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Pamuk beyazsineği Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) tarımsal üretimlerde ekonomik kayıplara neden olan en önemli zararlılar arasında yer almaktadır. Gerek biyo-ekolojik özellikleri gerekse insektisitlere karşı geliştirdiği direnç nedeniyle mücadelesi giderek zorlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada zararlının biyolojik mücadelesinde kullanılabilecek B. tabaci’den izole edilmiş Cladosporium xantochromaticum, Fusarium chlamydosporum ve Penicillium oxalicum izolatlarının entomopatojenik özellikleri laboratuvar koşullarında belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, P. oxalicum izolatı zararlının nimf ve ergin dönemine karşı sırasıyla %65 ve %30 oranlarında etki göstermiştir. Bu izolatı aynı sırayla %48 ve %31 oranlarıyla C. xantochromaticum izolatı izlemiştir. Belirtilen izolatlar aynı zamanda zararlının ergin öncesi gelişme sürelerinin uzamasına da neden olmuştur. Çalışmada B. tabaci’nin biyolojik mücadelesine katkı sunabilecek ümitvar iki izolat (P. oxalicum ve C. xantochromaticum) saptanmıştır. Bu izolatların, avcı ve parazitoitler ile entegre edilmesinin zararlıya karşı yürütülecek biyolojik mücadele uygulamalarının başarısını arttıracağı düşünülmektedir.

Tohum kökenli Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) adlı bakteri, domateste bakteriyel kanser ve solgunluk hastalığına neden olur. Bu hastalık hem seralarda hem de tarlada yetiştirilen domateslerde tüm dünyada ciddi kayıplar oluşturmaktadır. Hastalığa karşı etkin bir mücadele yöntemi bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amaçlarından biri ülkemizde kullanılan 41 adet ticari domates tohumlarında patojen Cmm varlığının fidede belirti izleme, tohum çalkalama suyundan King B ve SCM besi yerlerine ekim ile bakteri izolasyonu yapılarak türe spesifik ELISA ve BIO-PCR yöntemleriyle tespit etmektir. İkinci amacı ise, tohum kökenli inokulumun yok edilmesi veya azaltılmasında kullanılabilecek farklı tohum uygulamalarının etkinliklerini belirlemektir. Tohum uygulaması olarak antagonist bakteri, Serenade, ISR 2000, sodyum hipoklorit, üzüm sirkesi, elma sirkesi, sıcak su ve laktik asitin etkisi araştırılmıştır. Tohum çalkalama suyundan yapılan ELISA testlerinde bir adet tohum partisinde (tohum partisi 13) ve SCM besiyerinde gelişen bakterilerin toplanmasıyla yapılan ELISA testlerinde iki farklı tohum partisinde (tohum partisi 6 ve 13) Cmm bulaşıklılığı saptanmıştır. Farklı tohum uygulamaları, tohumdaki bakteri popülasyonunu %77-100, bulaşık tohum sayısını % 31-100 oranında azaltmıştır. Sodyum hipoklorit, üzüm sirkesi, elma sirkesi, sıcak su ve laktik asit uygulamaları başarılı tohum uygulamaları olarak saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, konvansiyonel ve organik tarım yetiştiriciliğinde Cmm’e karşı tohum uygulaması olarak üzüm sirkesi ve elma sirkesi uygulamalarının kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Bezelyede bakteriyel yaprak yanıklığı hastalığına neden olan Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi adlı patojen tohumla taşınır ve Dünya genelinde bezelye üretimi yapılan alanlarda önemli bir sorundur. Hastalığın ilk belirtileri kotiledon yapraklarda su emmiş lekeler şeklinde başlar ve ilerleyen aşamada nekrotik lekelere dönüşür. Bu çalışmada, Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi’ye karşı farklı bitki ekstraktlarının antibakteriyel özelliği araştırılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, 34 farklı tıbbi ve aromatik bitkinin sulu ekstraktı in vitro çalışmalarda difüzyon disk yöntemine göre antibakteriyel etkisi araştırılmış ve etkili bulunan bitki ekstraktları tohuma uygulanarak hastalığı baskılama oranı saksı ve tarla denemeleriyle ortaya konmuştur. Petri denemelerinde patojene karşı antibakteriyel etkiye sahip dokuz bitki türü tespit edilmiştir. Farklı dozlar uygulanarak yapılan petri denemelerinde en yüksek antibakteriyel etkiye sahip üç bitki ekstraktıyla (Allium sativum, Cistus creticus ve Syzygium aromaticum) saksı ve arazi denemeleri yapılmıştır. Bu üç bitki ekstraktı saksı denemesinde hastalığı %17-95, tarla denemesinde %76-98 oranında baskılamıştır. Çalışmada en etkili tohum uygulamasının Syzygium aromaticum ekstraktı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Syzygium aromaticum ekstraktı uygulaması saksı denemesinde %95 ve tarla denemesinde %98 oranda hastalığı engellemiştir. Ayrıca çimlenme oranında %5 artış da sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu hastalığın entegre mücadelesinde bitki ekstraklarının tohuma uygulanması başarılı mücadele stratejilerinden biri olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst)’nun neden olduğu Bakteriyel Benek Hastalığı domatesin en önemli tohum kaynaklıbakteriyel hastalığıdır. Bu çalışmada, yirmi dokuz bitki ekstraktının antibakteriyel etkileri in vitro ve in vivo’da araştırılmıştır.In vitro’da, Allium sativum 3 mm, Coriandrum sativum 13 mm, Eucalyptus camaldulensis 13.6 mm Pst’ye antibakteriyel etkigöstermiştir. Pst’ye karşı Minimum Engelleme Konstantrasyonu değerleri (MIC) Allium sativum için 4.25 µl/ml, Eucalyptuscamaldulensis için 3.75 µl/ml, Origanum onites için ise >128 µl/ml olarak belirlenmiştir. Allium sativum, Coriandrum sativum,Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Origanum onites, Origanum vulgare subs. hirtum ve Zingiber officinale bitki ekstraktları tohumauygulanmış ve Pst’nin neden olduğu hastalık %8.8-100 oranında engellenmiştir. Çalışmada, A. sativum ve O. onites enbaşarılı tohum uygulaması olarak saptanmıştır. Bitki ekstraktları domates tohumlarının çimlenmesine herhangi bir olumsuzetki yapmamıştır. Saksı çalışmalarında, Allium sativum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Origanum onites, Zingiber officinaleekstraktları yeşil aksama püskürtüldüğünde Pst’nin neden olduğu hastalık %96-99, ekstraktlar köke uygulandığında %80-100oranında baskılanmıştır. Köke Allium sativum ekstraktı uygulamak domates fidelerinde toksik olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, bitkiekstraktları domates bakteriyel hastalıklarının mücadelesinde yeni pestisitlerin geliştirilmesi açısından ümit vaat etmektedir., Bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) is the most important seed-borne bacterial diseases of tomato. In this study, the antibacterial activities of aqueous twenty-nine plant extracts were investigated in vitro and in vivo conditions. In in vitro experiments, extracts of Allium sativum, Coriandrum sativum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis inhibited Pst growth with the inhibition zones 3 mm, 13 mm and 13.6 mm, respectively. Minimum Inhibition Concentrations (MIC) values against Pst determination were Eucalyptus camaldulensis 3.75 μl/ml, Allium sativum 4.25 μl/ml, and Origanum onites >128 μl/ml. The effects of Allium sativum, Coriandrum sativum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Origanum onites, Origanum vulgare subs. hirtum and Zingiber officinale extracts on disease incidence and severity caused by Pst recorded 8.8-100% ratios as seed treatments. The most successful seed treatments were Allium sativum and Origanum onites extracts. Additionally, no negative effect on seed germination and emergence were recorded for the tested plant extracts as seed treatments. In pot experiments, foliar spraying of Allium sativum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Origanum onites, Zingiber officinale extracts were reduced the disease incidence from 96% to 99% ratios, whereas the disease incidence was inhibited as 80-100% ratios by root dipping. Root dipping applications of Allium sativum extract were toxic on tomato plants in both experiments for Pst. As a result, plant extracts are promising for the development of new pesticides in the control of bacterial diseases of tomatoes.

