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Background: Transplacental-derived anti-D IgG in RhD-negative pregnant women can trigger an immune response to Rh D-positive red cells in fetuses and newborns. We assessed the effect of anti-D titers in RhD-negative pregnant women on fetuses and newborns. Methods: The clinical data of 142 singleton RhD-sensitized pregnancies were retrospectively collected. The pregnant women received routine prenatal care and the newborns had standard care. Based on the tertile categories of the pregnancies, the maximum titers of anti-D IgG in the pregnant women were divided into three groups ranging from low to high as follows: low-titer group (anti-D titer: 1:4–1:128, n = 57); medium-titer group (anti-D titer: 1:256–1:512, n = 50); and high-titer group (anti-D titer: 1:1024–1:4096, n = 35). Results: The frequencies of major neonatal complications did not significantly differ among the three groups. The high-titer group had the highest frequency of pregnancies requiring intrauterine transfusion (IUT) and number of IUTs among the three groups. The high-titer group had a significantly higher frequency of newborns treated with top-up transfusion, number of top-up transfusions, frequency of newborns treated with exchange transfusion (ET), and number of ETs when compared to the low-titer group. Conclusion: Higher anti-D titers in RhD-negative pregnant women predict more severe fetal and neonatal hemolytic anemia. Increasing maternal anti-D titers results in an increased need for IUTs, and neonatal top-up transfusions and ETs. Methods for reducing titers of anti-D IgG in RhD-sensitized pregnant women warrants further investigation.

Objectives: Long-term use of evidence-based antiplatelet therapy is recommended for management of stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). However, non-adherence to antiplatelet drugs is common in older patients. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and impact of antiplatelet therapy cessation on clinical outcomes of older patients with SCAD.Methods: A total of 351 consecutive eligible very older patients (≥80 years) with SCAD from the PLA General Hospital were included. Baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, and clinical outcomes were collected during follow-up. Patients were divided into cessation group and standard group based on whether discontinuing of antiplatelet drugs. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and secondary outcomes were minor bleeding and all-cause mortality.Results: A total of 351 participants, with a mean age of 91.76 ± 5.01 years old (range 80–106 years) were included in statistical analysis. The antiplatelet drug cessation rate was 60.1%. There were 211 patients in cessation group and 140 patients in standard group. During a median follow-up of 98.6 months, the primary outcome of MACE occurred in 155 patients (73.5%) in the cessation group and 84 patients (60.0%) in the standard group (HR = 1.476, 95% CI:1.124-1.938, p = 0.005). Cessation of antiplatelet drugs increased the rates of angina (HR = 1.724, 95% CI:1.211-2.453, p = 0.002) and non-fatal MI (HR = 1.569, 95% CI:1.093-2.251, p = 0.014). The secondary outcomes of minor bleeding and all-cause mortality were similar between the two groups.Conclusion: Among very older patients with SCAD, antiplatelet therapy cessation significantly increased the risk of MACE, and continuous antiplatelet drug therapy didn’t increase the risk of minor bleeding.

ObjectivesTo analyze the serum lipid profiles and investigate the relationship between the lipoprotein cholesterol levels and all-cause mortality in Chinese inpatient centenarians.DesignRetrospective study.MethodsCentenarians aged 100 years and older were admitted from January 2010 to January 2021 in our hospital. All centenarians completed a follow up visit till April 2021 of all-cause mortality and serum lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association between lipid profiles and all-cause mortality.Results(1) These 121 centenarians on average were 100.85 ± 1.37 years old (100~107 years), including 114 males and 7 females. (2) The rate of treatment with lipid-lowering drugs was 69.4%, and the lipid-lowering drugs were mainly statins (63.6%). (3) The results of serum lipid profiles were as follows: TC 3.90 ± 0.69 mmol/L, TG 1.36 ± 0.55 mmol/L, HDL-C 1.14 ± 0.24 mmol/L, and LDL-C 2.05 ± 0.46 mmol/L. (4) The median follow-up time was 589 days (95% CI: 475, 703), and the all-cause mortality rate was 66.1%. (5) Multivariable analysis showed that higher TC level (HR = 1.968, 95% CI = 1.191–3.253, P = 0.008), lower LDL-C level (HR = 0.379, 95% CI = 0.212–0.677, P = 0.001) was independent factors contributed to all-cause mortality. Sensitivity analysis showed that the above results were stable. The therapy and complication morbidity did not present significant publication bias.ConclusionsThe serum lipid profiles of Chinese inpatient centenarians were lower than those of the previous studies. Low LDL-C level was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, which may indicate that more intensive lowering of LDL-C had a potential adverse effect on all-cause mortality for centenarians.

