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To evaluate the influence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) induced by high fat diet (HFD) on prostate tissue and local inflammatory factors in rats model, and the protective efficacy of statins against pathological changes of prostate.40 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 subgroups of normal diet (ND), HFD blank, HFD + saline and HFD + simvastatin. After the establishment of models, all subjects were killed to obtain body weight serum lipid, FBG level, FINS and HOMA-IR level. Hyperplasia level of prostate, as well as expression level of interleukin 6 (IL-6), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were also measured.Models have been successfully established. Level of serum lipid, prostatic weight, hyperplasia as well as expressions of IL-6, TNF-α and IGF-1 in the blank and saline subgroups of HFD group were higher than that of ND group (P 0.05). While simvastatin has significantly resisted the former effects of HFD on serum lipid and prostate (P 0.05). No significant difference in serum FBG level was found between groups and subunits. FINS levels of ND group was lower than other groups (P 0.05). In addition, There is no significant difference in FPG and HOMA-IR levels in blank control subunit, saline control subunit, simvastatin subunit (P 0.05).MetS induced by HFD is an important factor in the induction of BPH. Simvastatin can alleviate the hyperplasia of prostate through the relief of local inflammation in prostatic tissue.

Background Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component. Common variants of NRG1 contributed to HSCR risk in Asians, and rare variants of ERBB2 and ITGB4 were found to be associated with HSCR. ERBB2 and ITGB4 are partners of Nrg1/ErbB pathway, which is important in HSCR pathogenesis. We aimed to investigate whether common variants in NRG1, ERBB2 and ITGB4 were associated with HSCR in Chinese Han population. Methods We genotype 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of NRG1, ERBB2 and ITGB4 in 420 HSCR patients and 1665 controls, and performed association analysis. Results We validated associations of two NRG1 SNPs rs7835688 (PAllelic = 2.2 × 10− 20, OR = 2.21, 95%CI = 1.86–2.62) and rs16879552 (PAllelic = 5.6 × 10− 9, OR = 1.57, 95%CI = 1.35–1.83) with risk to HSCR. SNP rs3744000 located 5′ upstream of ITGB4 showed association with HSCR (PAllelic = 2.4 × 10− 3, OR = 1.27, 95%CI = 1.09–1.49). Four SNPs of ERBB2 exhibited no association. Conclusions Our results suggested that common variation of ITGB4 and NRG1 conferred risk to HSCR in Chinese Han population, which further highlighted Nrg-1/ErbB pathway involving in the pathogenesis of HSCR. Level of evidence

Biliary atresia (BA) is an idiopathic neonatal cholestatic disease. Recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed that common variation of ADD3, GPC1, ARF6, and EFEMP1 gene was associated with BA susceptibility. We aimed to evaluate the association of these genes with BA in Chinese population. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these four genes were genotyped in 340 BA patients and 1,665 controls. Three SNPs in ADD3 were significantly associated with BA, and rs17095355 was the top SNP (PAllele = 3.23×10-6). Meta-analysis of published data and current data indicated that rs17095355 was associated with BA susceptibility in Asians and Caucasians. Three associated SNPs were expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for ADD3. Two GPC1 SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) showed nominal association with BA susceptibility (PAllele = 0.03 for rs6707262 and PAllele = 0.04 for rs6750380), and were eQTL of GPC1. Haplotype harboring these two SNPs almost reached the study-wide significance (P = 0.0035). No association for ARF6 and EFEMP1 was found with BA risk in the current population. Our study validated associations of ADD3 and GPC1 SNPs with BA risk in Chinese population and provided evidence of epistatic contributions of genetic factors to BA susceptibility.