Pseudomonas is a highly diverse genus that includes species that cause disease in both plants and animals. Recently, pathogenic pseudomonads from the Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas fluorescens species complexes have caused significant outbreaks in several agronomically important crops in Turkey, including tomato, citrus, artichoke and melon. We characterized 169 pathogenic Pseudomonas strains associated with recent outbreaks in Turkey via multilocus sequence analysis and whole-genome sequencing, then used comparative and evolutionary genomics to characterize putative virulence mechanisms. Most of the isolates are closely related to other plant pathogens distributed among the primary phylogroups of P. syringae , although there are significant numbers of P. fluorescens isolates, which is a species better known as a rhizosphere-inhabiting plant-growth promoter. We found that all 39 citrus blast pathogens cluster in P. syringae phylogroup 2, although strains isolated from the same host do not cluster monophyletically, with lemon, mandarin orange and sweet orange isolates all being intermixed throughout the phylogroup. In contrast, 20 tomato pith pathogens are found in two independent lineages: one in the P. syringae secondary phylogroups, and the other from the P. fluorescens species complex. These divergent pith necrosis strains lack characteristic virulence factors like the canonical tripartite type III secretion system, large effector repertoires and the ability to synthesize multiple bacterial phytotoxins, suggesting they have alternative molecular mechanisms to cause disease. These findings highlight the complex nature of host specificity among plant pathogenic pseudomonads.

[EN] Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is one of the phytopathogenic bacteria causing bacterial wilt disease and severe yield losses in tomatoes and other solanaceous vegetables. Although there are some reports on Cmm infections in eggplants (Solanum melongena), there is no information available on the resistance sources and genetic control of the resistance to Cmm in this crop. We performed a search for resistance sources to Cmm in eggplants, in a set of 46 genotypes including landraces, inbred lines and cultivars and some cultivated and wild relatives, as well as an analysis of the genetic control of the resistance. A mixture of different Cmm strains from different genomic groups was used for the screening. Plants were inoculated through the injection of 10 mu L of a Cmm suspension at a concentration of 10(7) cfu/mL in a single point of the stem. The symptoms were recorded at nine weeks after the inoculation with a 0-4 symptoms scale. The differences were observed in the symptoms in the collection evaluated, with the disease severity index of the genotypes ranging from 0.00 to 4.00. While 31 genotypes displayed no symptoms, three cultivated eggplant genotypes were highly susceptible. Reciprocal F1 and F2 generations were obtained from the crosses between the most susceptible genotype (CT30) and a resistant one (CT49). The genetic control of the resistance adjusted well to one dominant and one recessive gene model underlying the resistance to Cmm. These results are important for selection and breeding for resistance to Cmm in eggplants., Supported by the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policy, Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Project No. BBSS-10-12.

Erwinia amylovora’nın neden olduğu ateş yanıklığı hastalığı Rosaceae familyasına ait 39 farklı cins ve 128 türe ait bitkide hastalık oluşturmaktadır. Bu hastalıkla mücadelede farklı yöntemler kombine halde kullanılarak entegre hastalık yönetimi tercih edilir. Son yıllarda hastalığın mücadelesinde alternatif yöntemlerin araştırılması üzerine çalışmalar yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu yöntemlerden birisi de tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerden elde edilen uçucu yağlardır. Bu çalışmada, 16 farklı bitki uçucu yağın, Erwinia amylovora’ya karşı antibakteriyel etkisi in vitro koşullarda araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, yedi farklı bitkinin (Allium sativum, Cinnamomi ceylanici, Cymbopogon citratus, Lavandula officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Syzygium aromaticum ve Thymus vulgaris) uçucu yağı Erwinia amylovora’nın in vitro koşullarda gelişimini engellemede başarılı olmuştur. Cymbopogon citratus uçucu yağı hariç diğer altı bitkinin uçucu yağı streptomisin antibiyotiğinden kuvvetli antibakteriyel etkiye sahip olmuştur. Allium sativum, Cinnamomi ceylanici ve Mentha arvensis uçucu yağlarında sırasıyla 16.44, 15.11 ve 12.94 mm inhibisyon zonu elde edilmiş ve bu uçucu yağlar güçlü antibakteriyel etkilerle dikkat çekici bulunmuştur. Etkili bulunan bu uçucu yağlar, hastalığın mücadelesinde umut verici olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Fire Blight caused by Erwinia amylovora is a disease of plants belonging to Rosaceae family of 39 different genera and 128 species. Integrated disease management is preferred by combining different methods in the disease control. Nowadays, studies on alternative methods to control of the disease were intensified. One of these methods is using of essential oils obtained from medical and aromatic plants. In this study, antibacterial activity of 16 different plant essential oil was investigated against to Erwinia amylovora in vitro conditions. Seven essential oils (Allium sativum, Cinnamomi ceylanici, Cymbopogon citratus, Lavandula officinalis, Mentha arvensis, Syzygium aromaticum and Thymus vulgaris) inhibited successfully the growth of Erwinia amylovora in vitro conditions. The higher antibacterial efficacy was produced by the six plant essential oil except Cymbopogon citratus, compared to streptomycin. Essential oils from Allium sativum, Cinnamomi ceylanici and Mentha arvensis were obtained in 16.44, 15.11 and 12.94 mm inhibition zones, respectively and these essential oils had the highest antibacterial effects. These effective essential oils was found as promising in this disease control.

Bünyesinde çeşitli bakterileri barındıran, Beyazsinek, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) tarımsal üretimlerde ekonomik kayıplara neden olan en önemli zararlı böcek türlerinden birisidir. Bu çalışmada B. tabaci’nin bakteriyel florasını belirlemek ve bu bakterilerin etkinliğini ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla 2014 yılında iki farklı ilden (Mersin ve Adana) sırasıyla susam ve kavun bitkilerinden örnekler toplanmıştır. Morfolojik, MALDI-TOF MS ve moleküler tanı yöntemleri kullanılarak yapılan analizler sonucunda toplam 9 adet bakteri türü saptanmıştır. Susam tarlasından toplanan örneklerden Bacillus sp., Methylobacterium sp., Microbacterium sp., Serratia marcescens, Sphingomonas sp.; kavun bitkisinden toplanan örneklerden Acinetobacter lwoffii, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus hominis ve Staphylococcus warneri türleri belirlenmiştir. Bemisia tabaci erginlerine (B biyotip) karşı yapılan biyolojik etkinlik çalışmalarında beyazsinekler, kontrol olarak böcek besini (sakkaroz+su), ilaçlı kontrol (acetamiprid) ve bakteri süspansiyonlarıyla beslenmişlerdir. İlk defa bu çalışma kapsamında B. tabaci’den izole edilen ve entomopatojen bir bakteri olan S. marcescens ergin beyazsineğe karşı %72 oranında başarılı olmuştur. Diğer izolatların etki oranları %25’in altında kalmıştır. Serratia marcescens ile elde edilen bu başarı, izolatın zararlı böcekler üzerindeki patolojisi ile ilgili çalışmaların devam ettirilmesi gerektiği sonucunu ortaya çıkarmıştır., Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) hosting various bacteria is among the most significant insect pest causing economic losses in agricultural production. A study was conducted to determine the bacterial flora of B. tabaci and to identify the efficiency of these bacteria against B. tabaci. Samples were collected from sesame and melon plants in Mersin and Adana Provinces of Turkey in 2014. Nine bacterial strains were identified by morphological, MALDI-TOF MS and molecular identification methods to species level. Bacillus sp., Methylobacterium sp., Microbacterium sp., Serratia marcescens and Sphingomonas sp. were identified from the samples collected from sesame and Acinetobacter lwoffii, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus hominis and Staphylococcus warneri were identified from the samples collected from melon. To determine biological efficiency against B. tabaci adult (biotype B), whiteflies were fed with insect food (control, sucrose + water), insecticidal control (acetamiprid) and bacterial suspensions. The entomopathogenic bacteria S. marcescens isolated from B. tabaci for the first time in this study yielded an efficiency of 72% against adult whitefly. However, the other strains had efficiencies below 25%. It was concluded, given the efficiency of S. marcescens, that further research should be conducted on the pathology of entomopathogenic bacteria in pest insects.