ObjectiveData regarding direct comparison of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) and Computed Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CT/MR) LI-RADS in diagnosis of non-hepatocelluar carcinoma (non-HCC) malignancies remain limited. Our study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of the CEUS LI-RADS version 2017 and CT/MRI LI-RADS v2018 for diagnosing non-HCC malignancies in patients with risks for HCC.Materials and MethodsIn this retrospective study, 94 liver nodules pathologically-confirmed as non-HCC malignancies in 92 patients at risks for HCC from January 2009 to December 2018 were enrolled. The imaging features and the LI-RADS categories on corresponding CEUS and CT/MRI within 1 month were retrospectively analyzed according to the ACR CEUS LI-RADS v2017 and ACR CT/MRI LI-RADS v2018 by two radiologists in consensus for each algorithm. The sensitivity of LR-M category, inter-reader agreement and inter-modality agreement was compared between these two standardized algorithms.ResultsNinety-four nodules in 92 patients (mean age, 54 years ± 10 [standard deviation] with 65 men [54 years ± 11] and 27 women [54 years ± 8]), including 56 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, 34 combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinomas, two adenosquamous carcinomas of the liver, one primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma and one hepatic undifferentiated sarcoma were included. On CEUS, numbers of lesions classified as LR-3, LR-4, LR-5 and LR-M were 0, 1, 10 and 83, and on CT/MRI, the corresponding numbers were 3, 0, 14 and 77. There was no significant difference in the sensitivity of LR-M between these two standardized algorithms (88.3% of CEUS vs 81.9% of CT/MRI, p = 0.210). Seventy-seven lesions (81.9%) were classified as the same LI-RADS categories by both standardized algorithms (five for LR-5 and 72 for LR-M, kappa value = 0.307). In the subgroup analysis for ICC and CHC, no significant differences were found in the sensitivity of LR-M category between these two standardized algorithms (for ICC, 94.6% of CEUS vs 89.3% of CT/MRI, p = 0.375; for CHC, 76.5% of CEUS vs 70.6% of CT/MRI, p = 0. 649).ConclusionCEUS LI-RADS v2017 and CT/MRI LI-RADS v2018 showed similar value for diagnosing non-HCC primary hepatic malignancies in patients with risks.

Abstract Theretra japonica is an important pollinator and agricultural pest in the family Sphingidae with a wide range of host plants. High-quality genomic resources facilitate investigations into behavioral ecology, morphological and physiological adaptations, and the evolution of genomic architecture. However, chromosome-level genome of T. japonica is still lacking. Here we sequenced and assembled the high-quality genome of T. japonica by combining PacBio long reads, Illumina short reads, and Hi-C data. The genome was contained in 95 scaffolds with an accumulated length of 409.55 Mb (BUSCO calculated a genome completeness of 99.2%). The 29 pseudochromosomes had a combined length of 403.77 Mb, with a mapping rate of 98.59%. The genomic characterisation of T. japonica will contribute to further studies for Sphingidae and Lepidoptera.

