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Today, in connection with the development of surgical techniques, one of the main tasks is minimization of surgical trauma, reduction of postoperative complications and mortality, as well as the timing of hospital treatment of patients with maintained quality of surgical care. The widespread adoption of endoscopic surgery techniques into daily practice may help achieve the goal.Annually, we perform more than 450 laparoscopic surgeries for acute surgical diseases at the Institute, and we have performed more than 6,000 interventions since 2000. however, the laparoscopic method of surgery is not a priority, there are strict indications and contraindications, which we followed and thus avoided the development of iatrogenic complications associated with the use of this method for urgent diseases. Today, the laparoscopic technique is used in acute appendicitis, perforated gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, acute cholecystitis, strangulated hernia of the anterior abdominal wall, intestinal obstruction, as well as in patients with abdominal trauma. The use of the laparoscopic method in emergency abdominal surgery improves the quality of diagnosis and treatment, reduces the number of postoperative complications and mortality, as well as the time of treatment.

ABSTRACT. The data generalized in the review characterize radionuclide method as a high informative technique in diagnosis of the row of acute diseases and traumas and complications of them. It was shown that each radionuclide technique decides the concrete clinical tests and has a strictly definite place in the diagnostic algorithm. Urgent radionuclide techniques give the important information for the choice of the treatment’s policy or operation’s volume in such acute diseases as tromboembolism, arterial occlusions, small bowel obstruction, acute cholecystitis and cholelithiasis, acute myocardial infarct, rhabdomyolysis, differentiation of acute urological and acute abdominal surgical diseases and so on. The main aim of the work of our radionuclide department is to perfect, modificate of urgent radionuclide techniques and to correct the place of them in urgent conditions’s diagnostic algorithm for increasing of the quality and the rapidity in diagnosis.

Aim of investigation. To determine ultrasound characteristics of gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) at combined trauma.Material and methods. Data of ultrasound investigations (US) in 48 patients with combined trauma (36 men, 12 women, aged 20–50 years) with disorders of gastro-intestinal function were analyzed. Combined trauma (of chest, abdomen, pelvis, spine, extremities) was diagnosed in 41 patients, in 7 cases closed craniocerebral trauma prevailed. All patients underwent US to rule out damage of abdominal organs at hospital admission. Patients have been divided into two groups: patients of the first (n=27) had no damage of abdominal organs, no surgery was carried out, patients of the second group had combined trauma and closed injury of abdomen (n=21) and subsequently abdominal surgery was performed. Investigation of abdominal organs was carried out by medium class ultrasound devices with convex (3,5 mHz) and linear (7,5 mHz) probes. Abdominal organs were examined according to the standard protocol for signs of traumatic damage, presence of free fluid, retroperitoneum was examined as well. Resected portions of the small intestine with adjacent damaged mesentery were subject to comparative histological examination at closed abdominal injury cases.Results. In 27 patients of the first group US revealed signs of ileus in posttraumatic period. In 22 patients US-signs of dynamic ileus were revealed on a background of retroperitoneal hematoma, in 7 cases dynamic examination revealed its enlargement, in the other 7 cases retroperitoneal hematoma was small with tendency to spontaneous resolution. In 6 cases mesenteric hematoma of the small intestine, extending to retroperitoneum was found out. In 2 patients with pelvic bones fracture hematoma of sigmoid colon mesentery was visualized. Five patients had spinal trauma. In posttraumatic period in 19 of 27 first group patients with onset of multiorgan failure dynamic US demonstrated liver, spleen and kidney enlargement. In 8 patients gastric stasis was revealed at the 9 day after trauma, in 3 cases — on the 10–14 day signs of pseudomembranous colitis were found out. In the second group at the 3rd day after surgery disorder of motor and evacuatory function of GIT was found. At US control in 11 patients with small intestine mesentery trauma signs of dynamic ileus were revealed, in 4 of them after resection of intestinal segment signs of mesenteric circulation disorder at the early postoperative period were found out. As a result of conservative therapy paresis of the gut was eliminated. In 2 patients after operation for splenic rupture and in 2 patients with urinary bladder trauma dynamic smallintestinal ileus was diagnosed with subsequent resolution according to clinical and ultrasound data after conservative treatment. In 2 of 6 patients with intestinal trauma after suture application pharmaceutical therapy resulted in resolution of intestinal paresis. In 1 of 4 patients with resection of small intestine and signs of dynamic ileus intestinal function was restored under conservative treatment. Three patients with mechanical smallintestinal obstruction on a background of abdominal adhesions were operated.Conclusions. The dynamic ultrasound investigation in posttraumatic period after combined trauma helps to differentiate dynamic and mechanical smallintestinal obstruction and determine indications to surgical intervention in early terms. Application of this method allows to reveal intestinal posttraumatic changes on background of dynamic smallintestinal obstruction that may require revision of treatment approach. US in postoperative period at hematomas of smallintestinal mesentery without disorder of integrity of intestine, reveals disorders of gastrointestinal motility and development of paresis of intestine which aggravates circulation disorders in intestinal wall and can result in irreversible changes. Color Doppler flow mapping mode of ultrasound investigation at extensive hematomas of mesentery helps to detect thrombosis of mesenteric veins, occlusion of stem arteries that provides surgeons with essential information to choose treatment tactics, and in some cases to predict course of disease.

The article reports the activity of the Burn Center of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine. We present comparative data on changes in the structure of patients with a burn injury for the past 20 years, and indicators of clinical outcomes over time.

The report considers a brief history and the most important results of the Department of Remote Methods of Research of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Information is given about the founder of the institute, Academician V. V. Shuleikin (1895–1979), the director of the institute in 1974–1985 and the founder of the direction “satellite hydrophysics”, Academician B. A. Nelepo (1932–2007). For the first time, the information about one of the founders of the radiophysical methods of remote sensing of the ocean, a representative of the Kharkov scientific school V. V. Pustovoytenko (1946–2015), who worked in Sevastopol for the last forty years of his life and devoted scientific work to the development of satellite hydrophysics, was first introduced into scientific circulation. The general characteristic of the Institute’s work in the field of satellite oceanology is given, and the most significant results associated with the operation of the Kosmos-1500 spacecraft, as well as the specifics of the TPO-05 program and the Veyer-6 project, are considered.

The increase in the range of laying telephone lines at the beginning of the 20th century raised the issue of high-quality telephone signal transmission for scientists and engineers. The innovative technology for solving the problem was based on the “Heaviside condition”. AT&T engineer George Campbell, who received a patent for the design of load coils, was engaged in this task. He demonstrated that a telephone line loaded with coils can transmit clear voice signals twice as far as unloaded telephone lines. At about the same time, Columbia University professor Michael Pupin dealt with this problem, who also received a patent for a similar concept in priority over Campbell's application. As a result, load coils became known as “Pupin coils”. Ironically, Campbell lost the patent priority battle. The proposed innovation eliminated time delays and distortions in the signal, thereby significantly increasing the transmission speed.

Data concerning history of hepatic surgery beginning from the Middle Ages to current days are presented. On the first stage (till XIX century), representatives of medical profession had schematic ideas on hepatic anatomy and operations on this organ were perforemed sporadically. On the second stage (first half of the XX century), segmental hepatic anatomy was established, different technical methods concerning identification of shared and segmental pedicles were offered. Planned resections of the liver began to be regularly performed in this period. Current, third stage of the surgery development was marked by the synthesis of achievements in the area of hepatic anatomy and surgery with revolutionary discoveries in high technology area, immunology, tissue compatibility and pharmacology. Such surgeries became to be possible as transplantation of the liver, broadened resections and extracorporeal interventions performed on the liver.