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Objective: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit difficulties with oral language and reading development. Research is needed to understand the language and reading connections of students with DS to develop effective interventions that ensure academic success in this population. The purpose of this present study was to investigate the oral language and reading processes of six students (mean age: 16; 3) with DS by analysing the oral miscues produced while reading a storybook. Method: Using a miscue analysis approach, students with DS independently read a storybook out loud and then were asked to retell the story. Oral reading miscues were analysed within the context of the sentence and the entire text to determine semantic and syntactic acceptability, meaning change, correction and graphic and phonemic similarity. In addition, thematic analysis was incorporated to provide an in-depth analysis of the miscue data. Results: Based on the miscue analysis data, students exhibited higher meaning construction scores as compared to grammatical relations scores (63.67% vs. 46%) and higher graphic similarity scores as compared to phonemic similarity scores (66.34% vs. 60.67%). Using a thematic analysis procedure, students with DS rarely selfcorrected miscues, exhibited relative strength with meaning but difficulty with syntax and relied on visual support while reading. Conclusion: The present study adds to the existing body of literature about the language and reading profile of students with DS by including analysis of their oral reading miscues and provides implications on intervention techniques that may be beneficial with this population.

RNA viruses induce specialized membranous structures for use in genome replication. These structures are often referred to as replication organelles (ROs). ROs exhibit distinct lipid composition relative to other cellular membranes. In many picornaviruses, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) is a marker of the RO. Studies to date indicate that the viral 3A protein hijacks a PI4 kinase to induce PI4P by a mechanism unrelated to the cellular pathway, which requires Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1, GBF1, and ADP ribosylation factor 1, Arf1. Here we show that a picornaviral 3CD protein is sufficient to induce synthesis of not only PI4P but also phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Synthesis of PI4P requires GBF1 and Arf1. We identified 3CD derivatives: 3CDmand 3CmD, that we used to show that distinct domains of 3CD function upstream of GBF1 and downstream of Arf1 activation. These same 3CD derivatives still supported induction of PIP2 and PC, suggesting that pathways and corresponding mechanisms used to induce these phospholipids are distinct. Phospholipid induction by 3CD is localized to the perinuclear region of the cell, the outcome of which is the proliferation of membranes in this area of the cell. We conclude that a single viral protein can serve as a master regulator of cellular phospholipid and membrane biogenesis, likely by commandeering normal cellular pathways.

One role of behavioral health clinicians in primary care is to engage patients in brief solution-focused therapy for behavioral health problems identified during medical visits. While some patients choose not to return to sessions following these visits, other patients return to behavioral health services for multiple sessions. The purpose of the present research was to determine the demographic and psychosocial traits of patients over the age of 50 who choose to follow up with behavioral health services following initial contact with a clinician in a primary care setting. Archival data was analyzed from a system of federally qualified health centers in Colorado. A sample of patients above the age of 50 who returned for additional behavioral health services beyond one visit was identified (N = 1751). On average, patients attended 5 (SD = 5.20) behavioral health sessions. The mean age of patients was 60.58 years (SD = 7.62). The majority were Caucasian (66.3%), followed by Hispanic/Latino (13.4%), Black/African American (8.9%), Native American/American Indian (1.3%), and other/unknown (10.1%). More than half of patients who returned for services were opioid users (54.9%). A relatively small number were homeless (6.4%). Patients were single (38.4%), followed by divorced (23.9%), married (26.8%), and widowed (8.3%). Findings suggest opioid use is related to retention in behavioral health services. This information can be used to identify patients less likely to attend follow up sessions and work to increase engagement in behavioral health services.

A primary obstacle to understanding the fate and transport of the toxic radionuclide 129I (a thyroid seeker) is an accurate method to distinguish it from its stable isotope, 127I, and to quantify its various species at environmentally relevant concentrations (~10-8 M). A pH-dependent solvent extraction and combustion method was paired with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to measure ambient levels of 129I/127I isotope ratios and iodine speciation (iodide (I-), iodate (IO3-), and organo-I (OI)) in aquatic systems. The method exhibits an overall uncertainty of 10% or less for iodide and iodate, and less than 20% for organo-I species concentrations and enabled 129I measurements as low as 0.5 Bq/L in groundwater from the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina, USA along a pH, redox potential (Eh), and organic carbon gradient. The data confirmed that the 129I/127I ratios and species distribution were strongly pH dependent, consistent with our knowledge that the 129I was emanating from a strongly acidic source. Low 129I concentrations detected in samples collected outside the known 129I plume, as delineated by the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 1 pCi/L129I (0.037 Bq/L), were still orders of magnitude higher than ambient 129I concentration typically found in the USA groundwater. This is likely due to past atmospheric releases of volatile 129I species by SRS nuclear reprocessing facilities near the study site. The results confirmed the existence of 129I as not only iodide, but as organic iodine and iodate species. This study underscores the importance of understanding a contaminant’s biogeochemistry at multiple concentrations, concentrations below and above regulatory MCLs.