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The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae), is a major pest that causes great damage to chicken egg production. In one of our previous studies, the management of red mites using entomopathogenic fungi was evaluated, and the acaricidal fungus Beauveria bassiana JEF-410 was selected for further research. In this study, we tried to elucidate the pathogenesis of B. bassiana JEF-410 and the defense mechanisms of red mites at a transcriptome level. Red mites collected from a chicken farm were treated with B. bassiana JEF-410. When the mortality of infected red mites reached 50%, transcriptome analyses were performed to determine the interaction between B. bassiana JEF-410 and red mites. Uninfected red mites and non-infecting fungus served as controls. In B. bassiana JEF-410, up-regulated gene expression was observed in tryptophan metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Genes related to acetyl-CoA synthesis were up-regulated in tryptophan metabolism, suggesting that energy metabolism and stress management were strongly activated. Secondary metabolites associated with fungal up-regulated DEGs were related to the production of substances toxic to insects such as beauvericin and beauveriolide, efflux pump of metabolites, energy production, and resistance to stress. In red mites, physical and immune responses that strengthen the cuticle against fungal infection were highly up-regulated. From these gene expression analyses, we identified essential factors for fungal infection and subsequent defenses of red mites. These results will serve as a strong platform for explaining the interaction between B. bassiana JEF-410 and red mites in the stage of active infection.

Aphis gossypii, commonly known as the cotton aphid, is a widely distributed pest of agricultural crops and acts as a vector for many serious plant viruses. Cotton aphid shows high resistance to chemical insecticides due to rapid rates of genetic diversity as a result of its short life cycle, seasonal migration, and host alteration. As an alternative, entomopathogenic fungi can be used to control cotton aphids in an environmentally sound manner. However, little is known about how cotton aphids respond to fungal infection. In this work, a new Beauveria bassiana strain JEF-544 (Bb JEF-544) was selected and isolated through bioassays with high virulence against cotton aphid. Early response of cotton aphid to Bb JEF-544 infection was analyzed at the transcriptome level. Infected aphids were collected two days after treatment at 25% lethal time (LT25), and total RNA of non-infected and Bb JEF-544-infected aphids was independently subjected to sequencing. Infected aphids showed significant up-regulation of the insect hormone biosynthesis pathway. Bursicon (Burs) and crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) receptors involved in molting along with ecdysone synthesis were also strongly up-regulated in the aphid response to the fungal infection. In the immune response, melanization in the hemocoel was significantly up-regulated, while phagocytosis was less actively transcribed. In conclusion, cotton aphids protect themselves from Bb JEF-544 infection by activating the immune response including melanization and insect molting hormones to shed infected cuticles. In addition to describing the initial stages of Bb JEF-544 infection at the transcriptome level, this work provides potential treatment targets and insight into how fungal isolates can effectively be used to control this serious aphid species.