During warm and humid periods in the winters of 2004 to 2006, severe leaf necrosis and vein rot symptoms were observed on cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck.), and Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera D.C.) in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Symptoms were characterized by yellow, V-shaped areas of the leaf margin, with the internal tissue turning from brown to black. Infected seedlings were also observed in commercial nurseries in Adana with a disease incidence of nearly 10 to 25%. Isolations made from leaves and veins of the affected plants on yeast dextrose calcium carbonate agar yielded yellow, mucoid, and convex colonies. Twenty isolates recovered from diseased leaf samples were selected at random to identify the causal organism. All isolates were nonspore forming, gram negative, rod shaped, motile, aerobic, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, and amylolytic-positive (3). All isolates induced hypersensitive responses on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun). The isolates were identified as Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris on the basis of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles determined by Sherlock Microbial Identification System software (Microbial ID, Newark, DE) and indirect ELISA. The similarity indices for the FAME analysis ranged from 80 to 94% (2). Indirect ELISA with a polyclonal antibody (Agdia, Elkhart IN; BRA 97000/0500) further confirmed the identity of the pathogen in both pure culture and infected plant. The mean absorbance values for three replications of indirect ELISA tests ranged from 1.411 to 3.508 at a wavelength of A405 (1). Pathogenicity of the isolates was tested on 5-week-old cabbage plants by spray inoculation using bacterial suspensions (107 CFU/ml) prepared in saline buffer (0.85% NaCl). Sterile saline buffer was sprayed on negative control plants. Inoculated and control plants were maintained for 5 days at 25°C and 70% relative humidity to observe symptom development. No symptoms developed on negative control plants. The bacterium was reisolated from inoculated cabbage plants and identified as X. campestris pv. campestris by FAME and an ELISA test. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence and outbreak of X. campestris pv. campestris in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. References: (1) A. M. Alvarez et al. Phytopathology 84:1449, 1994. (2) A. R. Chase et al. Phytopathology 82:754, 1992. (3) N. W Schaad et al. Xanthomonas. Page 175 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. N. W. Schaad et al., eds. American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 2001.

Turkey has the second highest production level of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) in the world, with 3.8 million tons produced in 2005. In the spring of 2005, a severe outbreak of a disease resembling bacterial fruit blotch was observed on watermelon cv. Crispy growing in a production area of 35,000 ha in Adana Province in the eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. In 13 commercial watermelon fields surveyed in this study, incidence of symptomatic fruit ranged from 30 to 45%. Characteristic symptoms were dark, gray-green stains or blotches on the surface of fruits. Cracks developed in the rind and released an amber-colored substance. Bacteria were consistently isolated from affected fruits and they formed nonfluorescent colonies on King's medium B. Identification of isolated bacterial strains was based on the methods described by Schaad et al. (2). All strains were oxidase positive, gram negative, arginine dyhydrolase negative, and produced a hypersensitive response on tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun). Strains were identified as Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (1,2) on the basis of the results of biochemical tests (1,2) and sole carbon substrate utilization (BIOLOG GN; Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) with 75 to 93% similarity indices. A pathogenicity test was performed for nine identified strains by injecting a bacterial suspension (108 CFU/ml of saline) under the rind of three harvested watermelon (cv. Diyarbakir) fruits and into the stems of three seedlings. Saline was used as the negative control. The fruits and seedlings inoculated with each strain were incubated in polyethylene bags for 48 h at 25°C. Dark green water-soaked lesions developed on inoculated fruits and water-soaking and stem necrosis were observed on the seedlings 3 to 5 days after inoculation. The bacterium was readily reisolated from inoculated fruits and seedlings and identified as A. avenae subsp. citruli on the basis of BIOLOG GN. In 1995, bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon has been observed and eradicated in the Marmara Region of western Turkey (1). Therefore, to our knowledge, this is the first outbreak of bacterial fruit blotch on watermelon in the eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. References: (1) G. Demir. J. Turk. Phytopathol. 25:43, 1996. (2) N. W. Schaad et al. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 2001.

Acidovorax citrulli’nin neden olduğu bakteriyel fide yanıklığı ve meyve lekesi hastalığı tüm dünyada karpuz üretimini tehdit eden önemli bir hastalıktır. Bu çalışmada, hastalığın biyolojik mücadelesinde daha önce in vitro petri denemeleri ve tohum uygulamaları ile başarılı bulunan bakteriyel antagonistlerin cam serada ve tarla koşullarında yeşil aksam uygulamaları olarak hastalığı baskılama oranları iki yıl yürütülen denemelerle araştırılmıştır. Antagonist ve patojen bakteriler karpuz yapraklarına püskürtülmüş, yapraklarda oluşan hastalık belirtilerine göre hastalık çıkışı ve şiddeti değerlendirilmiştir. Cam serada yürütülen denemede, üç antagonist bakteri (Antg-12 Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Antg-97 Bacillus methylotrophicus ve Antg-101 Paenibacillus polymyxa) istatistiki olarak kontrolden farklı grupta yer almış ve hastalığı ilk yıl % 20-49 oranında, ikinci yıl % 45-81 oranlarında baskılayan en başarılı uygulamalar olmuştur. Tarla denemelerinde ise antagonistler ve kombinasyonları hastalığı baskılamada istenilen başarıyı gösterememiştir. Antagonist uygulamalarının meyve verimine bir katkısının da olmadığı saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmada kullandığımız antagonistlerin hastalığın biyolojik mücadelesinde yeşil aksam uygulaması yerine tohum uygulamaları şeklinde tercih edilebileceği belirlenmiştir.

