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Length and mass data for 1260 (536 females, 683 males, 41 sex unknown) striped marlin Kajikia audax were collected at the fish markets of Tungkang, Singkang and Nanfangao from July 2004 to September 2010. Of these samples, 534 gonads (236 females and 298 males) ranging from 95 to 206 cm in eye-to-fork length ( LEF) and 8 to 88 kg in round mass ( MR), were collected. Chi-square tests indicated sex ratios were homogeneous among months in 2004 and 2006-2008, but not in 2005, 2009 and 2010; and there were significant differences in sex ratio by size. The overall sex ratio ( RS) differed significantly from the expected 0·5. Kajikia audax are sexually dimorphic and the proportions of females increased with size between 140 and 210 cm LEF. Reproductive activity was assessed using a gonado-somatic index ( IG), external appearance of the gonads and histological examination and results indicated that the spawning season occurred from April to August with a peak in June to July. Based on histological observations and the distribution of oocyte diameters, K. audax are multiple spawners and their oocytes develop asynchronously. The estimated length-at-50% maturity ( LEF50) was c. 181 cm ( c. 4·8 years of age) for females. The proportion of reproductively active females in the spawning season with ovaries containing postovulatory follicles (0·27) indicated that they spawned every 3·7 days on average. The hydrated oocyte method estimated mean ± S.D. batch fecundity ( FB) to be 4·4 ± 2·02 million eggs; average relative fecundity was 53·6 ± 13·9 oocytes g−1 MR; and the average annual fecundity was 181·3 ± 48·3 million eggs. The parameters estimated in this study are key information for stock assessments of K. audax in the north-western and central Pacific and will contribute to the conservation, management and sustainable yield of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive biology of female bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus was assessed by examining 888 fish (ranging from 84·9 to 174·4 cm fork length, LF ) caught by Taiwanese offshore longliners in the western Pacific Ocean from November 1997 to November 1998 and November to December 1999 and 258 gonad samples from these fish. The overall sex ratio of the catch during the sampling differed significantly from 0·5, but males were predominant in sizes >140 cm LF . Reproductive activity (assessed by histology), a gonado-somatic index, and the size-frequency distributions of whole oocytes indicated that spawning occurred throughout the year and the major spawning season appeared to be from February to September. The estimated sizes at 50% maturity (LF50 ) of females was 102·85 cm (95% c.i.: 90·79-110·21 cm) and the smallest mature female was 99·7 cm LF . They are multiple spawners and oocytes develop asynchronously. The proportion of mature (0·63) and reproductively active (0·70) females with ovaries containing postovulatory follicles indicated that they spawn almost daily. Batch fecundity for 15 females with the most advanced oocytes (>730 µm) ranged from 0·84 to 8·56 million eggs (mean ± s.d. = 3·06 ± 2·09). The relationships between batch fecundity (FB , in millions of eggs) and LF (cm) and round mass (MR , kg) were FB=9·91×10-14LF6·38 (r(2)  = 0·84) and FB=8·89×10-4MR2·05 (r(2)  = 0·80), respectively. The parameters estimated in this study are key information for stock assessments of T. obesus in the western Pacific Ocean and will contribute to the conservation and sustainable yield of this species., (© 2013 The Authors. Journal of Fish Biology © 2013 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.)

Background: With the development of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, serodiagnosis of tuberculosis has been studied by many investigators. Only a few studies have been performed in pleural fluid. This study was designed to evaluate the IgG antibody levels to mycobacterial antigen 60 (Ag60) in pleural fluid, and evaluate its role in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy., Methods: Eighteen patients with tuberculous pleural effusions and 18 patients with malignant pleural effusions were studied. The levels of IgG antibodies to Ag60 in pleural fluids were measured by ELISA method., Results: The mean titers of IgG against Ag60 in pleural fluids of tuberculous patients (508.3 +/- 382.7 EU) were significantly higher than those of the mean value of the malignant group (131.2 +/- 83.2 EU). In the TB pleurisy group, patients with positive M. tuberculosis cultures from pleural fluids had significantly higher titers than those with negative cultures (796.5 +/- 394.7 vs 277.8 +/- 150.2 EU); patients with impaired immune function had significantly lower titers than those without (138.4 +/- 28.9 vs 650.6 +/- 358.1 EU). Using 250 EU as a cutoff value for a positive test, the sensitivity was 72.2% and the specificity, 94.4%., Conclusions: ELISA method using Ag60 is a rapid test with an acceptable sensitivity and excellent specificity for differentiation between tuberculous and malignant pleural effusion.

A method based on DNA amplification (PCR) and hybridization for the detection of M. tuberculosis was used to test 86 sputum specimens from 52 patients in whom tuberculosis was suspected. M. tuberculosis was detected in 35 specimens, with 1 false positive. The finding was negative in 51 specimens, of which 4 were false negative. Thirty-two specimens were positive by standard microbiological criteria (acid-fast stain and culture), and 54 specimens were negative (including 6 false negative). Of 38 specimens with definite diagnosis of tuberculosis, 89.5% (34/38) were positive by DNA amplification and 84.2% (32/38) by acid-fast stain and/or culture. The difference is not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The specificity was 97.9% (47/48) and 100% (48/48) by DNA amplification and acid-fast stain and/or culture, specificity was 97.9% (47/48) and 100% (48/48) by DNA amplification and acid-fast stain and/or culture, individually, and difference is also not statistically significant (P > 0.05). However, PCR combined with specific DNA probe is more sensitive than the acid-fast stain method and faster than the culture method. Therefore it is useful for early detection of pulmonary mycobacterial infection.

A 33-year-old male presented with a productive cough of yellowish sputum which he had had for several years and progressive dyspnea on exertion that had been present for one year. Physical examination on admission disclosed clubbing of the fingers, diffuse inspiratory crackles and some rhonchi on auscultation. Plain chest film showed diffuse fine nodular lesions in both lungs. Pulmonary function tests demonstrated obstructive ventilatory impairment with a positive bronchodilator response. A CT scan of the chest showed diffuse fine nodular infiltrations in both lung fields. Arterial blood gas analysis of the patient, while breathing room air, revealed mild hypoxemia. The histologic findings of an open lung biopsy specimen were compatible with a diagnosis of diffuse panbronchiolitis. The patient was treated with erythromycin and a bronchodilator, and was regularly followed at the outpatient department. In this report, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria and recent advances in the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis are discussed.