Abstract As an important forestry pest, Coronaproctus castanopsis (Monophlebidae) has caused serious damage to the globally valuable Gutianshan ecosystem, China. In this study, we assembled the first chromosome-level genome of the female specimen of C. castanopsis by merging BGI reads, HiFi long reads and Hi-C data. The assembled genome size is 700.81 Mb, with a scaffold N50 size of 273.84 Mb and a contig N50 size of 12.37 Mb. Hi-C scaffolding assigned 98.32% (689.03 Mb) of C. Castanopsis genome to three chromosomes. The BUSCO analysis (n = 1,367) showed a completeness of 91.2%, comprising 89.2% of single-copy BUSCOs and 2.0% of multicopy BUSCOs. The mapping ratio of BGI, second-generation RNA, third-generation RNA and HiFi reads are 97.84%, 96.15%, 97.96%, and 99.33%, respectively. We also identified 64.97% (455.3 Mb) repetitive elements, 1,373 non-coding RNAs and 10,542 protein-coding genes. This study assembled a high-quality genome of C. castanopsis, which accumulated valuable molecular data for scale insects.

Abstract Microbial factories lacking the ability of dynamically regulating the pathway enzymes overexpression, according to in situ metabolite concentrations, are suboptimal, especially when the metabolic intermediates are competed by growth and chemical production. The production of higher alcohols (HAs), which hijacks the amino acids (AAs) from protein biosynthesis, minimizes the intracellular concentration of AAs and thus inhibits the host growth. To balance the resource allocation and maintain stable AA flux, this work utilizes AA‐responsive transcriptional attenuator ivbL and HA‐responsive transcriptional activator BmoR to establish a concentration recognition‐based auto‐dynamic regulation system (CRUISE). This system ultimately maintains the intracellular homeostasis of AA and maximizes the production of HA. It is demonstrated that ivbL‐driven enzymes overexpression can dynamically regulate the AA‐to‐HA conversion while BmoR‐driven enzymes overexpression can accelerate the AA biosynthesis during the HA production in a feedback activation mode. The AA flux in biosynthesis and conversion pathways is balanced via the intracellular AA concentration, which is vice versa stabilized by the competition between AA biosynthesis and conversion. The CRUISE, further aided by scaffold‐based self‐assembly, enables 40.4 g L−1 of isobutanol production in a bioreactor. Taken together, CRUISE realizes robust HA production and sheds new light on the dynamic flux control during the process of chemical production.

Summary: Coexpressing multiple identical single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) in CRISPR-dependent engineering triggers genetic instability and phenotype loss. To provide sgRNA derivatives for efficient DNA digestion, we design a high-throughput digestion-activity-dependent positive screening strategy and astonishingly obtain functional nonrepetitive sgRNA mutants with up to 48 out of the 61 nucleotides mutated, and these nonrepetitive mutants completely lose canonical secondary sgRNA structure in simulation. Cas9-sgRNA complexes containing these noncanonical sgRNAs maintain wild-type level of digestion activities in vivo, indicating that the Cas9 protein is compatible with or is able to adjust the secondary structure of sgRNAs. Using these noncanonical sgRNAs, we achieve multiplex genetic engineering for gene knockout and base editing in microbial cell factories. Libraries of strains with rewired metabolism are constructed, and overproducers of isobutanol or 1,3-propanediol are identified by biosensor-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). This work sheds light on the remarkable flexibility of the secondary structure of functional sgRNA.

Deilephila elpenor is widely distributed in countries of Asia and Central Europe, and the larva is recognized as significant agriculture pest. The complete mitochondrial genome of D. elpenor is 15,372 bp in length. It contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and a control region. TAA is utilized as the termination codon for most PCGs, however, cox1 and cox2 use the incomplete termination codon T, and nad3 uses TAG as the termination codon. UUA (Leu) is the most frequently used codon, GCG (Ala) and CCG (Pro) are the least frequently used codons. In addition, we selected 15 species sequences closest to this species from NCBI, and used Manduca quinquemaculata and Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Smerinthinae) as the outgroup. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that D. elpenor was the most closely related to genus Theretra, genus Rhagastis and Cechenena minor.