Since March, 2011, typical leaf spot symptoms were observed on parsley in several fields inspected in Hatay and Adana provinces of Turkey. Incidence of the disease was 5-15% in the regions. Symptoms were characterized as angular to irregular, initially water soaked later brown to dark black spots. Spots often limited by veins which were visible from both adaxial and abaxial sides of leaves but were not present on stems. Fluorescent bacterial colonies were consistently isolated from typical leaf spots. Biochemical tests, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis, molecular, pathogenicity tests and sequence of 16S ribosomal DNA of bacterial isolates were performed to identify possible causal disease agent. The causal disease agent was identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii based on symptoms, biochemical, molecular, pathogenicity tests and sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial leaf spot on parsley caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii in Turkey. © 2016 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

PubMedID: 30673530 The pathogenic gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al. is the most harmful bacterium to tomatoes in many countries with a cooler climate. Multilocus sequence analysis was performed on five housekeeping genes (bipA, gyrB, kdpA, ligA, and sdhA) and three virulence-related genes (ppaA, chpC, andtomA) todetermine evolutionary relationships and population structure of 108 C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains collected from Turkey between 1996 and 2012. Based on these analyses, we concluded that C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in Turkey is highly uniform. However, at least four novel C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains were recently introduced, possibly at the beginning of the 1990s. The singletons might point to additional sources or to strains that have evolved locally in Turkey. © 2018 The American Phytopathological Society.

Bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) is one of the most important seed-borne bacterial diseases of tomato. The use of disease-free seeds is a significantly effective method to manage the disease. In this study, the antibacterial activity of aqueous extracts from 25 medical and aromatic plants was investigated by using the paper disc method. In-vitro inhibition of bacterial growth was recorded with extracts from six different plants (eucalyptus, coriander, garlic, ginger, Istanbul thyme and Izmir thyme). Based on their antibacterial activity, these extracts were selected for seed experiments. Disease severity was evaluated in cotyledons 3 weeks after germination, using a 0-3 scale, taking as a reference the necrotic symptoms developed by positive control seedlings. The effect of seed treatment on disease incidence, disease severity and seed germination was recorded. Under these experimental conditions, five of the six aqueous plant extracts assayed reduced disease incidence and severity, by approximately 63-100 and 57-100%, respectively. Additionally, seed treatment did not reduce seed germination. The results of this study indicate that aqueous plant extracts of the Turkish endemic plants Kastamonu garlic (Allium sativum ‘Kastamonu’), Izmir thyme (Origanum onites) and Istanbul thyme (Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum) and a Eucalyptus sp. reduce seed-borne bacterial speck disease of tomato, and are promising biological seed treatments that could be used in organic farming for disease control. © 2018 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved. FDK-2015-4071 This study was financed by Cukurova University with project number FDK-2015-4071.

Bacterial fruit blotch caused by Acidovorax citrulli is the most destructive diseases of watermelon around the world. In this study, the efficacy of bacterial antagonists that were promising with in vitro and seed treatments in previous studies were tested under greenhouse and field conditions as foliar spraying for two growing seasons. Both antagonistic bacteria and pathogen were sprayed on foliar and disease severity (DS) evaluated according to disease symptoms. Three antagonists (Antg- 12 Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Antg-97 Bacillus methylotrophicus and Antg-101 Paenibacillus polymyxa) were significantly different from control in statistical analyzes under greenhouse conditions and reduced DS from 20 to 49% in first year and from 45 to 81% in the second year, respectively. However, antagonists and their combinations were failed for disease suppression under field conditions. Any increase did not acquire on mature fruits after applications. It is concluded in the study that bacterial antagonists is not effective as foliar spraying for disease control. Acidovorax citrulli’nin neden olduğu bakteriyel meyve lekesi hastalığı tüm dünyada karpuz üretimini tehdit eden önemli bir hastalıktır. Bu çalışmada, hastalığın biyolojik mücadelesinde daha önce in vitro petri denemeleri ve tohum uygulamaları ile başarılı bulunan bakteriyel antagonistlerin cam serada ve tarla koşullarında yeşil aksam uygulamaları olarak hastalığı baskılama oranları iki yıl yürütülen denemelerle araştırılmıştır. Antagonist ve patojen bakteriler karpuz yapraklarına püskürtülmüş, yapraklarda oluşan hastalık belirtilerine göre hastalık çıkışı ve şiddeti değerlendirilmiştir. Cam serada yürütülen denemede, üç antagonist bakteri (Antg-12 Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, Antg-97 Bacillus methylotrophicus ve Antg-101 Paenibacillus polymyxa) istatistiki olarak kontrolden farklı grupta yer almış ve hastalığı ilk yıl %20-49 oranında, ikinci yıl %45-81 oranında baskılayan en başarılı uygulamalar olmuştur. Tarla denemelerinde ise antagonistler ve kombinasyonları hastalığı baskılamada istenilen başarıyı gösterememiştir. Antagonist uygulamalarının meyve verimine katkısının da olmadığı saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmada kullandığımız antagonistlerin hastalığın biyolojik mücadelesinde yeşil aksam uygulaması olarak tercih edilemeyeceği belirlenmiştir.

Most electromagnetic radiation can be detrimental to living organisms, especially for microorganisms. UV radiation is used as a strategy for microbial control to eliminate plant pathogens. The most effective wavelength for UV radiation is 250-260 nm (253.7 nm), as this wavelength is absorbed most efficiently by DNA. The tomato bacterial speck disease agent, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, causes severe damage in nurseries, commercial greenhouses and several regions with highly rainy summers. In this study, the effects of four individual polythene (PE) glazing materials used in greenhouses for bacterial speck disease management were investigated. The study was performed from January to June 2015. Bacterial inoculum was sprayed onto 1-m-tall tomato plants and disease development was monitored. Disease severity was scored according to speck symptoms on the leaves using a 0-5 scale. Disease severity ranged from 22-33% in the four greenhouses. The most successful PE glazing, with enhanced red/infrared radiation, reduced disease development by 32.5%. This latter treatment was also analyzed in different statistical groups using ANOVA statistics. PE glazing with different UV transmittance filtering reduced disease symptoms by up to 9.20%, statistically significantly different. However, disease severity was high, up to 32%, in PE glazing with no UV radiation transmittance and in traditional PE glazing greenhouses. © 2018 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved. Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit: FYL-2015-4634 213O204 This study was supported financially by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (project number 213O204) and Cukurova University Scientific Research Projects (project number FYL-2015-4634).

Rhizobium radiobacter formerly known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, is the most important bacterial pathogen causing crown gall disease on over 750 different plant species including ornamentals, vegetables and fruit trees. This pathogen causes crown galls on root and stems of plants and rarely on, above-soil parts of plants. Biological control is successfully used in disease management; however, such strategies are quite ineffective in disease contaminated soils or seedlings. Thus, growers and scientists are mostly focused on disease resistant cultivars or rootstocks. In this study, crown gall disease reactions of three widely used rootstocks Garnem, Myrobolan and GF-677 for stone fruit trees were evaluated. A drop of bacterial suspension of 109 cfu mL-1 were inoculated onto three individual wounds over 90 shoots per rootstock. The weights and sizes of the tumor formed were measured five months after rootstock inoculations. The size of produced galls on rootstocks Garnem, Myrobolan and GF-677 were 0.16-5.28 mm, 0.09-4.42 mm and 0.09-0.36 mm, respectively. However, the weights of the galls varied between 0.02-2.85 g in Garnem, 0.01-1.58 g in Myrobolan and 0.02-0.11 g in GF-677 rootstocks. According to statistical analyses of gall formations, rootstocks were placed in different groups, additionally, none of them were found resistant to crown gall disease. Among the three rootstock tested, the study revealed that Garnem was highly susceptible, Myrobolan was moderately susceptible and GF-677 rootstock was less susceptible to crown gall disease. When an orchard will be intended to be newly planted with stone fruit trees, hence, GF-677 type rootstock would be a good choice to be preferred for planting in new orchards. © Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi.