Background. Ferredoxin 1 (FDX1) is a newly discovered gene regulating cuprotosis. However, the effect of FDX1 expression on clear renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is unknown. Methods. Gene expression profiles and clinical data of ccRCC patients were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The differences in FDX1 expression between ccRCC and nonneoplastic tissues adjacent to cancer were analyzed by R software. The results were validated by GEO data, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting (WB), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Chi-square test was used to analyze the clinical pathological parameters. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression model selection were used to evaluate the effect of FDX1 expression on overall survival. Protein interaction networks were used to analyze other proteins that interact with FDX1. Signal pathway analysis was performed for possible FDX1 enrichment using GSEA and ssGSEA algorithms. Pan-cancer analysis of FDX1 was carried out through TCGA database. Results. The FDX1 expression in nontumor tissues was significantly higher than that in ccRCC, and the expression difference was verified by GEO data, qRT-PCR, WB, and IHC. The high expression of FDX1 was significantly related to the well overall survival rate ( P < 0.05 ). The chi-square test showed that the high expression of FDX1 was related to gender, TNM stage, T stage, lymph node metastasis, and pathological grade. Additionally, the FDX1 expression level was different in groups classified based on pathological grade, gender, TNM stage, T stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis ( P < 0.05 ). The multivariate analysis revealed the high expression of FDX1 as an important independent predictor for overall survival. STRING database results showed that LIAS and LIPT1 may interact with FDX1 in the PPI network, which are also involved in the regulation of cuprotosis. The GSEA and ssGSEA results showed that the FDX1 was enriched in the anticancer pathway. The FDX1 high expression is associated with better prognosis in many cancers, as revealed by pan-cancer analysis. Conclusion. FDX1 may play a role in the progression of ccRCC as a tumor suppressor gene. It can be used as a potential prognostic indicator and therapeutic target of ccRCC. However, the cuprotosis regulatory role in the development of ccRCC needs to be further verified.

To investigate the relationship of the prostate volume with the count of inflammatory cells in the peripheral blood and clarify the pathogenesis of BPH.From 2015 to 2019, we enrolled 104 men pathologically diagnosed with BPH. Using univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis models, we analyzed the correlation of the prostate volume with the neutrophil count, platelet count, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-WBC ratio (PWR), and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) in the peripheral blood of the patients.Both the platelet count (r = 0.401, P0.001) and PWR (r = 0.343, P0.001) in the peripheral blood were positively correlated with the prostate volume and serum PSA level, but not with IPSS. No evident relationship was found between the prostate volume and the systemic inflammatory markers NLR and LMR.The platelet count in the peripheral blood is an important predictor of BPH and may play an important role in the development and progression of BPH.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of curcumin (Cur) on TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway of rat gingival fibroblast treated with cyclosporine A (CsA) in vitro, and to provide theoretical basis for the mechanism of curcumin inhibiting drug-induced gingival hyperplasia induced by CsA.Healthy Sprague-Dawley rat gingival fibroblasts were cultured with different concentrations of Cur (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 μmol/L) and Cur (20 μmol/L)+CsA(200 ng/mL), cell proliferation was assessed with CCK-8 assay. The mRNA levels of TGF-β1, Smad3, α-SMA and collagen type Ⅰ in gingival fibroblasts were detected by real-time PCR under Cur(20 μmol/L)+CsA(200 ng/mL); the protein level of TGF-β1, Smad3, p-Smad3, α-SMA and collagen type Ⅰ were determined through Western blot. The effect of Cur(20 μmol/L)+CsA(200 ng/mL) on migration ability of gingival fibroblasts was observed through Scratch wound-healing assay. The data were analyzed with SPSS 23.0 software package.Cell proliferation and migration ability of rats gingival fibroblasts were significantly reduced under Cur(20 μmol/L)+CsA(200 ng/mL). 20 μmol/L Cur significantly decreased mRNA expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA and collagen type Ⅰ in gingival fibroblasts, and Western blot suggested significantly down-regulated expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad3, α-SMA, and collagen typeⅠ.Cur may inhibit TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway of gingival fibroblasts activated by CsA, thereby weakening proliferation and migration, reducing secretion of smooth muscle actin and collagen of gingival fibroblasts, and ameliorating gingival hyperplasia.

Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) is the most common congenital cause of intestinal obstruction in children. Sotos syndrome (SoS) is an overgrowth disorder with constipation and sometimes accompanied by HSCR. NSD1 gene mutation is the main cause of SoS. We aimed to investigate association of NSD1 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with HSCR susceptibility in Chinese Han population. We genotyped 15 SNPs encompassing NSD1 gene region in 420 HSCR patients and 1665 controls on Fludigm EP1 platform. Association analysis was performed between cases and controls. Rs244709 was the most associated SNP with HSCR susceptibility of the sample set (PAllelic = 9.69 × 10−5, OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.17–1.61). Gender stratification analysis revealed that NSD1 SNPs were associated with HSCR in males, but not in females. The nonsynonymous coding SNP rs28932178 in NSD1 exon 5 represented the most significant signal in males (PAllelic = 6.43 × 10−5, OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.20–1.69). The associated SNPs were expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) of nearby genes in multiple tissues. NSD1 expression levels were higher in aganglionic colon tissues than ganglionic tissues (P = 3.00 × 10−6). NSD1 variation conferred risk to HSCR in males, indicating SoS and HSCR may share common genetic factors.

