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Hazelnut is a very important nutrient in terms of human health. It is widely consumed as natural and roasted. Aromatic components could be used as marker for export criteria in hazelnut. Thus, this study aimed preliminary to compare the aroma profile of some hazelnut varieties and to determine the effect of roasting on aroma component in natural hazelnuts. Hazelnut varieties (18 Turkish and 2 foreign varieties) were obtained and then roasted at 135°C for 30 min. The volatile aroma components of hazelnuts were characterized via solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). A total of 20 and 29 aroma compounds were detected by SPME/GC-MS in natural and roasted hazelnuts, respectively. Concerning natural hazelnut samples, the highest values among the Turkish and foreign varieties were obtained from nonanal in ‛Kalınkara’, ‛Kan’ and ‛Negret-N9’, which are mainly characterized by citrus, rosy, fatty flavor. In roasted samples, 2(3H)-furanone was determined in highest level in ‛Cavcava’, ‛Mincane’ and ‛Negret-N9’ and the flavor attributes of these varieties were oily-nut-like. In particular, Turkish hazelnut varieties such as ‛Acı’ and ‛Kalınkara’ could be promising in terms of the highest amount of aromatic components in roasted hazelnuts.

In this study, graft compatibility between almond cultivar Lauranne and almond seedling and Rootpac R, Rootpac 90, Rootpac 70 and Rootpac 40 clonal rootstocks was anatomically investigated. The anatomical analysis of scion/ rootstock combinations was performed by taking cross sections for 30 days and 12 months after T-budding in June, 2017. It was determined that, 30 days after grafting, the callus cells developed but cambial continuity has not occurred between the rootstock and scion tissues in all scion/rootstock combinations. 12 months after grafting, cambial relation was established, vascular differentiation was observed, regular parenchymatic tissue properties and scleroid (petrosal cell) cells and sclerenchyma bundles were seen in the graft union. There was no problem in terms of rootstock- scion compatibility in Lauranne almond cultivar which was grafted on almond seedling and some Rootpac clonal rootstocks.

Amount of extract of leaves of the plants grown both clone and seed was found to be above the values of ISO and TSE standards, and amount of total polyphenol was found to be normal level. Mineral elements concentrations of tea plant grown from clone were found to be higher than that plant grown from seed. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron concentrations of the tea plants were grown at sampled areas were found not to be sufficient. The insufficient level is getting increase and increase towards 3rd harvesting period., Klon ve tohumdan üretilen çay bitkisi yaprağının ekstrakt değerleri ISO ve TSE standartlarının üstünde, toplam polifenol miktarı ise normal düzeyde bulunmuştur. Klondan üretilen çay bitkisinin mineral madde içerikleri tohumdan üretilene oranla daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Örnekleme yapılan alanda yetiştirilen çay bitkilerinin azot, fosfor, potasyum ve demir yönünden yetersiz oldukları belirlenmiştir. Noksanlık düzeyi 3. hasat döneminde daha da artmıştır.

Bu çal ış mada Düzce bölgesinde bulunan Tombul, Palaz, Kal ı nkara, Çak ı ldak, Mincane, Foşa ve Sivri çeşitlerine ait ocaklarda belirlenen ana dallardan al ı nan kabuk örneklerindeki fruktoz, glukoz, sakaroz ve toplam karbonhidrat miktarlar ı , enzimatik yöntem kullan ı larak saptanm ışt ı r. Kabuk örnekleri iki y ı l üst üste olacak şekilde, her ay düzenli olarak al ı nmışt ı r. Kabuk dokular ı nda belirlenen fruktoz, glukoz, sakaroz ve toplam karbonhidrat miktarlar ı n ı n çeşitllerin hemen tümünde yaz aylar ı nda daha düşük, kış aylar ı nda ise daha yüksek düzeylerde oldu ğ u belirlenmiştir. Genel say ı labilecek bir durum olarak, karbonhidrat miktarlar ı ilkbahar aylar ı nda bir miktar azalmakta, yaz aylar ı boyunca düşük miktarlarda seyreden ve daha stabil say ı labilecek bir değ işimin ard ı ndan, sonbahar ı n ortalar ı nda artmaya başlamakta ve bu miktar artışı kış aylar ı na kadar devam etmektedir., In this research, the amount of fructose, glucose, sucrose and total carbohydrates which are in the bark tissues of Tombul, Palaz, Kal ı nkara, Çak ı ldak, Mincane, Fo şa and Sivri cultivars grown Düzce region were determined. Bark tissue samples were taken at monthly intervals during two years of experiments. The amount of fructose, glucose, sucrose and total carbohydrates were lower during summer while they were observed higher in winter period in all cultivars conserved in the experiments. As a general observation, carbohydrate level slightly decreased during spring, stayed low and stable through summer, started to increase in the middle of autumn and this increase continued untill winter period.

Araştırmada, günümüzde sadece Ankara – Gölbaşı‟nda sınırlı bir alanda yetişmekte olan endemik bitki Centaure tchihatcheffii Fisch. et Mey. tohumlarının çimlenmeleri üzerine, suda 12 saat ve 24 saat ve GA3çözeltisinde 10 ppm ve 100 ppm‟lik çözeltilerde 24 saat bekletme uygulamalarının ve tohum çimlenme ortamındaki farklı pH derecelerinin 6.5 pH, 7.5 pH ve 8.5 pH etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. GA3çözeltisinde bekletilen tohumlarda çimlenme oranları yüksek, çimlenme süreleri ise kısa bulunmuştur. pH seviyesinin artması, tohum çimlenmesi üzerinde olumsuz etki yapmış ve en düşük çimlenme pH 8.5‟da belirlenmiştir, The research aims to investigate the effects of soaking in water 12 hours and 24 hours , in GA3 solution 10 ppm and 100 ppm concentrations for 24 hours and of different pH 6.5 pH, 7.5 pH and 8.5 pH of seed germination medium on seed germination of endemic plant Centaure tchihatcheffii Fisch. et Mey. growing nowadays only in a limited environment around Ankara – Gölbaşı. Seed germination rate of seeds at GA3 solution were higher and seed germination time were shorter. An increase in pH level had negative effects on seed germination with lowest at pH 8.5