Bu çalışmada, Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi domates alanlarında yapılan sürveylerden elde edilen Tuta absoluta larvalarında gözlenen ani ölüm neden/nedenleri araştırılmıştır. Ölü larvalardan gerçekleştirilen izolasyonlarda bakteri ve fungus izolatları elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen izolatlar ile ticari bir preparat olan KingBo (0.2 % Oxymatrine, 4 % Psoralen) T. absoluta’nın 2. ve 3. dönem larvalarına püskürtme yöntemi ile uygulanmış, kontrol olarak steril su kullanılmıştır. Deneme günlük olarak takip edilmiş ve 7. günde sonlandırılmıştır. Üç bakteri izolatı, larvaların ortalama % 30.55-33.33’ünü, üç fungus izolatı ortalama % 61.11-63.88’ini ve KingBo preparatı ise % 75-100’ünü etkilemiştir. Çalışmada izole edilen bakteri henüz tanılanamamış, fungus ise Aspergillus cinsine bağlı bir tür olarak saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma domates yaprak galeri güvesine karşı entomopatojen bakteri veya funguslarla biyolojik mücadele çalışmalarımızın ilk adımıdır., In this study aimed that to investigate the reason/s of unexpected dead Tuta absoluta larvae obtained from surveys conducted in tomato production fields in Eastern Mediterranean Region. Fungal and bacterial strains were isolated from dead larvae. In the experiment fungal and bacterial strains, KingBo (0.2% Oxymatrine, 4% Psoralen) as a commercial product, and sterilled water as a control were sprayed to second and third instar larval stages. Experiments were controlled every day and the results were evaluated 7 days later applications. The larvae were affected by three bacterial strains, three fungal strains and KingBo at the ratios of 30.55-33.33%, 61.11-63.88% and 75-100%, respectively. The bacterial strain has not been identified yet, but fungal strain was identified as Aspergillus sp. This is the first step of our study on biological control of tomato leaf miner by enthomopathogenic bacterial and fungal strains.

WOS: 000286658100006 There is no available data published related to the dissemination of bacterial canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) and its genetic diversity in Turkey. It is important to control new introduced inoculum sources by commercial seeds and seedlings. Pathogens were identified by morphological features and the identity was confirmed by PCR amplification using a specific primer PSA-4, PSA-R in addition to microbiological tests. ISSR markers showing high polymorphism ratios were selected and used to characterize Cmm strains. The collected strains were classified into different groups on the basis of ISSR-PCR fingerprints, which showed remarkable genetic specificity and diversity not previously identified in Cmm, suggesting that genetic differences are related to dissemination of the pathogen in the region. This is the first ever study carried out on the characterization of Cmm using ISSR. The selected ISSR primers to characterize Cmm can be used to determine genetic differences in further studies. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The aim of the study was to determine fire blight disease, caused by Erwinia amylovora, reactions. Five different loquat cultivars ('Akko XIII', 'Gold Nugget', 'Sayda', 'Hafif Cukurgobek' and 'Champagne de Grasse') and 14 Erwinia amylovora strains, isolated from different cities of Turkey, were used in the study. Shoot and leaves infections were evaluated in 2011 and 2012 on these loquat cultivars. According to evaluations of two-year-studies, all loquat cultivars were highly susceptible for leaves infections of fire blight disease. 'Champagne de Grasse', 'Akko XIII' and 'Hafif Cukurgobek' cultivars were found as moderately susceptible whereas, 'Sayda' and 'Gold Nugget' cultivars were little susceptible for shoot infections of fire blight disease. © 2014, International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.

In recent years, stone fruit plantations have been widely increased in the eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. In 2012, bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae were first observed in the region. In 2014 among February to May, stone fruit orchards in Adana, Mersin and Hatay provinces were surveyed in order to determine the disease incidence. From 68 individual orchards, 25, 8 and 35 stone fruit orchards were surveyed in Adana, Mersin and Hatay provinces, respectively. No disease symptoms were observed in Adana and Mersin orchards. Despite that the occurrence of bacterial canker was determined in Hatay county in three individual apricot ('Ninfa') and one plum growing orchard. Disease incidence approached 20, 25 and 30% in three apricot orchards and 5% in plum orchard. Black, sunken lesions on apricot and plum fruits, chlorosis and necrotic lesions on leaf tissue were observed on symptomatic plants. Due to isolations from symptomatic fruits, 15 and 5 putative strains from apricot and plum, respectively, were isolated. All strains were identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae by pathogenicity (immature peach and lemon fruits), LOPAT (Group Ia) and GATTa tests. In this study, the disease incidence of bacterial canker on apricot and plum trees and the occurrence of the disease on plum were first determined in the eastern Mediterranean region. Disease reactions on apricot ('Ninfa', 'Magador' and 'Colorado') and plum ('Black Diamond', 'Black Amber' and 'Black Beauty') cultivars growing in the region is still running.

Stem rot disease of tomato, caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and E. chrysanthemi, was detected for the first time in greenhouses in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey in 1994. Since 1999, serious outbreaks of the disease have occurred in many tomato greenhouses located in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Turkey. Therefore, a survey was conducted to study distribution of the disease in commercial greenhouses in Turkey. In 2003, incidence of the disease was more than 25% in Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Turkey. Recently, this disease is known to be one of the most destructive diseases of tomato in Turkey. Strains of soft rot erwinias were isolated and identified on the basis of morphological, physiological, biochemical tests and fatty acid methyl ester analysis. The findings of over-summer studies demonstrated that soft rot erwinias were able to survive in infested plant debris and on/in seeds of tomato, which may be the primary inoculum sources of stem rot disease on tomato.

Pseudomonas viridiflava is one of the causal agents of tomato stem necrosis in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The bacterium causes general wilting, yellowing of tomato plants, dark blotches on the pruning sites of the stem, browning, and hollowing of the pith. P. viridiflava strains, isolated from Antakya and Mersin, were identified by traditional methods and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For indirect-ELISA, polyclonal antisera were produced against a regional isolate of P. viridiflava (AD-OZ 3a). Using indirect-ELISA, the pathogenic bacterium was identified rapidly and safely from both pure culture and inoculated plants in 2 days. There was no cross reaction with other stem necrosis pathogens. With indirect-ELISA, the lower limit for P. viridiflava detection in pure culture was 103 colony-forming units per milliliter. This study was supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) as project no. TARP-2364. We thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. E Sahin (University of Ataturk, Erzurum,Turkey) for critical reading of the manuscript; Prof. Dr. O. Cinar and S. Hazar (University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey) for helpful comments on the manuscript; Dr. H. Batur-Michaelis and Dr. E. Mavridis (Georg-August University, G6ttingen, Germany) for providing reference strains of P corrugata, P. viridiflava, P. cichorii, E.c. subsp, atroseptica, E.c. subsp. carotovora and E. chrysanthemi; and Dr. L. Sutra (University of Angers, Angers, France) for providing reference strains of P. mediterranea and P. fluorescens.

n this study, susceptibility levels of different hybrid pear individuals were determined against fire blight disease agent Erwinia amylovora by artificial inoculations. According to the pathogenity tests of 75 different E. amylovora, teş Yanıklığı hastalığına dayanıklı armut tiplerinin belirlenmesini amaçlayan bu çalışmada, melez armut bireylerin Ateş Yanıklığı hastalığı etmeni A

Total of 139 bacterial isolates were collected from pear orchards in Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey, and in vitro tests (on appropriate medium and immature pear fruit tests) showed that 49 isolates were effective against fire blight disease. Two antagonists isolate reduced development of disease symptom on pear flowers in a rate of about 50% in vivo conditions. Prevention of the disease development by the same antagonists was as effective as Erwinia herbicola and streptomycin sulfate on pear. In this study, effects of combination of copper compounds and pruning on the control of fire blight were also investigated. The first fungicide application was started at white rosette stage in pear orchards planted with Pyrus communis cv. Santa Maria, susceptible cultivar to fire blight. The branches were pruned about 15-20 cm below the infected area, at the same time as fungicide application. The effectiveness of pruning alone was found 62.47% while the effectiveness of copper compounds was alone 30.60-69.74%. The best result was obtained from the combination of copper oxychloride+pruning with 70.16% effectiveness. In the resistance screening studies with 13 different pear varieties against Erwinia amylovora showed that Lemon, Kieffer and Migirik were weakly susceptible; Ankara, Mustafa bey, çermai and Haci Hamza were middle susceptible; Akca, Williams, Santa Maria, Laleliye, Deveci, and Moonglow were highly susceptible.

