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Recently, deep learning (DL) based image transmission at the physical layer (PL) has become a rising trend due to its ability to significantly outperform conventional separation-based digital transmissions. However, implementing solutions at the PL requires a major shift in established standards, such as those in cellular communications. Application layer (AL) solutions present a more feasible and standards-compliant alternative. In this work, we propose a layered image transmission scheme at the AL that is robust to end-to-end (E2E) channel errors. The base layer transmits a coarse image, while the enhancement layer transmits the residual between the original and coarse images. By mapping the residual image into a latent representation that aligns with the structure of the E2E channel, our proposed solution demonstrates high robustness to E2E channel errors., Comment: 19 single-column pages, 11 figures and 6 tables

Cell-free massive MIMO systems consist of many distributed access points with simple components that jointly serve the users. In millimeter wave bands, only a limited set of predetermined beams can be supported. In a network that consolidates these technologies, downlink analog beam selection stands as a challenging task for the network sum-rate maximization. Low-cost digital filters can improve the network sum-rate further. In this work, we propose low-cost joint designs of analog beam selection and digital filters. The proposed joint designs achieve significantly higher sum-rates than the disjoint design benchmark. Supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms can efficiently approximate the input-output mapping functions of the beam selection decisions of the joint designs with low computational complexities. Since the training of ML algorithms is performed off-line, we propose a well-constructed joint design that combines multiple initializations, iterations, and selection features, as well as beam conflict control, i.e., the same beam cannot be used for multiple users. The numerical results indicate that ML algorithms can retain 99-100% of the original sum-rate results achieved by the proposed well-constructed designs., Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures. First submission date: August 19th, 2020. To be published at IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society

In this paper, multi-stream transmission in interference networks aided by multiple amplify-and-forward (AF) relays in the presence of direct links is considered. The objective is to minimize the sum power of transmitters and relays by beamforming optimization under the stream signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) constraints. For transmit beamforming optimization, the problem is a well-known non-convex quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP) that is NP-hard to solve. After semi-definite relaxation (SDR), the problem can be optimally solved via alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) algorithm for distributed implementation. Analytical and extensive numerical analyses demonstrate that the proposed ADMM solution converges to the optimal centralized solution. The convergence rate, computational complexity, and message exchange load of the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing solutions. Furthermore, by SINR approximation at the relay side, distributed joint transmit and relay beamforming optimization is also proposed that further improves the total power saving at the cost of increased complexity., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, and 4 tables. This paper is to appear in IEEE Access

While first-order channel statistics, such as bit-error rate (BER) and outage probability, play an important role in the design of wireless communication systems, they provide information only on the static behavior of fading channels. On the other hand, second-order statistics, such as level crossing rate (LCR) and average outage duration (AOD), capture the correlation properties of fading channels, hence, are used in system design notably in packet-based transmission systems. In this paper, exact closed-form expressions are derived for the LCR and AOD of the signal at a receiver where maximal-ratio combining (MRC) is deployed over flat Rayleigh fading channels in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and co-channel interferers with unequal transmitting powers and unequal speeds. Moreover, in order to gain insight on the LCR behavior, a simplified approximate expression for the LCR is presented. As an application of LCR in system designs, the packet error rate (PER) is evaluated through finite state Markov chain (FSMC) model. Finally, as another application again by using the FSMC model, the optimum packet length to maximize the throughput of the system with stop-and-wait automatic repeat request (SW-ARQ) protocol is derived. Simulation results validating the presented expressions are provided., Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures, submitted to IEEE Trans. on Comm

Substreams refer to the streams of each user in a system. Substream weighting, where the weights determine the prioritization order, can be important in multiple-input multiple-output interference channels. In this letter, a distributed algorithm is proposed for the problem of power minimization subject to weighted SINR constraint. The algorithm is based on two basic features, the well known distributed power control algorithm by Yates in 1995 and a simple linear search to find feasible SINR targets. The power control law used in the proposed algorithm is proven to linearly converge to a unique fixed-point., Comment: To be published at IEEE Wireless Commun. Letters

Stream fairness, fairness between all streams in the system, is a more restrictive condition than sub-stream fairness, fairness between all streams of each user. Thus sub-stream fairness alleviates utility loss as well as complexity and overhead compared to stream fairness. Moreover, depending on algorithmic parameters, conventional algorithms including distributed interference alignment (DIA) may not provide sub-stream fairness, and generate sub-streams with poor signal-to-interference plus noise ratios (SINRs), thus with poor bit error rates (BERs). To this end, we propose a distributed power control algorithm to render sub-stream fairness in the system, and establish initiatory connections between sub-stream SINRs, BERs, and rates. Algorithms have particular responses to parameters. In the paper, important algorithmic parameters are analyzed to exhibit numerical correctness in benchmarking. The distinction between separate filtering schemes that design each stream of a user separately and group filtering schemes that jointly design the streams of a user is also underscored in the paper. Finally, the power control law used in the proposed algorithm is proven to linearly converge to a unique fixed-point, and the algorithm is shown to achieve feasible SINR targets., Comment: Submitted to IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun

This paper studies the achievable rates of Gaussian interference channels with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), when improper or circularly asymmetric complex Gaussian signaling is applied. For the Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output interference channel (MIMO-IC) with the interference treated as Gaussian noise, we show that the user's achievable rate can be expressed as a summation of the rate achievable by the conventional proper or circularly symmetric complex Gaussian signaling in terms of the users' transmit covariance matrices, and an additional term, which is a function of both the users' transmit covariance and pseudo-covariance matrices. The additional degrees of freedom in the pseudo-covariance matrix, which is conventionally set to be zero for the case of proper Gaussian signaling, provide an opportunity to further improve the achievable rates of Gaussian MIMO-ICs by employing improper Gaussian signaling. To this end, this paper proposes widely linear precoding, which efficiently maps proper information-bearing signals to improper transmitted signals at each transmitter for any given pair of transmit covariance and pseudo-covariance matrices. In particular, for the case of two-user Gaussian single-input single-output interference channel (SISO-IC), we propose a joint covariance and pseudo-covariance optimization algorithm with improper Gaussian signaling to achieve the Pareto-optimal rates. By utilizing the separable structure of the achievable rate expression, an alternative algorithm with separate covariance and pseudo-covariance optimization is also proposed, which guarantees the rate improvement over conventional proper Gaussian signaling., Comment: Accepted by IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing

This paper studies the achievable rate region of the two-user single-input-single-output (SISO) Gaussian interference channel, when the improper Gaussian signaling is applied. Under the assumption that the interference is treated as additive Gaussian noise, we show that the user's achievable rate can be expressed as a summation of the rate achievable by the conventional proper Gaussian signaling, which depends on the users' input covariances only, and an additional term, which is a function of both the users' covariances and pseudo-covariances. The additional degree of freedom given by the pseudo-covariance, which is conventionally set to be zero for the case of proper Gaussian signaling, provides an opportunity to improve the achievable rate by employing the improper Gaussian signaling. Since finding the optimal solution for the joint covariance and pseudo-covariance optimization is difficult, we propose a sub-optimal but efficient algorithm by separately optimizing these two sets of parameters. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm provides a close-to-optimal performance as compared to the exhaustive search method, and significantly outperforms the optimal proper Gaussian signaling and other existing improper Gaussian signaling schemes., Comment: Version 2, Invited paper, submitted to Asilomar 2012

We explore the feasibility of interference alignment in signal vector space -- based only on beamforming -- for K-user MIMO interference channels. Our main contribution is to relate the feasibility issue to the problem of determining the solvability of a multivariate polynomial system, considered extensively in algebraic geometry. It is well known, e.g. from Bezout's theorem, that generic polynomial systems are solvable if and only if the number of equations does not exceed the number of variables. Following this intuition, we classify signal space interference alignment problems as either proper or improper based on the number of equations and variables. Rigorous connections between feasible and proper systems are made through Bernshtein's theorem for the case where each transmitter uses only one beamforming vector. The multi-beam case introduces dependencies among the coefficients of a polynomial system so that the system is no longer generic in the sense required by both theorems. In this case, we show that the connection between feasible and proper systems can be further strengthened (since the equivalency between feasible and proper systems does not always hold) by including standard information theoretic outer bounds in the feasibility analysis.

The degrees of freedom of MIMO interference networks with constant channel coefficients are not known in general. Determining the feasibility of a linear interference alignment solution is a key step toward solving this open problem. Our approach in this paper is to view the alignment problem as a system of bilinear equations and determine its solvability by comparing the number of equations and the number of variables. To this end, we divide interference alignment problems into two classes - proper and improper. An interference alignment problem is called proper if the number of equations does not exceed the number of variables. Otherwise, it is called improper. Examples are presented to support the intuition that for generic channel matrices, proper systems are almost surely feasible and improper systems are almost surely infeasible., Comment: 6 pages. Submitted to IEEE Globecom March 31 2009

The accuracy of channel state information (CSI) is critical for improving the capacity of wireless networks. In this paper, we introduce a training protocol for wireless relay networks that uses channel estimation and feedforwarding methods. The feedforwarding method is the distinctive feature of the proposed protocol. As we show, each relay feedforwards the imperfect CSI to the destination in a way that provides a higher network capacity and a faster transfer of the CSI than the existing protocols. In addition, we show the importance of the effective CSI accuracy on the wireless relay network capacity by comparing networks with the perfect effective CSI, imperfect effective CSI, and noisy imperfect effective CSI available at the destination., Comment: This paper has been withdrawn by the author due to technical flaws in SISO section