CK, respectively. Utilizing biochar as a partial substitute for chemical fertilizers can improve soil structure and fertility over the long term while reducing the reliance on chemical fertilizers, ultimately providing sustained economic and ecological benefits for agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taproot of Glycyrrhiza uralensis is globally appreciated for its medicinal and commercial value and is one of the most popular medicinal plants. With the decline of wild G. uralensis resources, cultivated G. uralensis has become a key method to ensure supply. However, soil salinization poses challenges to G. uralensis cultivation and affects the yield and quality of it. In this study, the inhibitory effects of NaCl and Na2SO4 on yield and quality of G. uralensis were comprehensively evaluated in a three-year large-scale pot experiment, and the alleviating effects of supplementation with lanthanum nitrate (La (NO3)3) on G. uralensis were further evaluated under salt stress. The findings indicate that La (NO3)3 significantly strengthened the plant's salt tolerance by enhancing photosynthetic capacity, osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant defenses, and cellular balance of ions, which led to a substantial increase in root biomass and accumulation of major medicinal components. In comparison to the NaCl-stress treatment, the 0.75 M La (NO3)3 + NaCl treatment resulted in a 20% and 34% increase in taproot length and biomass, respectively, alongside a 52% and 43% rise in glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhizin content, respectively. Similar improvements were observed with 0.75 M La (NO3)3 + Na2SO4 treatment, which increased root length and biomass by 14% and 26%, respectively, and glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhizin content by 40% and 38%, respectively. The combined showed that application of La (NO3)3 not only significantly improved the salt resilience of G. uralensis, but also had a more pronounced alleviation of growth inhibition induced by NaCl compared to Na2SO4 stress except in the gas exchange parameters and root growth. This study provides a scientific basis for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of G. uralensis in saline soils and a new approach for other medicinal plants to improve their salt tolerance. Highlights: 1. Novel Agricultural Application of Lanthanum: Our research delves into the innovative use of the rare earth element lanthanum in agriculture, with a particular focus on its potential to enhance the salt tolerance of medicinal plants. This work offers a fresh perspective on the multifaceted applications of rare earth elements in agricultural production. 2. Enhanced Salt Tolerance in Medicinal Plants. 3. Improved Plant Performance Under Salinity. 4. Strategic Implications for Medicinal Plant Cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal drought and summer soil high-temperature stress in Southern China often lead to decreased yield and quality of Annona squamosa. It is important to explore reasonable and effective water and fertilizer management measures as well as cover measures to improve the soil hydrothermal conditions in orchards to realize the increase in yield and quality of Annona squamosa. This study involved a two-year (2022–2023) field experiment in Yun County, Lincang City, Yunnan Province, using three factors and a three-level orthogonal test, resulting in nine different experimental treatments for water, fertilizer and heat. The three irrigation levels were W1 (soil moisture content of 55% of field moisture capacity), W2 (soil moisture content of 75% of field moisture capacity) and W3 (soil moisture content of 85% of field moisture capacity). The three fertilizer levels were F1 (1666 kg·hm−2), F2 (2083 kg·hm−2) and F3 (2500 kg·hm−2), and the three cover methods were A1 (no cover), A2 (fresh grass cover) and A3 (straw cover). The effects of these treatments on soil hydrothermal conditions, growth indices and fruit yield and quality of Annona s1uamosa were systematically monitored and analyzed, and the relationships between these treatments and yield and quality was analyzed based on a Mantel test. The results showed that T5 (W2F2A3) had the highest average soil moisture content over two years, followed by T7 (W3F1A3). The T7 (W3F1A3) treatment effectively reduced soil temperature by 5 °C compared to T1 (W1F1A1). T5 (W2F2A3) had the highest average yield over two years, with an increase of 33.99% compared to T1 (W1F1A1). Additionally, T5 (W2F2A3) has the highest average soluble solids, soluble sugars and vitamin C content over two years, with increases of 28.13%, 13.36% and 4.86%, respectively, compared to T1 (W1F1A1). A Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between Annona squamosa growth and soil moisture content and soil temperature, and the Mantel test showed that soil hydrothermal conditions had significant influence on the growth and yield. T5 (W2F2A3) has the highest comprehensive benefit in promoting growth, increasing yield and improving quality for the plant. The effects of different irrigation quantities, fertilizer amounts and different cover measures on the coupling interaction for soil hydrothermal status in the root zone, growth, yield and quality of Annona squamosa were investigated, providing reliable theoretical support for the scientific planting model of Annona squamosa in the low-heat river valley of Yunnan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-factor split-plot experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of Linyi agricultural meteorological experimental site using muskmelon 'Xizhoumi 25' as the experimental material. The main area was two planting patterns of single row on ridge (D1) and double row on ridge (D2), and the sub-area was three kinds of melon nodes of 11-12 nodes (R1), 13-14 nodes (R2) and 15-16 nodes (R3), a total of 6 treatments, The plant leaf area and photosynthetic parameters, yield components and fruit quality were measured to explore the effects of different planting patterns and melon retention nodes on photosynthetic characteristics, yield and quality of muskmelon in greenhouse. The results showed that the photosynthetic efficiency of single row planting mode was higher than that of double row planting mode. The fruit diameter, single fruit weight and soluble sugar content of single row planting mode were significantly increased by 2.4%, 11.1% and 9.5%, respectively, compared with double row planting mode (P<0.05). The effect of node location on vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the plant was obvious. The photosynthetic characteristics, fruit length, fruit diameter and single fruit weight of R2 treatment were the best, and the single fruit weight was 9.41% and 14.73% higher than that of R1 and R3, respectively (P<0.05). The effect on fruit quality was extremely significant (P<0.01). The R1 treatment had the highest soluble sugar content, the R2 treatment had the highest sugar-acid ratio, and the R3 treatment had the highest VC and titratable acid content. The interaction between planting pattern and node position had significant effects on leaf area, SPAD, Pn, Ci, Gs and Tr of muskmelon (P<0.05), and the SPAD, Pn, Gs and Tr values of D1R2 combination leaves were the largest before maturity. The interaction had a significant effect on fruit length (P<0.05), and had a very significant effect on fruit diameter, fruit shape index and single fruit weight (P<0.01). Among them, the fruit diameter value of D1R1 combination was the largest, and the fruit shape index of D1R3 was the highest. The fruit length and single fruit weight of the D1R2 combination were the largest, and the average single fruit weight was 28.7% higher than that of other combinations. The interaction had a significant effect on VC content (P<0.05), and had a very significant effect on titratable acid, soluble sugar content and sugar-acid ratio (P<0.01). Of these, the D2R3 combination had the highest VC content, D1R3 had the highest titratable acid content, D1R1 had the highest soluble sugar content and D1R2 had the highest sugar-acid ratio. Under the same planting density and number of functional leaves (22500 plants·ha-1, 25 nodes topping), the three evaluation indexes of yield flavor and taste and VC content of single row planting on ridge and 13-14 nodes interaction (D1R2) mode were the