Estimating the design flood under nonstationary conditions is challenging. In this study, a sample reconstruction approach was developed to transform a nonstationary series into a stationary one in a future time window (FTW). In this approach, the first-order moment (EFTW) of an extreme flood series in the FTW was used, and two possible methods of estimating EFTW values in terms of point values and confidence intervals were developed. Three schemes were proposed to analyze the uncertainty of design flood estimation in terms of sample representativeness, uncertainty from EFTW estimation, and both factors, respectively. To investigate the performance of the sample reconstruction approach, synthesis experiments were designed based on the annual peak series of the Little Sugar Creek in the United States. The results showed that the sample reconstruction approach performed well when the high-order moment of the series did not change significantly in the specified FTW. Otherwise, its performance deteriorated. In addition, the uncertainty of design flood estimation caused by sample representativeness was greater than that caused by EFTW estimation.

Abstract Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is one of the most popular flavors with wide applications in food, fragrance, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the high cost and limited yield of plant extraction failed to meet the vast market demand of natural vanillin. Vanillin biotechnology has emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to supply vanillin. In this review, we explored recent advances in vanillin biosynthesis and highlighted the potential of vanillin biotechnology. In particular, we addressed key challenges in using microorganisms and provided promising approaches for improving vanillin production with a special focus on chassis development, pathway construction and process optimization. Future directions of vanillin biosynthesis using inexpensive precursors are also thoroughly discussed.

The mitogenome of Dendroctonus rufipennis is a circular molecule of 16,547 bp which consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a control region (GenBank accession no. NC_063906). All of 13 PCGs initiate with the standard start codon of ATN. Most PCGs used the typical stop codon ‘TAA’ or ‘TAG’, only nad5 terminated with incomplete stop codon (TA). Phylogenetic analyses within the Scolytinae were performed based on nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial PCGs. The topology showed that D. rufipennis, D. valens, and Tomicus piniperda formed a clade, and also clustered together with Hylastes opacus, H. attenuatus, H. brunneus, and H. ater. This indicated that there is a close genetic relationship between these species.

Studies of mitochondrial genomes have a wide range of applications in phylogeny, population genetics, and evolutionary biology. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the mitochondrial genome of Ooencyrtus plautus Huang & Noyes, 1994 (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae). The nearly complete mitogenome of O. plautus was 15,730 bp in size, including 13 PCGs (protein-coding genes), 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and a nearly complete control region. The nucleotide composition was significantly biased toward adenine and thymine, with an A + T content of 84.6%. We used the reference sequence of Chouioia cunea and calculated the Ka/Ks ratio for each set of PCGs. The highest value of the Ka/Ks ratio within 13 PCGs was found in nad2 with 1.1, suggesting that they were subjected to positive selection. This phenomenon was first discovered in Encyrtidae. Compared with other encyrtid mitogenomes, a translocation of trnW was found in O. plautus, which was the first of its kind to be reported in Encyrtidae. Comparing with ancestral arrangement pattern, wasps reflect extensive gene rearrangements. Although these insects have a high frequency of gene rearrangement, species from the same family and genus tend to have similar gene sequences. As the number of sequenced mitochondrial genomes in Chalcidoidea increases, we summarize some of the rules of gene rearrangement in Chalcidoidea, that is four gene clusters with frequent gene rearrangements. Ten mitogenomes were included to reconstruct the phylogenetic trees of Encyrtidae based on both 13 PCGs (nucleotides of protein coding genes) and AA matrix (amino acids of protein coding genes) using the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic tree reconstructed by Bayesian inference based on AA data set showed that Aenasius arizonensis and Metaphycus eriococci formed a clade representing Tetracneminae. The remaining six species formed a monophyletic clade representing Encyrtinae. In Encyrtinae, Encyrtus forms a monophyletic clade as a sister group to the clade formed by O. plautus and Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis. Encyrtus sasakii and Encyrtus rhodooccisiae were most closely related species in this monophyletic clade. In addition, gene rearrangements can provide a valuable information for molecular phylogenetic reconstruction. These results enhance our understanding of phylogenetic relationships among Encyrtidae.

