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Purpose: Volumetry is used in polycystic kidney and liver diseases (PKLDs), including autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), to assess disease progression and drug efficiency. However, since no rapid and accurate method for volumetry has been developed, volumetry has not yet been established in clinical practice, hindering the development of therapies for PKLD. This study presents an artificial intelligence (AI)-based volumetry method for PKLD. Materials and Methods: The performance of AI was first evaluated in comparison with ground-truth (GT). We trained a V-net-based convolutional neural network on 175 ADPKD computed tomography (CT) segmentations, which served as the GT and were agreed upon by 3 experts using images from 214 patients analyzed with volumetry. The dice similarity coefficient (DSC), interobserver correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland–Altman plots of 39 GT and AI segmentations in the validation set were compared. Next, the performance of AI on the segmentation of 50 random CT images was compared with that of 11 PKLD specialists based on the resulting DSC and ICC. Results: The DSC and ICC of the AI were 0.961 and 0.999729, respectively. The error rate was within 3% for approximately 95% of the CT scans (error

Purpose This study is to evaluate orbital rim uptake on bone scan and to discuss their clinical significance. Materials and Methods From January 2011 to August 2013, 3149 cases of bone scans were analyzed to check for existence of uptake abnormalities in the orbital rim with relative size and position. The bone scans were compared with either positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) or computed tomography (CT). For cases without other imaging examinations, comparisons were made with other bone scans. Results In total, 13 cases of the orbital rib uptake were ultimately evaluated. In 6 cases, the intake abnormalities of the orbital rim appeared in superior lateral aspect of the orbital rim to occupy the highest frequency (46.2%). Distinctively, bone scans showed no abnormal uptake in medial and inferior aspect of orbital rim. The 10 cases are compared with PET/CT or CT and as a result, there are no abnormalities that correspond to the orbital lesions of bone scans. The 3 cases were compared with other bone scans and no changes in the orbital lesions were confirmed between the bone scans. Conclusion There is an unilateral, small, focal orbital rim uptake on bone scans to be possibility of nonspecific benign lesions.

Persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is a rare condition that represents a remnant fetal anastomosis between the carotid artery and basilar artery. PTA typically arises from precavernous portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) to the basilar artery. Variations of PTA extending from the ICA and directly terminating as cerebellar arteries without jointing basilar artery are particularly rare. We presented the extremely rare case of the variations of PTA, which directly terminate in the ipsilateral anterior inferior cerebellar artery. In addition, we reviewed the embryogenesis and clinical implication of this anomaly.

Primary mediastinal leiomyoma is an extremely rare benign tumor of smooth muscle. Most common radiographic appearance is a well circumscribed heterogeneous solid mass. We reported a case of giant cyst-like lesion at the middle mediastinum, which was pathologically confirmed as a primary mediastinal leiomyoma.

Persistent trigeminal artery (PTA) is one of the remnant fetal anastomoses between the carotid artery and basilar artery. PTAs are classified according to angiographic appearance and various connection. Among them, those directly terminating in the cerebellar arteries are rare subtype. In addition, aneurysms of the PTA are unusual in the literature and have not previously accompanied this subtype of PTA connecting cerebellar artery. We present the first case of an aneurysm of the PTA which is directly terminating in the cerebellar arteries and combined with multiple aneurysms.