The 14th International Ichnofabric Workshop was held successfully in Taipei, China from April 29th to May 2nd. From the oral presentations, posters, intra- and post-workshop field trips, and workshop discussions, a few promising aspects of ichnological study can be outlined: (1) Ichnotaxonomy is, and will be the major endeavour of ichnologists, supplying important behavioural information for palaeontological studies, and also providing reasonable, objective, and convenient taxonomical framework for further sedimentological and palaeoecological studies; (2) Ichnofabric analysis is widely applied to in-depth sedimentological, palaeoclimatical, and petroleum exploration studies, offering a wealth of biological information that cannot be properly obtained from traditional sedimentological and geochemical analyses; (3) Study of trace fossils in the context of evolutionary palaeoecology sheds light on some intriguing issues of the biological responses during certain critical periods in Earth's history; (4) Work on combining geomicrobiology and ichnology is under way; (5) Quantitative morphological characterization has become increasingly useful in grasping the finer ingredients of functional morphology.

Biliary atresia (BA) is an idiopathic neonatal cholestatic disease. Recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed that common variation of ADD3, GPC1, ARF6, and EFEMP1 gene was associated with BA susceptibility. We aimed to evaluate the association of these genes with BA in Chinese population. Twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these four genes were genotyped in 340 BA patients and 1,665 controls. Three SNPs in ADD3 were significantly associated with BA, and rs17095355 was the top SNP (PAllele = 3.23×10-6). Meta-analysis of published data and current data indicated that rs17095355 was associated with BA susceptibility in Asians and Caucasians. Three associated SNPs were expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for ADD3. Two GPC1 SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) showed nominal association with BA susceptibility (PAllele = 0.03 for rs6707262 and PAllele = 0.04 for rs6750380), and were eQTL of GPC1. Haplotype harboring these two SNPs almost reached the study-wide significance (P = 0.0035). No association for ARF6 and EFEMP1 was found with BA risk in the current population. Our study validated associations of ADD3 and GPC1 SNPs with BA risk in Chinese population and provided evidence of epistatic contributions of genetic factors to BA susceptibility.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on TGF-β/Smad3 signaling in rat gingival fibroblasts and to explore the mechanism of CsA induced gingival overgrowth.Healthy Sprague-Dawley rat gingival fibroblasts were cultured with different concentrations of CsA and the cell proliferations were assessed with CCK-8 assay. The mRNA levels of TGF-β1, Smad3 and collagen I were measured by real-time PCR. The protein level of TGF-β1, Smad3, p-Smad3 and collagen I were determined using western blot and immumofluorescence. Cell migration ability was detected by cell wound scratch assay. The data was analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software package.The use of 200 ng/mL CsA stimulated proliferation and migration of gingival fibroblasts. The mRNA levels of TGF-β1 and collagen I were significantly promoted after CsA exposure. The protein syntheses of TGF-β1, p-Smad3 and Collagen I were also increased by CsA stimulation.CsA may activate TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway, thus promoting the proliferation and migration of rat gingival fibroblasts as well as collagen accumulation, which eventually lead to gingival overgrowth.

To evaluate the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphouscalcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) treatment on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets after tooth bleaching.One hundred extracted human premolars were randomly divided and treated according to 5 groups (n=20) : (1) no treatment; (2) 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching; (3) 38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching; (4)10% carbamide peroxide bleaching and CPP-ACP paste; (5)38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching and CPP-ACP paste. In all groups, the brackets were bonded using a conventional acid-etch and bond system (Transbond XT, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif). The shear bond strength adhesive remnant index (ARI) of the brackets were determined and the data was analyzed by ANOVA and Bonferroni test using SPSS13.0 software package.The use of 10% carbamide peroxide and 38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching significantly decreased the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets when compared with untreated group (P0.05). After combination of tooth bleaching and CPP-ACP treatment, group 4 (10% carbamide peroxide bleaching + CPP-ACP) and group 5 (38% hydrogen peroxide bleaching + CPP-ACP) showed higher levels of shear bond strength than group 2 and 3; however, no significant difference was found (P0.05). The ARI did not show any significant difference before and after CPP-ACP treatment.After tooth bleaching, CPP-ACP treatment have little influence on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