highest, and the comprehensive evaluation of its commodity value was the best. It is recommended that this mode of planting should be applied and generalized in the vertical cultivation of the early spring melons in greenhouses in the north of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuels, particularly oil, face sustainability challenges due to depletion and their role in increasing atmospheric CO2 levels, contributing to climate change and impacting global agriculture. Renewable energy sources like solar power offer a viable alternative. This study explores the feasibility of agro-photovoltaic (APV) systems, which integrate solar panels with agricultural land to generate electricity while cultivating crops. Specifically, the impact of APV systems on rice production and quality was investigated. Solar modules with a total capacity of 99.84 kW were installed on a 2580 m² site, with two module configurations tested. Two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, Woonkwang and Saenuri, were transplanted and monitored for growth characteristics, chlorophyll content, and fluorescence, as well as yield and quality. Growth analysis of rice under APV systems showed minimal impact on plant height and tiller numbers, though chlorophyll content analysis indicated delayed leaf aging and extended maturation time. Rice yield decreased due to altered panicle and spikelet numbers. Quality analysis revealed changes in head rice rate and broken rice, stressing optimal harvest timing in APV systems. Shading conditions also affected physicochemical properties and taste profiles. Yields dropped by about 20% under APV systems, but the financial returns from electricity generation significantly outweighed the crop revenue loss. Despite the high initial installation costs and regulatory challenges, APV systems present a promising dual-use approach for enhancing farm income and promoting renewable energy. Continued research and investment are essential for optimizing APV systems and expanding their adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed polysaccharides are versatile both in their functions in seaweed physiology and in their practical applications in society. However, their content and quality vary greatly. This review discusses the main factors that influence the yield and quality of polysaccharides, specifically carrageenans and agars (sulfated galactans) found in red algae species (Rhodophyta). In addition, its historical, current, and emerging applications are also discussed. Carrageenan has been influenced mainly by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and nitrogen, while its relationship with temperature has not yet been replicated by recent studies. Agar's seasonal trend has also been found to be more ambiguous than stated before, with light, temperature, nutrients, and pH being influencing factors. In this review, it is also shown that, depending on the compound type, seaweed polysaccharides are influenced by very different key factors, which can be crucial in seaweed aquaculture to promote a high yield and quality of polysaccharides. Additionally, factors like the extraction method and storage of polysaccharides also influence the yield and quality of these compounds. This review also highlights the drawbacks and inadequacy inherent from the conventional (or current) extraction technology approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinization seriously affects soilmicrobial diversity, and crop yield and quality worldwide. Microorganisms play a vital role in the process of crop yield and quality. Traditional Chinese medicine Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (licorice) can grow tenaciously in the heavily salinized land. However, the relationship between licorice plants and soilmicroorganisms is not clear. A field experiment was carried out to explore the effects of three different degrees of salinized soils on (i) licorice crop performance indicators, (ii) soil physical and chemical properties, and (iii) the changes in soil bacterial community structure and functional diversity in a semi-arid area of northwest China. The results showed that with the aggravation of soil salinization, the licorice yield, soil nutrients, and the bacterial abundance of Gemmatimonadetes and Myxococcota showed a downward trend, while the concentration of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin, and the bacterial abundance of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes showed an upward trend. The change of licorice yield mainly depended on the soil physical and chemical properties (e.g., EC and alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen). The change of licorice quality was more closely related to the change of bacterial diversity. The effect of bacterial diversity on liquiritin was greater than that on glycyrrhizic acid. Among them, Gemmatimonadetes were significantly negatively correlated with liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid. These findings suggest that the increased soil Actinobacteria and Firmicutes or reduced Gemmatimonadetes and Myxococcota may provide a healthy and suitable living condition for the sustainable development of medicinal plant crops in a salinized soil ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice cultivation under film mulching is an integrated management technology that can conserve water, increase soil temperature, improve yield, and enhance water and nitrogen use efficiencies. Despite these advantages, the system does have its drawbacks, such as soil organic matter reduction and microplastic pollution, which impede the widespread adoption of film mulching cultivation in China. Nonetheless, the advent of degradable film, controlled-release fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and film mulching machinery is promoting the development of rice film mulching cultivation. This review outlines the impact of rice cultivation under film mulching on soil moisture, soil temperature, soil fertility, greenhouse gas emissions, weed control, and disease and pest management. It also elucidates the mechanism of changes in rice growth, yield and quality, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency. This paper incorporates a review of published research articles and discusses some uncertainties and shortcomings associated with rice cultivation under film mulching. Consequently, prospective research directions for the technology of rice film mulching cultivation are outlined, and recommendations for future research into rice cultivation under film mulching are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acid transporters mediate amino acid transport within and between cells and are the main mediators of nitrogen distribution in plants, which is crucial for maintaining plant growth and development. Many amino acid transporters have been identified in different plant species. In this review, we discuss the functions of amino acid transporters in plant absorption and amino acid transportation from root to shoot, which results in crop yield and quality improvement. Moreover, we summarize the role of amino acid transporters in response to environmental stimuli and the influence of N and C metabolic processes. We also elaborate on potential future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of training system impacts the architecture and physiological characteristics of grapevines, affecting grape production and quality. Continuous studies are necessary to optimize viticulture production in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rootstocks and different training systems on the production and quality of 'IAC 138-22 Máximo' and 'BRS Violeta' grapevines for juice and wine. The experiment was conducted over two productive cycles (2019/2020 and 2020/2021) in an experimental vineyard at the Advanced Center for Fruit Research as part of the Agronomic Institute (IAC), in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil (23°06′ S, 46°55′ W, and 745 m altitude). For each cultivar, a randomized block design in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme was used, with two rootstocks ('IAC 766 Campinas' and 106-8 'Mgt') and two training systems (low and high trellises), with five blocks of three plants per experimental plot. In both cycles, the gas exchange and grapevine production, the chemical characteristics