In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitogenome of Smerinthus caecus Ménétriés, 1857. The mitogenome of S. caecus is a circular structure, and 15,363 bp long in size and encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a control region (CR). An extremely high AT bias of 79.2% was found in the nucleotide composition of mitogenome. Most of the PCGs used ATN as the start codon and TAA or TAG as the stop codon, which is similar to most other insect mitogenomes, except cox1, which starts with CGA. The phylogeny of Smerinthinae was reconstructed using a maximum-likelihood method, a total of 33 mitogenomes were sampled for phylogenetic analyses. The subfamily Langiinae was selected as outgroup. The results confirmed the position of S. caecus in the Smerinthinae, in which Smerinthus caecus was placed as the sister taxon to Smerinthus planus, then to Laothoe amurensis.

Abstract Oxo chemicals are valuable chemicals for synthesizing a wide array of industrial and consumer products. However, producing of oxo chemicals is predominately through the chemical process called hydroformylation, which requires petroleum-sourced materials and generates abundant greenhouse gas. Current concerns on global climate change have renewed the interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and recycling the plentiful greenhouse gas. A carbon–neutral manner in this regard is producing oxo chemicals biotechnologically using greenhouse gas as C1 feedstocks. Exemplifying isobutyraldehyde, this review demonstrates the significance of using greenhouse gas for oxo chemicals production. We highlight the current state and the potential of isobutyraldehyde synthesis with a special focus on the in vivo and in vitro scheme of C1-based biomanufacturing. Specifically, perspectives and scenarios toward carbon– and nitrogen–neutral isobutyraldehyde production are proposed. In addition, key challenges and promising approaches for enhancing isobutyraldehyde bioproduction are thoroughly discussed. This study will serve as a reference case in exploring the biotechnological potential and advancing oxo chemicals production derived from C1 feedstocks.

Microbial fermentation has contributed to 80% of global amino acid production. The key to microbial fermentation is to obtain fermentation strains with high performance to produce target amino acids with a high yield. These strains are primarily derived from screening enormous mutant libraries. Therefore, a high-throughput, rapid, accurate, and universal screening strategy for amino acid overproducers has become a guarantee for obtaining optional amino acid overproducers. In recent years, the rapid development of various novel screening strategies has been witnessed. However, proper analysis and discussion of these innovative technologies are lacking. Here we systematically reviewed recent advances in screening strategies: the auxotrophic-based strategy, the biosensor-based strategy, and the latest translation-based screening strategy. The design principle, application scope, working efficiency, screening accuracy, and universality of these strategies were discussed in detail. The potential for screening nonstandard amino acid overproducers was also analyzed. Guidance for the improvement of future screening strategies is provided in this review, which could expedite the reconstruction of amino acid overproducers and help promote the fermentation industry to reduce cost, increase yield, and improve quality.

In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of Rhodoprasina callantha Jordan, 1929. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of R. callantha was 15,343 bp in size and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA) and one control region (CR). The nucleotide composition of mitogenome was highly biased to A and T. Most protein-coding genes (PCGs) initiate with the standard start codon of ATN and terminate with the typical stop codon TAA/TAG. The phylogeny of Sphingidae based on nucleotide sequences of PCGs recovered the monophyly of subfamilies of Sphingidae with high support values. Langinae was the first subfamily diverged in Sphingidae, which was in accordance with previous study. R. callantha was the member of subfamily Smerinthinae, and closely related to the genus Marumba.

In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitogenome of Marumba saishiuana Okamoto, 1924. The complete mitogenome sequence of M. saishiuana is circular, 15,662 bp in size and encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a control region (CR). Nucleotide composition is highly biased toward A + T nucleotides (81.2%). Most of 13 PCGs initiate with the standard start codon of ATN, except cox1, which starts with CGA. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using nucleotide sequences. A total of 32 Smerinthinae species were selected. The topology based on mitogenome showed that M. saishiuana, M. gaschkewitschii, and M. sperchius formed a clade, and this indicated that M. saishiuana was a member of genus Marumba. Polyptychus trilineatus was the most closely related to genus Marumba on the phylogenetic tree reconstructed by mitogenomes.