Topological fidelity of metazoan traces formed by metazoan behaviour is little influenced by compaction, diagenesis, continuous soft-sediment deformation and biostratinomy, substrate consistency, etc., whereas all of these can greatly alter the Euclidean geometric attributes of metazoan traces. Morphological characteristics of trace fossils can be distinguished and described objectively by both topological and Euclidean geometric parameters. The former constitute the basis of ichnoorder and ichnofamily. On the basis of topological criteria, metazoan traces can be classified as 4 ichnoorders and 22 ichnofamilies, consisting of 9 basic and 3 combined topological configurations. At a topological level, the behavioural diversity and complexity indicated by metazoan topoichnotaxa remain fairly stable in the Phanerozoic. All ichnoorders, 75% of ichnofamilies and all 9 basic topological configurations of metazoan traces are formed in the late Neoproterozoic, and all ichnofamilies, a combination of topological configurations and the most complex and highest level of topological configurations of metazoan traces, occurred in the early Cambrian. The evolution of metazoan traces can be expressed in three ranks. Changes at ichnoorder level constitute the first evolution, which is associated with the advent of kingdoms (animalia and plantae, etc.) and phyla (Ediacara and bilaterian, etc.), and the first level of palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental changes, such as the appearance or disappearance of an ecosystem (Precambrian biomat). The first evolution terminated in the late Neoproterozoic. Changes at the ichnofamily level constitute the second evolution, which is associated with the advent of important phyla such as coelomate animal explosion and the second level of palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental changes, such as structural changes within an ecosystem. The second evolution terminated in the early Cambrian. Changes at the ichnogeneric and ichnospecific levels constitute the third evolution, which is associated with the appearance or disappearance of the organic taxa lower than phylum, such as dinosaurs and birds, etc., and the third and fourth levels of palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental changes, such as community-type level changes, within an established ecological structure and community level. The third evolution has been taking place since the Proterozoic.

To detect the effect of active calcium ions solution on the ultrastructure of enamel and cementum of the extracted teeth and observe the cytotoxicity of the solution on NIH3T3 cell through cell culture.Active calcium ions solution composition was detected with a Quanta200FEG field emission scanning electron microscopy, and the ultrastructure of teeth enamel and cementum was observed before and after the application of calcium ions solution. After diluting the calcium ions solution, MTT assay method was used to observe the impact of active calcium ions solution of different concentrations on the NIH3T3 cells growth. Based on cell relative growth rate, the cytotoxicity grade was rated.Active calcium ions solution was composed of calcium, carbon, oxygen, and chlorine. And there was no change in the enamel and cementum before and after soaking the teeth with active calcium ions solution. The maximum concentration of safe calcium ions solution on cytotoxicity grade was 0.344 mg/mL.Active calcium ions solution can be used in the oral cavity,but appropriate concentration should be selected.

The authors aimed to investigate the role of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α monoclonal antibody treatment in a mouse model of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD).C57BL/6J male mice (aged 6-8 weeks) were randomly assigned to 3 groups: parenteral nutrition (PN), PN with anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody treatment (PN + mAb), and controls. A central venous catheter was inserted for intravenous infusion of a PN solution (PN and PN + mAb groups) or saline (controls) for 7 days. Liver pathology, hepatic biochemical indicators, and serum TNF-α concentrations were analyzed. Levels of hepatic bsep, mdr1a/mdr1b, mdr2, and mrp2 mRNA were also evaluated in each group.The PN group showed significant increases in serum transaminase, direct bilirubin, and bile acids relative to the control group (P.05). Histopathological changes in this group were consistent with early stage cholestasis. The pathological score and serum alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin levels were improved in the PN + mAb group relative to the PN group (P.05). The PN group showed significantly lower hepatic bsep, mdr1a/mdr1b, mdr2, and mrp2 mRNA expression than the controls (P.05), but these were significantly increased compared to the PN group (P.05).Infliximab administered at a single dose of 5 mg/kg body weight ameliorated the progression of PNALD and improved the expression of hepatic ABC transporter genes. Therefore, anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody may be a beneficial therapy for patients with PNALD.

This study was to evaluate the clinical effect of two-implant-supported single molar restoration with wider interdental space.32 subjects who presented 38 single molar missing with wider interdental space were involved in this study. Two-implant-supported single molar restoration was performed with Branemark system or Replace system. The stability of the implant restoration, periodontal condition, and peri-implant bone absorption were investigated 3 months, 1 year and 3 years after restoration. The periodontal condition was analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank test or Chi-square test and the peri-implant bone absorption was analyzed by paired t test using SPSS13.0 software package.Among 76 implants, one implant was lost in 2 weeks after surgery, which had been re-implanted successfully 3 months later. After loading, the survival rate of 76 implants was 100% during the next three years with perfect osseointegration. No significant differences for the plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth were found 3 months, 1 year and 3 years after restoration (P0.05). The bone absorption of peri-implant was (0.56+/-0.14)mm at 3-month and stable trends were shown at 1 year (0.15+/-0.05)mm and 3 years (0.17+/-0.06)mm, both of which were significantly lower than that at 3-month (P0.05).Two-implant-supported single restoration is suitable for single molar missing with wider interdental space.