of the grape juice (must), and the chemical compounds in the berry skins were evaluated. The rootstocks and training systems influenced the variables evaluated in both cultivars, with the high trellis system providing the best results. This approach increased the photosynthetic rate, improved water-use efficiency, elevated grapevine production, and enhanced fruit quality. Therefore, its use is recommended for training grapevines. Regarding rootstocks, the best scion–rootstock affinity was found between hybrid grapevines and 'IAC 766 Campinas'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is one of the most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies and is mostly brought on by a diet high in cereal grains with low Zn contents. In order to screen prominent bread (12 varieties) and durum (6 varieties) wheat varieties grown under Zn deficient (control) and sufficient (Zn @ 25 mg kg−1 as soil) condition and a pot experiment was conducted in the screen house of the Department of Soil Science, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. In the Zn deficient and sufficient soil, the highest yield was observed in HD-2967 (14.57 & 16.13 g/pot) and PWD-291 (8.68 & 11.70 g/pot) of bread and durum wheat, respectively. In Zn-deficient soil, the highest total protein content and Zn content in grain were observed in DBW-88 (8.17 & 26.50%) and PWD-291 (8.42 & 26.52%) of bread and durum wheat, respectively. All the bread wheat varieties were found to be semi tolerant, i.e. the percentage increase in yield was in the category of 10–25% except WH-52 and RAJ-3765 where increase in yield was more than 25%. The maximum increase in yield was found 28.91% in the WH-542 and the minimum increase (10.70%) in the HD-2967 wheat varieties. For durum wheat, two varieties (WH-912 &WHD-943) were found to be semi tolerant, i.e. the percentage increase in yield was in the category of 10–25%. In conclusion, it was determined that this study is helpful for creating methods for micronutrient biofortification using various wheat varieties in south-central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated if reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer by combining it with organic fertilizer in Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (H. citrina) cultivation could improve plant growth and photosynthetic capacity and, consequently, increase yield and quality. A continuous two-year field experiment was conducted at a research farm in Zhangzhou City, China, during 2021–2022. Six fertilization levels with two locally grown H. citrina cultivars, "Taidong 6" and "Shibage", were tested. The results showed that 100% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (RDF) with bio-organic fertilizer yielded superior effects in promoting both vegetative and reproductive growth in comparison to RDF alone. However, reducing the application rate of chemical fertilizers, especially by more than 40%, resulted in a significant decline in certain agronomic traits such as plant width, leaf width, and scape length. Compared to RDF, the use of 100% or 80% RDF in combination with bio-organic fertilizer significantly increased chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate as well as yield production, while excessive reductions in chemical fertilizer rate produced results that demonstrated an opposite trend. The co-application of chemical and bio-organic fertilizer enhanced the contents of soluble sugar and lowered total acidity, whereas excessive chemical fertilizer reduction decreased vitamin C, total flavonoids, and soluble protein levels. Utilizing radar chart analysis for a comprehensive assessment of yield and quality demonstrates that the application of bio-organic fertilizer with 80% RDF could be a better field fertilization regime for H. citrina cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: High-yield and high-quality production of silage maize in cold regions is crucial for ensuring the sustainable development of livestock industry. Methods: This study first conducted an experiment to select the optimized silage maize varieties and densities using a split-plot design. The tested maize varieties were Xuntian 3171, Xuntian 16, Xunqing 858, and Fengtian 12, with each variety planted at densities of 67,500, 79,500, and 90,000 plants ha-1. Following the variety and density selection, another experiment on optimizing nitrogen management for silage maize was carried out using a completely randomized design: no nitrogen fertilizer (T1), applying urea-N 320 kg ha-1 (T2), applying urea-N 240 kg ha-1 (T3), applying polymer-coated urea-N 240 kg N ha-1 (T4), and ratios of polymer-coated urea-N to urea-N at 9:1 (T5), 8:2 (T6), 7:3 (T7), and 6:4 (T8). T5-T8 all applied 240 kg N ha-1. The yield and quality of silage maize, nitrogen use efficiency and balance, and economic benefits were evaluated. Results: Results showed that Xunqing 858 had significantly higher plant height (8.7%-22.6% taller than the other three varieties) and leaf area (30.9% larger than Xuntian 3171), resulting in yield 11.5%-51.6% higher than the other three varieties. All varieties achieved maximum yields at a planting density of 79,500 plants ha-1. Integrated management strategy 7 (T7: Xunqing 858, 79,500 plants ha-1, polymer-coated urea-N to urea-N ratio of 7:3) achieved the highest yield of 73.1 t ha-1, a 6.1%-58.1% increase over other treatments. This strategy also produced the highest crude protein (11.1%) and starch (19.1%) contents, and the lowest neutral detergent fiber content (50.6%), with economic benefits improved by 10.3%-97.8% compared to other strategies. Additionally, T7 improved nitrogen use efficiency by 15.4%-94.5%, reduced soil nitrate leaching by 4.4%-36.5%, and decreased nitrogen surplus by 7.0%-46.6%. Conclusion and discussion: Comprehensive analysis revealed that the integrated management strategy 7 significantly improved silage maize yield and quality in cold regions while enhancing nitrogen use efficiency and reducing the risk of nitrate leaching, aligning with green agriculture development requirements. These findings will provide vital theoretical insights and practical guidance for high-yield and high-quality silage maize production in cold regions worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous cropping has emerged as a significant challenge affecting yield and quality in greenhouse strawberries, particularly as the cultivation of strawberries as a protected crop continues to increase. To address this issue, substrates with 0 or 2 years of continuous cropping were fertilized with two types of organic materials: vermicompost derived from either sludge or cattle manure. A control group consisted of substrate without the addition of vermicompost. Both type of vermicompost improved substrate fertility, promoted plant growth and fruit quality. The cattle manure vermicompost had a better improvement effect at peak fruiting stage. Substrate nutrients were increased 14.58~38.52% (0-year substrate) and 12.04%~42.54% (2-year substrate), respectively. In both substrate types, there was a substantial increase in microbial population and enzyme activity, accompanied by a significant decrease in phenolic acid content. During the senescence stage, the use of cattle manure vermicompost led to enhancements in plant height, leaf area, and root length, with increases ranging from 15.01% to 32.77% and 23.75% to 32.78% across the two substrate types compared to the control group. Furthermore, the application of cattle manure vermicompost significantly improved both fruit yield and quality. Compared with the control (CK), the cattle manure vermicompost increased fruit yield by 18.29% and 19.64% in the 0- and 2-year substrates, respectively. The contents of soluble sugars, vitamin C, and free amino acids in the fruits increased by 21.42%~34.16% (0-year substrate) and 9.62%~42.62% (2-year substrate), at peak fruiting stage. Cattle manure vermicompost application to the 2-year substrate ranked higher in the membership function than the CK treatment at 0-year planting. In conclusion, the application of vermicompost can significantly improve strawberry fruit yield and quality, as well as substrate characteristics, thus effectively addressing challenges associated with continuous cropping. Furthermore, the use of cattle manure vermicompost produced more pronounced positive effects.