Abstract Background Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, and animal feed industries. Traditional chemical synthetic and enzymatic BCAAs production in vitro has been hampered by expensive raw materials, harsh reaction conditions, and environmental pollution. Microbial metabolic engineering has attracted considerable attention as an alternative method for BCAAs biosynthesis because it is environmentally friendly and delivers high yield. Main text Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) possesses clear genetic background and mature gene manipulation toolbox, and has been utilized as industrial host for producing BCAAs. Acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) is a crucial enzyme in the BCAAs biosynthetic pathway of C. glutamicum, but feedback inhibition is a disadvantage. We therefore reviewed AHAS modifications that relieve feedback inhibition and then investigated the importance of AHAS modifications in regulating production ratios of three BCAAs. We have comprehensively summarized and discussed metabolic engineering strategies to promote BCAAs synthesis in C. glutamicum and offer solutions to the barriers associated with BCAAs biosynthesis. We also considered the future applications of strains that could produce abundant amounts of BCAAs. Conclusions Branched chain amino acids have been synthesized by engineering the metabolism of C. glutamicum. Future investigations should focus on the feedback inhibition and/or transcription attenuation mechanisms of crucial enzymes. Enzymes with substrate specificity should be developed and applied to the production of individual BCAAs. The strategies used to construct strains producing BCAAs provide guidance for the biosynthesis of other high value-added compounds.

In this study, we sequenced the complete mitogenome of Kentrochrysalis streckeri (Staudinger, 1880). The complete mitogenome sequence of K. streckeri is circular, 15,253 bp in size and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and a control region (CR). Nucleotide composition was A + T biased, and all the PCGs exhibited a positive AT-skew, which was reflected in the nucleotide composition, codon, and amino acid usage. Most PCGs start with ATG or ATT and stop with TAA. However, COX1 gene starts with CGA and three genes (COX1, COX2, NAD5) use the incomplete stop codon T. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the relationship (K. streckeri+((Manduca sexta+Sphinx morio)+(Psilogramma increta+(Psilogramma menephron+Notonagemia analis scribae)))).

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Smerinthus planus Walker, 1856 was sequenced and analyzed. This mitochondrial genome is circular, 15,375 bp long, and includes 37 typical metazoan mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes) and an A + T-rich region. Nucleotide composition is highly biased toward A + T nucleotides (80.1%). All 13 PCGs initiate with the standard start codon of ATN and terminate with the typical stop codon TAA/TAG. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using amino acids of 13 PCGs which shows that S. planus is closely related to Barbourion lemaii.

In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of Ambulyx tobii to compare mitochondrial genome structures and reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of A. tobii is circular, 15,343 bp in size and encodes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a control region (CR). Nucleotide composition is highly biased toward A + T nucleotides (81.2%). Most PCGs initiate with the standard start codon of ATN and terminate with the typical stop codon TAA/TAG. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using both 13 PCGs and whole mitochondrial genomes showed that A. tobii is closely related to A. substrigilis.

For decades, lignocellulosic biomass has been introduced to the public as the most important raw material for the environmentally and economically sustainable production of high-valued bioproducts by microorganisms. However, due to the strong recalcitrant structure, the lignocellulosic materials have major limitations to obtain fermentable sugars for transformation into value-added products, e.g., bioethanol, biobutanol, biohydrogen, etc. In this review, we analyzed the recent trends in bioenergy production from pretreated lignocellulose, with special attention to the new strategies for overcoming pretreatment barriers. In addition, persistent challenges in developing for low-cost advanced processing technologies are also pointed out, illustrating new approaches to addressing the global energy crisis and climate change caused by the use of fossil fuels. The insights given in this study will enable a better understanding of current processes and facilitate further development on lignocellulosic bioenergy production.