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Background: Contrasting the well-described effects of early intervention (EI) services for youth-onset psychosis, the potential benefits of the intervention for adult-onset psychosis are uncertain. This paper aims to examine the effectiveness of EI on functioning and symptomatic improvement in adult-onset psychosis, and the optimal duration of the intervention. Methods: 360 psychosis patients aged 26–55 years were randomized to receive either standard care (SC, n = 120), or case management for two (2-year EI, n = 120) or 4 years (4-year EI, n = 120) in a 4-year rater-masked, parallel-group, superiority, randomized controlled trial of treatment effectiveness (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00919620). Primary (i.e. social and occupational functioning) and secondary outcomes (i.e. positive and negative symptoms, and quality of life) were assessed at baseline, 6-month, and yearly for 4 years. Results: Compared with SC, patients with 4-year EI had better Role Functioning Scale (RFS) immediate [interaction estimate = 0.008, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.001–0.014, p = 0.02] and extended social network (interaction estimate = 0.011, 95% CI = 0.004–0.018, p = 0.003) scores. Specifically, these improvements were observed in the first 2 years. Compared with the 2-year EI group, the 4-year EI group had better RFS total (p = 0.01), immediate (p = 0.01), and extended social network (p = 0.05) scores at the fourth year. Meanwhile, the 4-year (p = 0.02) and 2-year EI (p = 0.004) group had less severe symptoms than the SC group at the first year. Conclusions: Specialized EI treatment for psychosis patients aged 26–55 should be provided for at least the initial 2 years of illness. Further treatment up to 4 years confers little benefits in this age range over the course of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Sex differences are well documented in schizophrenia, but have been much less studied in at‐risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis. We aimed to examine sex differences in symptomatology, cognition, social and role functioning in individuals with ARMS, with specific focus on clarifying relationships between sex, negative symptoms and functioning. Methods: One hundred and seventy‐seven Chinese participants aged 15–40 years with ARMS were recruited from a specialized early intervention service in Hong Kong. ARMS status was verified by Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental State. Assessments encompassing symptom profiles, a brief battery of cognitive tests and social and role functioning were conducted. Brief Negative Symptom Scale was adapted to measure negative symptoms at the level of five core domains. Results: Males with ARMS exhibited significantly poorer social functioning and more severe asociality of negative symptoms than female counterparts. Mediation analysis revealed that sex difference in social functioning became statistically insignificant when asocality was included in the model, indicating that asociality mediated the relationship between sex and social functioning. No sex differences were observed in other core domains of negative symptoms, other symptom dimensions, cognitive measures and role functioning. Conclusions: This study suggests that sex differences in ARMS may be less pronounced that those observed in established psychotic disorders. Our findings of differential pattern of asociality between sexes and its mediating role on sex difference in social functioning underscore the importance in investigating negative symptoms at a separable domain‐level. Further research is required to identify sex‐specific predictors of longitudinal outcomes in at‐risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Psychiatric comorbidity frequently occurs with at‐risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis. Its relationships with psychopathology, cognition and functioning, however, remain to be further clarified. We aimed to examine prevalence and correlates of psychiatric comorbidity, and its associations with psychosocial functioning and subjective quality‐of‐life (QoL) in a representative sample of Chinese ARMS individuals. Methods: One hundred ten help‐seeking participants aged 15 to 40 years with ARMS were recruited from a specialized early psychosis service in Hong Kong. ARMS status was verified by comprehensive assessment of at‐risk mental state (CAARMS). Comorbid Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition non‐psychotic psychiatric disorders at baseline were ascertained using diagnostic interview and medical record review. Assessments encompassing symptom profiles, psychosocial functioning, subjective QoL and a brief cognitive battery were conducted. Results: Forty‐nine (44.5%) ARMS participants were diagnosed as having comorbid non‐psychotic psychiatric disorders at baseline, primarily depressive and anxiety disorders. Binary multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that female gender, more severe depressive symptoms, higher suicidality and poorer global cognitive functioning were independently associated with comorbid diagnosis status. ARMS participants with psychiatric comorbidity displayed significantly more limited extended social networks and poorer subjective QoL than those without psychiatric comorbidity. Conclusion: Comorbid disorders were frequently observed in Chinese ARMS individuals, and were linked to poorer cognition and higher suicide risk. Our findings underscore a potential critical role of psychiatric comorbidity in determining social functioning and subjective QoL in at‐risk individuals. Further longitudinal research is required to clarify trajectories of comorbid disorder status and its prospective impact on clinical and functional outcomes in ARMS populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the long-term development and early predictors of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) and clozapine-resistant TRS (CR-TRS) in patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (FES) are limited and have not considered the impact of early intervention services (EIS). This study aimed to explore the development of TRS and CR-TRS among patients with FES over 12 years of follow-up. Of the 1234 patients with FES, 15% developed TRS. A total of 450 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were included in a nested case-control study (157 TRS and 293 non-TRS). Younger age of onset, poorer premorbid social adjustment during adulthood, longer duration of first episode, a greater number of relapses, and a higher antipsychotic dose in the first 24 months were associated with earlier TRS. CR-TRS patients, constituting 25% of TRS patients, had a poorer premorbid social adjustment in late adolescence and longer delay before clozapine initiation compared with non-CR-TRS. CR-TRS had poorer clinical and functional outcomes at 12-year follow-up. However, TRS patients on clozapine had a lower mortality rate compared with non-TRS patients. EIS did not have a significant impact on the development of TRS, but patients in the EIS group had a shorter delay of clozapine initiation. Results suggested that neurodevelopmental factors, early clinical characteristics, and requirement for higher antipsychotic dose may be associated with TRS development, highlighting multiple pathways leading to this form of illness. Specific interventions including relapse prevention and early initiation of clozapine during the early course of illness may reduce the rate of TRS and improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe mental illness (SMI) includes schizophrenia and related conditions, bipolar disorder, and moderate and severe depression, which in total affect more than 4% of the adult population worldwide and lead to substantial premature deaths, as people with SMI die on average one to two decades earlier than the general population.[1] Since the 1950s, institutionalization or hospital care for patients with SMI has been thought to be harmful, traumatizing, and uprooting from the patient's natural environment.[2] In contrast, community-based care or intensive case management models are advocated by a number of mental health practitioners to facilitate recovery of patients from SMI.[[2]] In December 2016 and November 2017, a series of Asia-Pacific Expert Forums were organized by the Hong Kong Association of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, with the aim to review the current landscape and key challenges of the management of SMI in parts of the region, including Australia, Hong Kong, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey, and discuss possible approaches to optimal care for patients with SMI. A paradigm shift in SMI care is underway in the region: from conventional institutional care to patient-centered, recovery-oriented community care. Community-care programs for severe mental illness (SMI) launched in parts of the Asia-Pacific. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Previous family experience of psychotic illness may play an important role in whether and when a patient seeks help in first-episode psychosis. This study investigated the relationship between family experience of psychosis and the duration of untreated psychosis in a prospective sample of first-episode psychosis patients in Hong Kong. We also studied the effects of pre-morbid adjustment, educational level, living alone, and mode of onset as potential determinants of the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP)., Methods: A total of 131 first-episode psychosis patients in Hong Kong were recruited in a study of the DUP and related factors. The Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia (IRAOS) was used to measure the DUP and to provide a structured assessment of family history, educational level, household arrangement, and mode of onset., Results: Previous family experience of psychiatric illness (the presence of another family member who has been receiving psychiatric treatment) and an acute mode of onset were significant predictors of a shorter DUP. Educational level had a modest effect on its own, but was not significant in the binary logistic regression model. Living alone had a moderate effect size, but was non-significant, possibly because of the small proportion of single-person households in the sample. The symptom profile, pre-morbid adjustment, and other demographic factors were not significantly related to the DUP., Conclusion: In addition to the mode of onset, previous family experience plays an important role in the presentation of early psychosis. Educational efforts that target the family should be an important part of any strategy for the early detection of psychosis.