Abstract Background Optimum planting date and appropriate fertilizer module are essential facets of chrysanthemum cultivation, to enhance quality yield, and improve soil health. A field-based study was undertaken over multiple growing seasons in 2022 and 2023, where six different planting dates, viz., P1:June 15, P2:June 30, P3:July 15, P4:July 30, P5:August 15 and P6:August 30 and two fertilizer modules, FM1:Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant−1 and FM2:NPK @ 30 g m−2 were systematically examined using a Randomized Block Design (factorial), replicated thrice. Results P6 planting resulted in early bud formation (44.03 days) and harvesting stage (90.78 days). Maximum plant height (79.44 cm), plant spread (34.04 cm), cut stem length (68.40 cm), flower diameter (7.83 cm), stem strength (19.38˚), vase life (14.90 days), flowering duration (24.08 days), available soil N (314 kg ha−1), available P (37 kg ha−1), available K (347 kg ha−1), bacterial count (124.87 × 107 cfu g−1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.72 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), fungal count (30.95 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), microbial biomass (48.79 µg g−1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.64 mg TPF h−1 g−1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (23.79 mol PNP h−1 g−1 soil) was recorded in P1 planting. Among the fertilization module, minimum days to bud formation (74.94 days) and days to reach the harvesting stage (120.95 days) were recorded with the application of NPK @30 g m−2. However, maximum plant height (60.62 cm), plant spread (23.10 cm), number of cut stems m−2 (43.88), cut stem length (51.34 cm), flower diameter (6.92 cm), stem strength (21.24˚), flowering duration (21.75 days), available soil N (317 kg ha−1), available P (37 kg ha−1) and available K (349 kg ha−1) were also recorded with the application of NPK @300 kg ha−1. Maximum vase life (13.87 days), OC (1.13%), bacterial count (131.65 × 107 cfu g−1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.89 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), fungal count (31.11 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), microbial biomass (51.27 µg g−1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.77 mg TPF h−1 g−1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (21.72 mol PNP h−1 g−1 soil) were observed with the application of Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant−1. Conclusion Early planting (P1) and inorganic fertilization (NPK @ 30 g m−2) resulted in improved yield and soil macronutrient content. The soil microbial population and enzymatic activity were improved with the jeevamrit application. This approach highlights the potential for improved yield and soil health in chrysanthemum cultivation, promoting a more eco-friendly and economically viable agricultural model.

The article presents a study which examined the effect of growth regulators and biostimulants on growth, yield and quality of Celosia cristata variety Chief Fire. Topics discussed include characteristics of Celosia cristata, growth regulators and biostimulants impact on growth parameters, and treatment details.

Background: Optimum planting date and appropriate fertilizer module are essential facets of chrysanthemum cultivation, to enhance quality yield, and improve soil health. A field-based study was undertaken over multiple growing seasons in 2022 and 2023, where six different planting dates, viz., P1:June 15, P2:June 30, P3:July 15, P4:July 30, P5:August 15 and P6:August 30 and two fertilizer modules, FM1:Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant−1 and FM2:NPK @ 30 g m−2 were systematically examined using a Randomized Block Design (factorial), replicated thrice. Results: P6 planting resulted in early bud formation (44.03 days) and harvesting stage (90.78 days). Maximum plant height (79.44 cm), plant spread (34.04 cm), cut stem length (68.40 cm), flower diameter (7.83 cm), stem strength (19.38˚), vase life (14.90 days), flowering duration (24.08 days), available soil N (314 kg ha−1), available P (37 kg ha−1), available K (347 kg ha−1), bacterial count (124.87 × 107 cfu g−1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.72 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), fungal count (30.95 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), microbial biomass (48.79 µg g−1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.64 mg TPF h−1 g−1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (23.79 mol PNP h−1 g−1 soil) was recorded in P1 planting. Among the fertilization module, minimum days to bud formation (74.94 days) and days to reach the harvesting stage (120.95 days) were recorded with the application of NPK @30 g m−2. However, maximum plant height (60.62 cm), plant spread (23.10 cm), number of cut stems m−2 (43.88), cut stem length (51.34 cm), flower diameter (6.92 cm), stem strength (21.24˚), flowering duration (21.75 days), available soil N (317 kg ha−1), available P (37 kg ha−1) and available K (349 kg ha−1) were also recorded with the application of NPK @300 kg ha−1. Maximum vase life (13.87 days), OC (1.13%), bacterial count (131.65 × 107 cfu g−1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.89 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), fungal count (31.11 × 102 cfu g−1 soil), microbial biomass (51.27 µg g−1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.77 mg TPF h−1 g−1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (21.72 mol PNP h−1 g−1 soil) were observed with the application of Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant−1. Conclusion: Early planting (P1) and inorganic fertilization (NPK @ 30 g m−2) resulted in improved yield and soil macronutrient content. The soil microbial population and enzymatic activity were improved with the jeevamrit application. This approach highlights the potential for improved yield and soil health in chrysanthemum cultivation, promoting a more eco-friendly and economically viable agricultural model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of salt stress on seed yield, quality, and physiological processes in rapeseed. During rapeseed growing season from 2020 to 2022, two different soil salinity levels of low soil salinity (LS) and high soil salinity (HS) were conducted for rapeseed planting in Dafeng city, Jiangsu province, China (33°24'N, 120°35'E). The results indicated that, compared with LS treatment, the biomass accumulation under HS treatment was decreased by 18.46%-35.67% at the early flowering stage, and 20.92%-46.03% at maturity stage, respectively. HS treatment increased the proportion of dry biomass distribution in roots and leaves and decreased the proportion of stem and branch distribution at the early flowering stage, and increased the proportion of root, stem, and branch distribution and decreased the proportion of pod and seed distribution at maturity stage. Moreover, compared with LS treatment, HS treatment decreased the accumulations of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in various organs at both early