A severe leaf speck disease developed on container-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. 'Soray') plants in a commercial nursery in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey, in December 2002. Incidence of the disease was approximately 25% in the nursery. Symptoms first appeared as water-soaked (1-3 mm in diameter) and irregular-shaped lesions on cotyledons and young true leave. There was halo on young true leaves, but not on cotyledons. Lesions on true leaves later enlarged and became brown to dark brown and angular. On older leaves and petioles, lesions coalesced, causing large areas of necrosis. A fluorescent, gram negative and rod-shaped bacterium was consistently isolated from diseased tissues onto King's Medium B. All of the strains were identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato with similarity incidence of 61 to 90% based on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis in Sherlock Microbial Identification System (Microbial ID, Newark, DE, USA). All of the bacterial strains were negative for oxidase, arginine dihydrolase and pectolytic activity, but positive for levan production. They induced hypersensitive reaction on tobacco leaves. All strains were capable of acid production from glycose, glycerin, sorbitole, sucrose, mannose, fructose, L (+) arabinose, D (-) mannitol, D (+) xylose, but not from lactose, maltose, raffinose, melibiose, trehalose and D (-) arabinose. Pathogenicity was confirmed by spray inoculating three plants with 106cfu/mL adequeous suspension of bacteria from 48-h King's Medium B cultures. Inoculated plants and water-sprayed controls were covered with polyethylene bags for 24 hours in a climate room at 25°C, 70% relative humidity and 16-hour per day light period. Bags were removed and plants maintained in the climate room to observe symptoms. Typical speck lesions on the inoculated plants similar to those observed in the nursery were developed within 5-7 days after inoculation. No symptoms developed on negative control plants. The bacterium was re-isolated from the inoculated plants and characterized as identical to the original strain (GSPB 483, obtained from Gottingen, Germany). Occurrence of bacterial speck disease on greenhouse- and field-grown tomato in Turkey has been reported previously, but this is the first observation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato causing disease on tomato in a commercial nursery in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey.

Öz: Bu çalı?ma da domateslerde bakteriyel solgunluk hastalığı ile kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif olarak bitki büyüme düzenleyici kökbakterilerinin (PGPR) kullanılma olanakları ara?tırılmı?tır. Adana, Antalya, Hatay, Osmaniye, Mersin ve Muğla illerinden temin edilen 39 farklı toprak örneğinden 499 adet aday PGPR bakteri izolatı elde edilmi?tir. Bu izolatlar arasında en fazla fosforu çözme, azotu bağlama özelliklerine sahip 30 izolat aday PGPR olarak seçilmi? olup, bu izolatlar arasında en etkili olan sekiz izolatın bakteriyel solgunluk hastalığını baskılayabilme potansiyelleri in vivo saksı çalı?maları ile belirlenmi?tir. Saksı çalı?malarında Y1.6.7 ve N6.6.21 kodlu PGPR izolatları hastalık geli?imini sırasıyla ortalama % 38 ve % 54 oranında azaltmı?tır. Saksı çalı?maları sonucunda en etkili bulunan 2 izolat ve kombinasyonu ile tarla çalı?maları yürütülmü?tür. Y1.6.7+N6.6.21 kodlu PGPR uygulamasının domates bitkilerinde hastalık ?iddetini tarla ko?ullarında ortalama % 43 oranında azalttığı belirlenmiştir. PGPR izolatları hastalıkla bula?ık bitkilerde bitki geli?imini (bitki boyu ve gövde çapı) çeşitli oranlarda artırmıştır. Abstract: In this study, the use of p lant g r owth p romoting r hizobacteria (PGPR) was investigated as an alternative method to chemical control of tomato bacterial wilt disease. A total of 499 candidate bacterial isolates were isolated from 39 different rhizosphere- associated soils from different tomato growing fields in Adana, Antalya, Hatay, Osmaniye, Mersin ands Mugla provinces. Among these isolates, 30 candidate bacterial isolates were initially selected as PGPR which solubilize phosphorus and fix nitrogen. The most efficient eight candidate PGPR isolates were further assessed for to suppression of tomato bacterial wilt disease in in vivo pot experiments. In the pot experiments Y1.6.7 and N6.6.21 coded PGPR isolates reduced disease development by an average of 38 and 54 %, respectively. The most efficient two PGPR isolates and their combination were further used for field experiments. Field experiments revealed that disease severity was significantly suppressed by an average of 43% by Y1.6.7.+ N6.6.21 coded PGPR treatment. PGPR isolates also promoted plant growth (plant height and stem diameter) at varying ratios in the infected tomato plants.

Xanthan gum were produced from the following Xanthomonas strains; standard strain Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 and isolated strains Xanthomonas arbicola pv. juglandis, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. begonia, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachia. The viscosity features of the xanthan gums obtained were determined at 25-80oC with different pH values and were compared to commercial xanthan gum. Our results indicate that X. arbicola pv. juglandis showed the highest productivity (8.22±1.52 g/L gum). This was followed by X. axonopodis pv. begonia (7.74±1.30 g/L gum), and the control bacterial strain X. campestris NRRL B-1459 (7.46±0.28 g/L gum). X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria showed the lowest productivity (6.40±0.55 g/L gum). No xanthan gum could be obtained from X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachia. Xanthan gum produced by X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria showed the highest viscosity value (428 mPa·sec at 1% solution) in all Xanthomonas strains isolated from plants. © KoSFoST and Springer 2010.

In the present study sodium hypocloride (at 1%), HCl in 0.6 M concentration, 8 hydroxyqunoline (at 0.5-1%), cooper acetate (at 0.2%), streptomycine (at 50 and 100 ppm) and bronopol besides this hot water treatments (at 50 and 55°C) were tested for their capacity in elimination the inoculum of the seedborne pathogen Pseudomonas viridiflava from tomato seeds. All treatments eliminated P. viridiflava from seeds effectively. These treatments had an average germination rate of 86% (range of 76% to 96%) compared to 96% for untreated seeds. 8 hydroxyqunoline treatment causeddecline and detention on tomato seed germination.