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiologic and immunologic factors related to orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement (GE).Our study included 12 patients with GE undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment and 12 periodontally healthy controls. At baseline, periodontal variables, subgingival plaque samples, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were taken from 2 preselected sites in both the GE and the control groups. The levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. GCF interleukin (IL)-1β and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Invitrogen, Camarillo, Calif). Periodontal therapy was given to the GE group, and all parameters were reassessed after 4 weeks.At baseline, the GE group showed higher prevalences of the 5 periodontal pathogens than did the control group (P 0.05). IL-1β and TGF-β1 levels at the GE sites were also significantly higher than those at the control sites (P 0.05). Four weeks after periodontal therapy, the GE group showed significant improvements in the clinical parameters associated with significant reductions of P gingivalis, A actinomycetemcomitans, and T denticola. The levels of IL-1β decreased significantly compared with the baseline (P 0.05), whereas there was no significant change in TGF-β1 levels (P 0.05).Periodontal pathogens might have a relationship with the initiation and development of orthodontic treatment-induced GE. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TGF-β1) can also be considered as contributing factors.

To investigate the effect of putative periodontopathogenic bacteria on the development of drug-induced gingival overgrowth (GO) in renal transplant recipients.A total of 57 patients undergoing cyclosporine treatment were divided into two groups according to GO index: with gingival overgrowth (group A) and without gingival overgrowth (group B). Demographic, pharmacologic and periodontal data were analyzed. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to detect and quantify five putative periodontopathogenic bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Treponema denticola (Td) and Tannerella forsythia (Tf) in subgingival samples. Moreover, the relationship between the bacterial amount and the severity of GO was analyzed.Group A presented a significantly higher plaque index, sulcus bleeding index and probing depth than group B (P0.01). The occurrences of Pg, Td, and Tf in the group A (96%, 82% and 89%) were significantly increased compared with those in the group B (69%, 55% and 66%, P0. 05), respectively. The prevalence of Pg, Td, and Tf in the group A (79%) was markedly higher than that in the group B (38%, P0.01). The bacterial amount of Pg, Td, Tf and Pi were enhanced along with the severity of GO. However, the bacterial amount of Aa had no difference between two groups.Pg, Td, and Tf may have a significant relationship with the development of GO.

To investigate the prevalence of gingival overgrowth(GO) in a group of renal transplant recipients medicated with cyclosporine A(CsA) in comparison to those medicated with tacrolimus(Tcr).107 renal transplant recipients ( 85 CsA and 25 Tcr) were recruited into this study. Demographic, pharmacologic and periodontal data was recorded. The prevalence and severity of GO were compared between the two groups. The data was analyzed by SPSS13.0 software package for independent sample t test, chi(2) test, Mann-Whitney U test and stepwise regression analysis.The prevalence of GO in the CsA group(49%)was significantly higher than that in the Tcr group(16%)(P0.05). The CsA group showed a higher mean GO score (30.3+/-15.5) compared with the Tcr group(17.5+/-9.6) (P0.001).In addition, the patients with GO presented a significantly higher plaque index and papilla bleeding index than those without GO in two groups(P0.05).The prevalence of GO is higher in renal transplant recipients taking CsA compared to Tcr. Plaque-induced gingival inflammation has a close relation with the severity of GO.

To evaluate the short-term clinical effect and advantages of Bränemark system's multi-unit abutment used for standard or MK III implants supported fixed prosthodontics.Routine clinical examinations and preparations, including panoramic tomography, periapical radiograph and surgical guide plate, were performed in 37 cases with multiple lost teeth. A total of 117 Bränemark system's implants were placed using a two-stage surgical approach. Multi-unit abutment connection was performed 3-6 months after implant installation. All superstructure prosthetic appliances were porcelain-fused-to-golden metal bridges.The follow-up period for the implants was 12 to 24 months. The total survival rate was 95.7%. Two implants were lost at second-stage surgery (the survival rate was 98.29% for first-stage), and 3 implants were lost after loading (the survival rate was 97.43% for second-stage). The other 112 implants function uneventfully. There were no bone loss around implants, no abutment and gold cylinder screw loosen.The multi-unit abutment, on basis of collecting all the merits of the traditional abutment, was further designed in a simplified way, which not only expands its clinical application, operate easily, but also enhance its whole superstructure. It is more suitable for implant supported fixed prosthodontics with high success rate and more advantages than the traditional abutment.