flowering and maturity stages, and decreased the efficiency of C and N translocation in stems, branches, and leaves at reproductive stage, indicating that salt stress inhibited C and N assimilation and translocation, and ultimately led to a decrease in seed yield. Besides, C/N in all organs under HS treatment was lower than that under LS treatment, indicating that the adverse effects of salt stress on C assimilation were more intensive than those on N assimilation, which resulted in the increased seed protein content by 8.23% and decreased oil content by 4.42%. In addition, compared with LS treatment, HS treatment decreased net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (CE); however, it increased intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency (WUE), which indicating that the effects of salt stress on rapeseed photosynthesis were mainly attributed to the non-stomatal factors. HS treatment increased peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 27.41% and 42.33% compared with LS treatment. The superoxide (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, ascorbic acid (AsA) content, soluble protein content, and soluble sugar content under HS treatment were increased by 65.54%, 22.85%, 29.68%, 9.75%, and 16.84%, compared with LS treatment, respectively. In conclusion, salt stress decreased the yield and changed quality by inhibiting C and N assimilation and photosynthesis in rapeseed, which could improve the antioxidants and osmotic regulation ability to adapt to salt stress environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To identify optimal planting time for maximizing growth and flowering, and assess the impacts of various fertilization techniques on plant growth and soil health in chrysanthemum. Methods: The investigation was conducted at Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry in Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India from 2022 to 2023. The study aimed to investigate the impact of various planting times and fertilization schedules on the yield, quality, and soil health characteristics of chrysanthemum. Different planting times from 15 June to 30 August under organic and inorganic fertilization regimes were evaluated. Data related to vegetative growth, flowering, soil chemical and biological properties were recorded. Results: Planting on 15 June along with inorganic fertilization resulted in improved vegetative characters like plant height (74.37 cm) and plant spread (30.56 cm), flowering characters like cut flower stem length (64.07 cm), stem strength (10.40°), flower diameter (11.80 cm) and duration of flowering (22.50 days) and soil chemical properties like available N, P, K (326.53, 40.36 and 359.48 kg/ha, respectively). However, planting on June 15 combined with organic fertilization led to enhancement in soil microbiological properties, including bacterial count (138.33 cfu/g soil), fungal count (31.75 cfu/g soil), actinomycetes count (62.46 cfu/g soil), microbial biomass (52.62 µg/g soil) as well as vase life (19.70 days). Conclusion: In the present study, it was found that planting time and fertilization significantly impacted chrysanthemum growth, yield and soil properties. The 15 June planting with inorganic fertilization boosted growth, yield and macronutrient content, while organic fertilization on the same date enhanced soil microflora. Flowering was influenced by planting time and organic fertilization showed promise as an alternative to chemical fertilization. Optimizing planting schedules and using organic fertilizers would lead to sustainability and offer economically viable alternatives to conventional crop management.

IntroductionLong-term use of chemical fertilizers (CFs) can cause soil compaction and acidification. In recent years, bio-organic fertilizers (BOFs) have begun to replace CFs in some vegetables and cash crops, but the application of CFs or BOFs has resulted in crop quality and disease occurrence.MethodsThis study aimed to analyze the microbial mechanism of differences between CFs and BOFs in root disease, quality, and yield of tuber Chinese herbal medicine. We studied the effects of CFs, organic fertilizers, commercial BOFs, biocontrol bacteria BOFs, and biocontrol fungi BOFs on rhizosphere microbial community structure and function, root rot, quality, and yield of Codonopsis pilosula at different periods after application and analyzed the correlation.Results and discussionCompared to CFs, the emergence rate and yield in BOF treatments were increased by 21.12 and 33.65%, respectively, and the ash content, water content, and disease index in the BOF treatments were decreased by 17.87, 8.19, and 76.60%, respectively. The structural equation model showed that CFs promoted the quality and yield of C. pilosula by influencing soil environmental factors, while BOFs directly drove soil bacterial community to reduce disease index and improve the quality and yield of C. pilosula. There was a stronger interaction and stability of soil microbial networks after BOF treatments. Microlunatus, Rubrobacter, Luteitalea, Nakamurella, and Pedomicrobium were identified as effector bacteria, which were related to disease prevention and yield and quality increase of C. pilosula. Microbial functional analysis indicated that the signal transduction and amino acid metabolism of soil bacteria might play a major role in improving the quality and yield of C. pilosula in the early and middle growth stages. In conclusion, compared to CFs, BOFs obtained a lower disease index of root rot and a higher quality and yield of C. pilosula by changing the structure and function of the rhizosphere bacterial community.

Angelica sinensis is a perennial herbaceous species mainly cultivated in the Gansu, Yunnan, and Qinghai provinces of China, and its dried roots have been widely used for nourishing blood and harmonizing vital energy, largely relying on its bioactive compounds (e.g., alkylphthalides, polysaccharides, and flavonoids). In recent years, viral diseases have been suspected to be present in A. sinensis in field cultivation. In order to reveal the infection status and causes, a survey and the identification of viral diseases and their influence on the yield and quality of A. sinensis were conducted in four different counties of Gansu province. The results showed viral disease rates of ca. 21% to 37% for potato virus Y (PVY) and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), as well as ca. 2.8- to 8.9-fold decreases in root yield on a unit-area basis; meanwhile, the contents of the main bioactive compounds (i.e., ferulic acid, ligustilide, and polysaccharides) were significantly lower in the virus-infected plants (VIPs) compared with the virus-free plants (VFPs); there were significant positive relationships of the viral disease rate with planting density and expression levels of the PVY-coat protein (CP) and ToMV-CP genes (p < 0.01). The above-mentioned observations indicate that it is necessary and urgent to take measures (e.g., controlling plant density, rational rotation, and using virus-free seedlings) to prevent the spread of plant viruses.