This study was carried out to determine the structural properties of rural farms performed Norduz sheep breeding and the number of Norduz sheep in Norduz region of Gürpınar country in Van. The survey was made or 71 rural, farms in 7 villages. There were approximately 13.905 heads sheep in rural farms performed Norduz sheep breeding in Norduz reğion. The number of sheep per rural farms was 196 İn average. Overall means for the pasturing duration, the lactation period and the age at weaning in Norduz sheep were found as 230 d, 161 d and 4 mounts, respectıvely., Bu araştırma, Van İli Gürpınar İlçesi sınırları içerisinde bulunan Norduz Bölgesi'nde Norduz koyunu yetiştiriciliği yapılan işletmelerin yapısal özelliklerini ve Norduz koyunu sayısını saptamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma, 7 köyde bulunanı 71 aile işletmesinde anket çalışması yapılarak yürütülmüştür. Anket yapılan işletmelerdeki toplam Norduz koyun sayısı yaklaşık olarak 13.905 baştır. İşletme başına düşen Norduz koyun sayısının ortalama 195 baş olduğu belirlenmiştir. Norduz koyunlarının ortalama meralama süresi, laktasyon süresi ve sütten kesim yaşı sırasıyla 230 gün, 161 gün ve 4 ay olarak saptanmıştır.

[No abstract available]

in winter of 2003 and 2004, severe leaf and stem necrosis symptoms were observed on watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) seedlings in two commercial nurseries at Adana, Turkey. The first symptoms, water-soaked lesions, were observed on the cotyledons. Small, dark brown and angular leaf spots on the true leaves and necrosis on the stem, were observed at later stages of the disease. Fluorescent, yellowish mucoid, aerobic, rod-shaped, Gram-, oxidase-, levan-, and arginin dihydrolase-negative and catalase-, pectolytic- and hypersensitive reactionpositive strains were isolated from diseased plant samples. The isolated strains were identical to the original strain, Pseudomonas viridiflava GSPB 1685 (obtained from Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany). in pathogenicity tests, all seventeen representative strains were pathogenic on watermelon and melon seedlings. Traditional methods and fatty acid analysis (Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey) identified the strains as P. viridiflava with similarity indices ranging from 59 to 92%. The isolates had 12 fatty acids that included 10:0 3OH, 12:0, 12:0 2OH, 12:0 3OH, Sum in Feature 3 (16:1 w7c or 15 iso 2OH), 16:0, 17:0 ISO, 17:1 w8c, 17:0 CYCLO, 17:0, 18:1 w7c, and 18:0. The strains were divided into two different groups according to cluster analysis of fatty acids. However, no correlation was found between watermelon and melon strains isolated. Stem necrosis of tomato caused by P. viridiflava has been reported previously in Turkey but this is the first outbreak on melon and watermelon in Turkey.

3rd Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes -- SEP 06-10, 2006 -- Bursa, TURKEY WOS: 000245943000075 Stem rot diseases of tomato, caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, is a serious problem in greenhouses in Turkey. Pathogen causes wilting of the whole tomato plants, water-soaking areas on stem, browning of vascular tissue, hollowing of pith, and soft rotting stem and fruits. The symptom development starts from root or crown region of seedlings in greenhouses. The primary inoculums of the disease on tomato need to be studied to develop effective control strategies in tomato growing areas. In the study, transmission of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora by tomato seeds was investigated. The pathogen isolated tomato seeds, obtained from naturally diseased fruits. Additionally, when tomato seeds artificially inoculated by E. carotovora subsp. carotovora were grown in sterile soil under mist, the germinated seedlings had leaf lesions, irregular black-brown spots and no halo. The diseases incidence was 12%. Our results showed that the disease could be seed-borne. Effect of some physical and chemical seed treatments on E. carotovora subsp. carotovora was investigated in vitro studies. These treatments were found as effective between 40 and 100 ratios. It was evaluated that surface sterilization of the seed with sodium hypochlorite (1% for 3 minutes). The treatment also indicated that E. carotovora subsp. carotovora located on surface of the seed. Uludag Univ, Fac Agr, Sci & Technol Res Council Turkey, Turkish Soc Hort Sci, Int Soc Hort Sci, Nilufer Municipal Bursa, Iznik Municipal Bursa, MAY Seed Grp, AGROMAR Seed Co, Bursali Havlu, Ahmet Tan

In the spring of 2004, severe outbreaks of a disease resembling citrus blast (Whiteside et al ., 1988), were observed on trees of orange ( Citrus cinensis cv. Washington) and mandarin ( Citrus rediculate cv. Marisol) in the Turkish Mediterranean regions of Adana and Antalya. Characteristic disease symptoms were first seen on leaves as watersoaked lesions and black areas on the petiole wings. Later lesions extended to the mid-vein of leaves and to the twigs surrounding the base of the petiole. Finally, the leaves dried and rolled, while still firmly attached, before eventually dropping without petioles. The necrotic areas on twigs further enlarged and the twigs were eventually killed within 20‐30 days. The damage was serious in a 50-hectare citrus orchard in Antalya, with a disease incidence of nearly 100%. Twelve isolates of a bacterium, consistently isolated from infected leaves, petioles and twigs, which formed fluorescent colonies on King’s medium B, were purified and used for further studies. All isolates were Gram-, oxidase-, pectolytic activity-, starch hydrolase-, arginine dihydrolase- and nitrate reduction-negative; and levan-, gelatin hydrolase-positive. They produced hypersensitive reactions (positive) on tobacco leaves ( Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun N.). All produced acid from glucose, glycerine, arabinose, mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose and xylose but not from lactose and maltose. The test results conformed to the characteristics of P. syringae pv. syringae (Braun-Kiewnick & Sands, 2001) as the causal organism of citrus blast and were similar to those of reference strain NCPPB 2307 of P. syringae pv. syringae used in this study. Fatty acid analysis (Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey) confirmed the bacterial strains as P. syringae pv. syringae with similarity indices of 81‐94%. Pathogenicity of the strains was tested on 1-year-old mandarin. Inoculations were made, using a hypodermic needle with a suspension of bacteria in a saline buffer (10 8

is one ofthe most destructive diseases of tomato in Europe. Pithnecrosis of soil-grown glasshouse tomatoes was observedin Adana, Mersin, Antalya, Mugla and Izmir, in theMediterranean and Aegean regions of Turkey, during latewinter and spring of 2002 and 2003. Symptoms wereyellowing and wilting of lower leaves which progressedupwards, brown areas on stems and yellow-brown dis-coloration of the pith. Bacteria were consistently isolatedfrom affected plants and these formed fluorescent colonieson King’s medium B. Twenty-seven bacterial isolates werepurified and used for further studies. In tests performedaccording to Lelliott & Stead (1987), all isolates wereGram-negative, oxidase-, arginine dihydrolase- and gela-tin liquefaction-positive. None caused soft rot on potatoslices within 48 h at 25 ° C or produced levan-type colonieson sucrose nutrient agar, and all were negative in tobaccohypersensitivity and nitrate reduction tests. Fatty acid(FA) analysis identified the isolates as

a Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Cukurova University, 01330 Balcali, Adana; b Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum; c Plant Protection Research Institute, 01321 Koprukoy, Adana; d Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum; and e Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey

cv. Nun) seedlings at a nursery inAdana, located in the eastern Mediterranean region ofTurkey. A number of water-soaked lesions were firstobserved on the undersides of the cotyledons. Small, darkbrown and angular leaf spots were subsequently observedon the true leaves at later stages of the disease. Diseaseincidence was estimated as approximately 10%. Someof the infected seedlings in the nursery finally died. Thedisease resulted in the rejection of 10 000 transplantsfrom the nursery. These symptoms were consistent withthose of the disease described by Goumans & Chatzaki(1998). A fluorescent, opaque, semifluid, Gram-negativebacterium was isolated from diseased tissues on King’smedium B (King