In order to screen out the seedling tray specifications which could not only meet the needs of well cellar type seedling transplanting in Yibin tobacco-growing area, but also reduce the amount of substrate and seedling rearing site, the effects of different seedling tray specifications on the growth and development of tobacco seedlings and tobacco yield and quality were studied by means of wet seedling rearing. The results showed that the seedlings grew faster in 128 pores per tray and 162 pores per tray, and the agronomic characters, material accumulation and qualified seedling rate were higher. The agronomic characters and economic characters of tobacco plants in the field were higher, but the amount of matrix and the required seedling area were larger, and the input cost of seedling rearing increased obviously. The quality, agronomic characters and economic characters of tobacco plants cultivated in 200 pores per tray were similar to that of 128 pores per tray, but the substrate consumption and the required seedling tray area were 39. 88% lower than that of 128 pores per tray, 30. 77% lower than that of 128 pores per tray, and the cost of seedling rearing was significantly reduced. The seedling quality, agronomic characters and economic characters of tobacco plant in the field were significantly lower than those of other treatments, although the substrate consumption and seedling area required by 288 pores per tray were the lowest. In summary, 200 pores per tray is an ideal choice in Yibin tobacco area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydroponic lettuce experiment involved the blending of aquaculture wastewater with water-soluble fertilizer, aiming to determine the optimal ratio of water and fertilizer. This study aims to provide a theoretical foundation for effectively utilizing water resources in industrial aquaculture wastewater. In this study, the research focused on "cream lettuce" as the primary subject. Various quantities of Yamazaki formula water-soluble fertilizer were dissolved in industrial aquaculture wastewater to create a blended nutrient solution. Subsequently, an experiment utilizing the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) was conducted to investigate its effects. The experiment consisted of five distinct treatments: S1 (123g fertilizer + 150L wastewater), S2 (98.4g fertilizer + 150L wastewater), S3 (73.8g fertilizer + 150L wastewater), S4 (49.2g fertilizer + 150L water), and S5 (24.6g fertilizer + 150L water). Additionally, a control group labeled CK (123g fertilizer + 150L water) was utilized to examine the impact of different treatments on lettuce yield and quality. The TOPSIS comprehensive benefit evaluation model, based on the entropy weight method, was employed to analyze and ascertain the optimal parameters for the water and fertilizer ratio. The results demonstrated that the mixed nutrient solution effectively enhanced the absorption of water and fertilizer. However, it was observed that as the concentration of fertilizer increased, the lettuce's fertilizer consumption exhibited an initial rise followed by a subsequent decline. The water and fertilizer consumption of lettuce under the various treatments was lower than that of the CK treatment. Furthermore, the S1-S5 treatments exhibited fertilizer savings of 25.01%, 19.15%, 34.12%, 51.89%, and 74.10% respectively, in comparison to the CK treatment. The mixed nutrient solution proved to be highly effective in promoting the growth of lettuce. However, it was observed that the growth indicators of lettuce followed a pattern of initial increase and subsequent decrease as the fertilizer concentration increased. Notably, the highest lettuce yield of 1.88 kg·m-2 was achieved under the S2 treatment, representing a 15.32% increase compared to the CK treatment. Furthermore, the mixed nutrient solution exhibited a positive impact on improving the quality of lettuce. The contents of soluble sugar and soluble protein in lettuce displayed an initial increase and subsequent decrease, with the highest levels observed in lettuce treated with S2. The content of vitamin C(VC) and nitrate exhibited a positive correlation with the fertilizer concentration. Specifically, the S1 treatment resulted in the highest VC content, while the nitrate content under the S1-S5 treatments was lower compared to the CK treatment. The comprehensive benefit evaluation revealed that the S2 treatment was the most favorable for lettuce growth, yielding higher crop output and superior quality. The optimal combination of fish tail water and fertilizer demonstrated significant benefits, enhancing water and fertilizer absorption, improving lettuce yield and quality, and maximizing overall crop production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Amino acid transporters mediate amino acid transport within and between cells and are the main mediators of nitrogen distribution in plants, which is crucial for maintaining plant growth and development. Many amino acid transporters have been identified in different plant species. In this review, we discuss the functions of amino acid transporters in plant absorption and amino acid transportation from root to shoot, which results in crop yield and quality improvement. Moreover, we summarize the role of amino acid transporters in response to environmental stimuli and the influence of N and C metabolic processes. We also elaborate on potential future research directions.

Seaweed polysaccharides are versatile both in their functions in seaweed physiology and in their practical applications in society. However, their content and quality vary greatly. This review discusses the main factors that influence the yield and quality of polysaccharides, specifically carrageenans and agars (sulfated galactans) found in red algae species (Rhodophyta). In addition, its historical, current, and emerging applications are also discussed. Carrageenan has been influenced mainly by photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and nitrogen, while its relationship with temperature has not yet been replicated by recent studies. Agar’s seasonal trend has also been found to be more ambiguous than stated before, with light, temperature, nutrients, and pH being influencing factors. In this review, it is also shown that, depending on the compound type, seaweed polysaccharides are influenced by very different key factors, which can be crucial in seaweed aquaculture to promote a high yield and quality of polysaccharides. Additionally, factors like the extraction method and storage of polysaccharides also influence the yield and quality of these compounds. This review also highlights the drawbacks and inadequacy inherent from the conventional (or current) extraction technology approaches.

The choice of training system impacts the architecture and physiological characteristics of grapevines, affecting grape production and quality. Continuous studies are necessary to optimize viticulture production in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rootstocks and different training systems on the production and quality of ‘IAC 138-22 Máximo’ and ‘BRS Violeta’ grapevines for juice and wine. The experiment was conducted over two productive cycles (2019/2020 and 2020/2021) in an experimental vineyard at the Advanced Center for Fruit Research as part of the Agronomic Institute (IAC), in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil (23°06′ S, 46°55′ W, and 745 m altitude). For each cultivar, a randomized block design in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme was used, with two rootstocks (‘IAC 766 Campinas’ and 106-8 ‘Mgt’) and two training systems (low and high trellises), with five blocks of three plants per experimental plot. In both cycles, the gas exchange and grapevine production, the chemical characteristics of the grape juice (must), and the chemical compounds in the berry skins were evaluated. The rootstocks and training systems influenced the variables evaluated in both cultivars, with the high trellis system providing the best results. This approach increased the photosynthetic rate, improved water-use efficiency, elevated grapevine production, and enhanced fruit quality. Therefore, its use is recommended for training grapevines. Regarding rootstocks, the best scion–rootstock affinity was found between hybrid grapevines and ‘IAC 766 Campinas’.

Abstract Background Dendrobium nobile has unique growth environment requirements, and unstable yields and high management costs are the key factors restricting the development of its imitation wild cultivation industry. The present study explored the effects of different associated bryophyte species on the yield and quality of D. nobile to clarify the dominant bryophyte species associated with D. nobile and to provide a scientific basis for the rational cultivation and quality evaluation of D. nobile. Results The growth of D. nobile was closely related to the microenvironment of the Danxia stone, and the different associated bryophytes had different effects on D. nobile growth. There was a rich variety of bryophytes associated with D. nobile, with a total of 15 families, 24 genera and 31 species of bryophytes identified in the study area, including 13 families, 22 genera and 29 species of mosses and 2 families, 2 genera and 2 species of liverworts, and mosses predominated in the association with D. nobile. Usually, 3–9 species of bryophytes were growing in association with D. nobile, among which associations of 5–6 bryophytes species were more common, and the bryophytes associated with D. nobile were only related to the species to which they belonged. The dry matter accumulation, quality and mineral content of D. nobile differed significantly among different bryophyte species. The coefficients of variation of dry matter accumulation, dendrobine content and content of 11 mineral elements of D. nobile in the 35 sample quadrats were 25.00%, 21.08%, and 11.33–57.96%, respectively. The biomass, dendrobine content and mineral content of D. nobile were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA) and membership function. The results showed that each evaluation method initially screened Trachycystis microphylla and Leucobryum juniperoideum as the dominant associated bryophytes in the preliminary identification analysis, and the frequency of occurrence and coverage of the two bryophytes were significantly higher than those of the remaining bryophytes. It was determined that T. microphylla and L. juniperoideum were the dominant associated bryophytes. Conclusions There is a rich variety of bryophytes associated with D. nobile. The yield and quality of D. nobile differed significantly among different bryophyte species. T. microphylla and L. juniperoideum were the dominant associated bryophytes, and were the two bryophytes associated with D. nobile through mixed growth.

【Objective】 Pre-treating water prior to irrigation is an innovative technology increasingly used in modern irrigation. This paper compares the effect of irrigation using aerated (A) and magnetized (M) water on growth, yield and fruit quality of Gala apple in Xinjiang province. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in an apple orchard, with freshwater irrigation treated as the control (CK). In each treatment, we measured the growth of the apple in different growth stages, as well as its ultimate fruit yield and quality. 【Result】 All irrigations significantly improved growth, fruit yield and quality of the apple. Compared with CK, aeration combined with magnetization increased the final shoot length and fruit size by 24.6% and 61.4%, respectively, while aerating the water alone increased leaf area index by 24.7%. Compared to CK, Magnetization and aeration working separately or in combination increased fruit yield by 19.2%~35.5%; their combination increased the fruit yield up to 37 239.93 kg/hm2. Compared with CK, magnetization and aeration working alone or in combination increased fruit hardness, soluble solid content, soluble sugar and Vc contents by 4.5%~7.9%, 13.9%~15.98%, 6.6%~28.2% and 15%~19.7%, respectively, and reduced detectable acid by 7.08%~18.35%. On average, magnetization- aeration combination was most effective in improving fruit yield and quality. 【Conclusion】 Irrigating the apple using the combination of magnetized and oxygenated water in Xinjiang can promote apple growth and improve its fruit yield and quality.

【Objective】The aim was to explore the effects of potassium application rate on the growth and development, yield and quality of tobacco leaves and potassium utilization efficiency of new flue-cured tobacco variety 'chuanyan 200', so as to provide theoretical support for rational application of potassium fertilizer.【Method】Taking 'chuanyan 200' as the test object, a field experiment was carried out with six potassium application rates of 0, 240, 285, 315, 345 and 390 kg/hm2 (named K0, K240, K285, K315, K345 and K390, respectively). The characteristics of agronomic traits, yield, output value, internal chemical composition and potassium utilization efficiency of tobacco plants under different potassium application rates were analyzed.【Result】The application of potassium fertilizer could promote the growth and development of tobacco plants in the early stage (before the rosette stage), especially the growth of plant height, effective leaf number and pitch, but had little effect on the growth in the middle stage (from the rosette stage to the topping stage). Compared with K0 (CK), the yield, output value and average price of flue-cured tobacco increased by 19.02%-22.60%, 24.65%-47.28% and 3.26%-20.33% respectively after potassium application. K315 treatment showed the best performance in all indexes, and the proportion of superior tobacco in K315 treatment was the largest, which was 5.5 percentage points higher than that of K0 (CK). Compared with K0 (CK), potassium application could significantly increase the nicotine content in tobacco leaves by 37.29%-66.10%, and the application amount of potassium fertilizer in 315-345 kg/hm2 was more conducive to the coordination of chemical components in tobacco leaves. Compared with K0 (CK), the appropriate application of potassium fertilizer could increase the biomass of each organ and the whole plant of tobacco plant. The biomass accumulation of stem was the highest in K315 treatment, which was 1 585.77 kg/hm2. There was no significant difference in biomass accumulation of root, leaf and whole plant among different potassium treatments.The distribution characteristics of potassium in different organs of flue-cured tobacco were leaf>stem>root, and potassium was mainly distributed in leaves. The distribution ratio of potassium in leaves treated with K315 was as high as 50.89%. Compared with K0 (CK), potassium application significantly increased the accumulation of potassium in tobacco leaves by 54.27%-109.31%. The accumulation of potassium in stem, leaf and whole plant of K315 treatment was the largest, which was 25.73, 35.06 and 68.90 kg/hm2, respectively. The apparent use efficiency, recovery rate and economic utilization efficiency of potassium fertilizer increased first and then decreased with the increase of potassium application rate, and K315 treatment showed the best performance. The apparent use efficiency, recovery rate and economic utilization efficiency of potassium fertilizer were 14.06%, 13.15% and 7.01%, respectively. However, the agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity and physiological efficiency of potassium fertilizer decreased with the increase of potassium application rate, and the surplus amount of soil potassium also increased significantly with the increase of potassium application rate.【Conclusion】Reasonable application of potassium fertilizer can increase the yield and output value of tobacco leaves, increase the proportion of high-quality tobacco leaves, coordinate the chemical composition of tobacco leaves, promote nutrient absorption, and improve the utilization efficiency of potassium fertilizer. Considering the quality, economic traits and potassium fertilizer utilization efficiency of tobacco leaves, the reasonable recommended amount of potassium fertilizer for 'chuanyan 200' in Guangyuan tobacco area is 315 kg/hm2.