Possibilities of biological control were investigated by the use of some antagonists for controlling Erwinia chrysanthemi, the causal agent of soft rot on tomato. Seventy-one candidate antagonists were isolated from tomato rhizosphere in Adana and Mersin sites in Turkey and the remaining seven isolates were obtained from Plant Protection Department in Israel. In petri dishes studies, 14 isolates inhibited E. chrysanthemi's growth. Laboratory assays for suppression of soft rot development on potato slices were carried out using all candidate antagonists and 16 isolates prevented development of symptoms of soft rot caused by E. chrysanthemi. Thirteen out of 16 antagonist isolates, which prevented the development of the pathogen on potato slices, were chosen for further tests. Their abilities to prevent the disease development were investigated on young tomato seedlings in climate room conditions. Eight out of 13 selected isolates reduced the disease development between 89% and 33%. Greenhouse experiments were carried out using five selected antagonists on tomato plants. One of the antagonists provided a good level (74% protection) on tomato plants against E. chrysanthemi in the greenhouse experiments. The present study is the first report on the efficiency of potential biocontrol agents against tomato bacterial pathogens in Turkey. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. ZF.99.23 TARP-2498 This project was supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) with the project number TARP-2498 and University of Cukurova with the project number ZF.99.23. We thank to Y. Elad (Department of Plant Pathology, Volcani Center, Israel) for giving three bacterium and four yeast antagonist strains for this investigation and S. Hazar (University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey) for helpful comments on the manuscript.

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In late winter and spring of 2006 and 2008, leaf spots with yellow halos were observed on dwarf schefflera (Schefflera arboricola cvs. Gold Capella, Trinette, and Green Gold) that were grown as potted plants in two commercial ornamental greenhouses in Adana and Mersin, Turkey. Average disease incidence was assessed as 10% during the term of the study. Isolations were made from leaf spots symptoms on King's medium B. Bacteria consistently isolated from diseased tissues formed green fluorescent colonies on the medium. Ten representative bacterial strains were examined and found to be gram negative, rod shaped, and aerobic, levan, pectolytic, and arginine dihydrolase negative, and oxidase positive. They all induced a hypersensitive response in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun). All strains were identified as Pseudomonas cichorii with similarity indices of 79 to 99% based on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles determined by Sherlock Microbial Identification System software (TSBA 6 v. 6.00; Microbial ID, Newark, DE). Pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed on five dwarf schefflera plants by leaf tissue infiltration with bacterial suspensions (107 CFU ml–1) in sterile distilled water. P. cichorii NCPPB 3802 and sterile water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The same symptoms as those observed in the commercial greenhouses were observed on dwarf schefflera leaves within 12 to 15 days after inoculation. The bacteria were reisolated from the inoculated plants and identified as the same as the original strain by conventional tests and FAME analysis. Negative control plants remained disease free. Occurrence of bacterial leaf spot caused by P. cichorii on vegetable crops in Turkey (1,3) and dwarf schefflera in other countries (2) has been reported previously, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of the observation of P. cichorii on dwarf schefflera in Turkey. References: (1) Y. Aysan et al. Plant Pathol. 52:782. 2003. (2) A. R. Chase and D. D. Brunk. Plant Dis. 68:73, 1984. (3) F. Sahin et al. Acta Hortic. 695:93, 2005.

Severe leaf and stem necrosis symptoms were observed on watermelon seedlings (Citrullus lanatus cv. Euroca) in Adana, Turkey during a warm and humid period in January 2004. Streak-plate isolations were made from leaf and stem lesions on King's medium B. A fluorescent, yellowish mucoid, gram-negative, and oxidase-, levan- and arginin dihydrolase-negative bacterium was consistently isolated from diseased plant samples. All seven representative strains isolated were pectolytic on potato slices and hypersensitive reaction positive on tobacco leaves. The result of LOPAT tests and morphology of the strains were different from Pseudomonas syringae pathovars. The strains produced acid from sorbitol, fructose, glucose, L (+) arabinose, D (+) xylose, D (-) mannitol, but not from D (+) sucrose, trehalose, maltose, melibiose, lactose, and D (-) arabinose. Utilization of D (-) tartrate was positive. Incubation was at 28°C, and the results of the tests were evaluated 7 days after inoculation. Fatty acid analysis (Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey) confirmed the bacterial strains as P. viridiflava with a similarity index of 83 to 86% (3). The strains were pathogenic on watermelon, melon, and tomato plants with needle inoculation of bacterial suspensions containing 108CFU ml-1 in a 0.85% saline. Water-soaking and stem necrosis symptoms were observed on the inoculated plants 5 to 7 days after inoculation. The bacterium was readily reisolated from inoculated plants and identified as strains of P. viridiflava, which has been previously reported as a pathogen of melon grown in Turkey (1) and Greece (2). To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the occurrence and outbreak of leaf and stem necrosis disease caused by P. viridiflava on watermelon in the world. References: (1) A. Aysan et al. Plant Pathol. 52:800, 2003. (2) D. E. Goumans and A. K. Chatzaki. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104:181, 1998. (3) J. D. Janse et al. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 15:538, 1992.

Severe outbreaks of bacterial stem rot disease occurred on dieffenbachia plants (Dieffenbachia amoena cv. Tropic Snow) during the autumn and spring seasons of 2002 and 2003 in two commercial glasshouses (3.5 ha) near Adana and Mersin in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Characteristic symptoms of the disease were wilting of the lower leaves, darkening and water soaking of the leaves and stem at or below the soil level, and browning in the vessel and pith of the diseased plants. Eventually, the stem and leaves completely rotted, and the plants collapsed. Nearly 30 and 40% (2002 and 2003, respectively) of the 20,000 potted plants in the glasshouses were destroyed because of the disease. Cuttings often developed a typical soft rot during propagation. Disease incidence was estimated at approximately 50% on propagating material during 2003. Isolations were made from rotted stems, leaves, and discolored vessels of the dieffenbachia plants on King's medium B. Bacteria consistently isolated from the diseased tissues formed white-to-cream colonies on the medium. Bacteria from purified colonies were gram, oxidase, and arginine dyhidrolase negative, catalase positive, and facultative anaerobic. Ten representative strains all fermented glucose and reduced nitrates to nitrites. The strains caused soft rot of potato slices within 24 h at 25°C. All strains were resistant to erythromycin in an antibiotic disk (15 μg) assay. Negative results were obtained from utilization of α-methyl glycoside, reducing substance from sucrose, and indole production from tryptophane and phosphathase activity. Positive results were obtained from pectate, aesculin, and gelatine liquefaction for all strains. Acid was produced from glucose, sucrose, mannitol, mannose, lactose, raffinose, melibiose, trehalose, and L(+)-arabinose but not Darabinose, sorbitol, inulin, and maltose. Pathogenicity was confirmed by needle-stab inoculation at the stem on three plants each of dieffenbachia and tomato plants (5-week-old cv. H-2274). Sterile distilled water was used as a negative control. All plants were covered with polyethylene bags for 48 h at 25°C. Within 72 h after inoculation, water-soaking and soft-rot symptoms were observed on dieffenbachia and tomato plants. All of the bacterial strains isolated in the present study were identified as Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) based on fatty acid methyl ester analysis with similarity indices ranging from 80 to 94%. Furthermore, Biolog GN (Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey) profiles identified them as the same pathovar with similarity values of 67 to 72%. All of the test results were similar to those of reference strain GSPB 435 (Gottinger Sammlung phytopathogener Bakterien, Georg-August University, Gottingen, Germany) of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora used in this study. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence and outbreak of a bacterial rot disease on dieffenbachia grown in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Contaminated cuttings may be the primary source of inoculum within and between glasshouses.