【Objective】The effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and biochar on the yield, quality, and main chemical components of flue-cured tobacco were discussed to provide a theoretical basis for the chemical fertilizer reduction application.【Method】Tobacco variety Yunyan 85 was taken as the test material, five treatments of chemical fertilizer and biochar were set up, CK (control): conventional fertilizer; T1: conventional fertilizer+180 kg/hm2 biochars; T2: conventional fertilizer+360 kg/hm2 biochars; T3: 80% base chemical fertilizer+180 kg/hm2 biochars; T3: 80% base chemical fertilizer+360 kg/hm2 biochars. Three repeated randomized block experiments were used in the field. Representative tobacco plants were selected to measure their agronomic traits and SPAD value after transplanting 63 d (topping stage). After curing, the yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco in each treatment were investigated, the main chemical components and sensory quality evaluation were analyzed.【Result】Application biochar promoted the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, and significantly increased the plant height, maximum leaf area, and stem girth. Chemical fertilizer reduction combined with biochar were not significantly reduced the plant height, maximum leaf area, and stem girth, but the SPAD values in the middle leaves were significantly lower. The yield and output value of treatments were T2>T4>T3>T1>CK. The exorbitant value of soil C/N ratio was beneficial for improving the yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco.The content of total sugar and reducing sugar in tobacco leaves under all treatments with over 26% and 22%, respectively, exceeded the standard of high quality tobacco leaf, and the content of total nitrogen, nicotine, potassium, nitrogen-nicotine ratio and potassium-chloride ratio were all within the appropriate range, respectively. Tabcco leaves under the T1 and CK treatments had more harmonious chemical components. With increasing soil C/N ratio value, contents of total sugar, reducing sugar and potassium of flue-cured tobacco were increased, but decreased the contents of total nitrogen and nicotine. A suitable amount of application biochar resulted in coordination of tabacco leaf chemical components. However, excessive application biochar reduced quality of tobacco leaves. The sensory quality scores in T1 treatment were the higher (66.10), then in CK and T3 treatments (61.11), and the lowest in T2 treatment (59.86).【Conclusion】The combined application chemical fertilizer and biochar has important effects on the agronomic, economic and quality traits of flue-cured Tobacco. The higher values of soil C/N ratio (T1 and T3 treatments) were good for improving the quality of tobacco leaves, while the exorbitant values of soil C/N ratio (T2 and T4 treatments) were conducive to improving the yield and output value of tobacco leaves. Considering the application fertilizer effects, it was suggested that the best fertilizer application was the combination of biochar fertilizer of 180 kg/hm2 and conventional fertilizer in Sichuan Mianning tobacco-planting area.

Excessive Cd accumulation in soil reduces the production of numerous plants, such as Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep., which is an important and widely cultivated medicinal plant whose roots and rhizomes are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Applying a mixture of biochar and organic fertilizers improved the overall health of the Cd-contaminated soil and increased the yield and quality of Sophora. However, the underlying mechanism between this mixed fertilization and the improvement of the yield and quality of Sophora remains uncovered. This study investigated the effect of biochar and organic fertilizer application (BO, biochar to organic fertilizer ratio of 1:2) on the growth of Sophora cultivated in Cd-contaminated soil. BO significantly reduced the total Cd content (TCd) in the Sophora rhizosphere soil and increased the soil water content, overall soil nutrient levels, and enzyme activities in the soil. Additionally, the α diversity of the soil bacterial community had been significantly improved after BO treatment. Soil pH, total Cd content, total carbon content, and dissolved organic carbon were the main reasons for the fluctuation of the bacterial dominant species. Further investigation demonstrated that the abundance of variable microorganisms, including Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Patescibacteria, Armatimonadetes, Subgroups_ 6, Bacillus and Bacillus_ Acidiceler, was also significantly changed in Cd-contaminated soil. All these alterations could contribute to the reduction of the Cd content and, thus, the increase of the biomass and the content of the main secondary metabolites (matrine and oxymatrine) in Sophora. Our research demonstrated that the co-application of biochar and organic fertilizer has the potential to enhance soil health and increase the productivity and quality of plants by regulating the microorganisms in Cd-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective] In order to investigate the effects of different organic fertilizers on the growth and development, economic characteristies, appearance quality, chemical composition and sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco in Baoji tobacco area. [Method] Three kinds of organic fertilizers (high carbon-based fertilizer, sesame cake fertilizer and ordinary organic fertilizer) were applied with Qin Yan 99 as experimental materials. [Result] The results showed that the application of organic fertilizer had positive effect on growth and development, maturity, chemical composition, chemical composition and sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco. Organic fertilizer could significantly improve the yield benefit of tobacco leaf, among which, sesame cake fertilizer had the best effect, and the yield, output value, proportion of upper grade tobacco, proportion of middle and upper grade tobacco, and average price were increased by 14.39%, 22.78%, 24.86%, 15.91%, 7.29%, respectively. There were some differences in the application effects of the three organic fertilizers, and the high carbon-base fertilizer had significant advantage in improving the internal quality and sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco, but the effect of increasing yield and benefit was not as good as that of sesame cake fertilizer. [Conclusion] Comprehensive analysis showed that sesame cake fertilizer was suitable for popularization and application in production areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted at the farmer's field of Dacope upazila under Khulna district during the two consecutive rabi seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 to find out the effect of plant spacing and variety on yield and quality of maize in coastal region. The experiment comprised two set of treatments viz., (a) Plant spacing: 60 cm x 20 cm (S1); 55 cm x 20 cm (S2); 50 cm x 20 cm (S3) and 45 cm x 20 cm (S4) and variety (b) BARI hybrid Maize-16 (V1); Sunshine (V2) and NK 40 (V3) in split plot design (where plant spacing in the main plot and variety in the sub plot) with three replications. The results showed that the variety Sunshine planted with 60 cm × 20 cm plant spacing (S1V2) produced significantly the tallest plant and maximum number of leaves plant-1. BARI hybrid Maize-16 planted with 60 cm × 20 cm plant spacing (S1V1) showed significantly the highest yield attributes and carbohydrate content. NK 40 planted with 60 cm × 20 cm plant spacing (S1V3) produced significantly the maximum protein content. But the treatment combination S4V1 (BARI hybrid Maize-16 with planted with 45 cm × 20 cm plant spacing) produced significantly the highest grain yield (8.43 t ha-1) due to higher number of plant population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]