Search

The germination process of seeds is influenced by the interplay between two opposing factors, pectin methylesterase (PME) and pectin methylesterase inhibitor (PMEI), which collectively regulate patterns of pectin methylesterification. Despite the recognized importance of pectin methylesterification in seed germination, the specific mechanisms that govern this process remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the overexpression of GhPMEI53 is associated with a decrease in PME activity and an increase in pectin methylesterification. This leads to seed cell wall softening, which positively regulates cotton seed germination. AtPMEI19, the homologue in Arabidopsis thaliana, plays a similar role in seed germination to GhPMEI53, indicating a conserved function and mechanism of PMEI in seed germination regulation. Further studies revealed that GhPMEI53 and AtPMEI19 directly contribute to promoting radicle protrusion and seed germination by inducing cell wall softening and reducing mechanical strength. Additionally, the pathways of abscicic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) in the transgenic materials showed significant changes, suggesting that GhPMEI53/AtPMEI19-mediated pectin methylesterification serves as a regulatory signal for the related phytohormones involved in seed germination. In summary, GhPMEI53 and its homologs alter the mechanical properties of cell walls, which influence the mechanical resistance of the endosperm or testa. Moreover, they impact cellular phytohormone pathways (e.g., ABA and GA) to regulate seed germination. These findings enhance our understanding of pectin methylesterification in cellular morphological dynamics and signaling transduction, and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the PME/PMEI gene superfamily in plants.

Dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are dietary supplements that can be utilized as prophylactics against thrombus formation. Low-molecular-weight dermatan sulfate (LMWDS) is particularly advantageous due to its high absorbability. The enzymatic synthesis of low-molecular-weight dermatan sulfates (LMWDSs) using chondroitin B lyase is a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to manufacturing. However, the industrial application of chondroitin B lyases is severely hampered by their low catalytic activity. To improve the activity, a semi-rational design strategy of engineering the substrate-binding domain of chondroitin B lyase was performed based on the structure. The binding domain was subjected to screening of critical residues for modification using multiple sequence alignments and molecular docking. A total of thirteen single-point mutants were constructed and analyzed to assess their catalytic characteristics. Out of these, S90T, N103C, H134Y, and R159K exhibited noteworthy enhancements in activity. This study also examined combinatorial mutagenesis and found that the mutant H134Y/R159K exhibited a substantially enhanced catalytic activity of 1266.74 U/mg, which was 3.21-fold that of the wild-type one. Molecular docking revealed that the enhanced activity of the mutant could be attributed to the formation of new hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with the substrate as well as neighbor residues. The highly active mutant would benefit the utilization of chondroitin B lyase in pharmaceuticals and functional foods.

Objective: Cancer survivors have experienced subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) when they received cancer diagnoses or treatments. Their psychosocial and emotional statuses were also impacted. With the advancement of web technologies, web-based cognitive interventions have been implemented in the management and the alleviation of the SCI, the psychosocial distress, and the emotional distress in cancer survivors. This review aimed to summarize the intervention contents of web-based cognitive interventions for SCI, and to explore the effects of the interventions on SCI, psychosocial status, and emotional health. Methods: Six databases (CINAHL Plus, Cochrane Library, Embase, APA PsycInfo, PubMed and CNKI) were searched from the establishment of databases up to December 2023. Literature references were also manually searched for related articles. Results: This review contained 21 studies that covered the contents of web-based cognitive interventions, such as computer-assisted cognitive training, online cognitive rehabilitation, cognitive behavior therapy with the Internet, telehealth physical exercise, and web-based mindfulness interventions. The effects of web-based cognitive interventions positively impacted SCI for cancer survivors. Also, these interventions showed varying degrees of effectiveness in alleviating psychosocial and emotional distresses. Conclusion: By summarizing five types of cognitive intervention contents delivered via web technology, this review demonstrated that web-based cognitive interventions optimized SCI and overall psychosocial and emotional statuses for the cancer survivors. It is recommended that future research focus on the development of customized web-based cognitive interventions for individuals with SCI, along with their psychosocial and emotional statuses.

Abstract Fritillaria cirrhosa, an endangered medicinal plant in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is facing resource scarcity. Artificial cultivation has been employed to address this issue, but problems related to continuous cultivation hinder successful transplantation. Imbalanced microbial communities are considered a potential cause, yet the overall changes in the microbial community under continuous cropping systems remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of varying durations of continuous cropping on the bacterial and fungal communities, as well as enzymatic activities, in the rhizospheric soil of F. cirrhosa. Our findings revealed that continuous cropping of F. cirrhosa resulted in soil acidification, nutrient imbalances, and increased enzyme activity. Specifically, after 10 years of continuous cropping, there was a notable shift in the abundance and diversity (e.g., Chao1 index) of soil bacteria and fungi. Moreover, microbial composition analyses revealed a significant accumulation of harmful microorganisms associated with soil-borne diseases (e.g., Luteimonas, Parastagonospora, Pseudogymnoascus) in successively cropped soils, in contrast to the significant reduction of beneficial microorganisms (e.g., Sphingomonas, Lysobacter, Cladosporium) that promote plant growth and development and protect against diseases such as Fusarium sp.These changes led to decreased connectivity and stability within the soil microbial community. Structural equation modeling and redundancy analysis revealed that alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen and available phosphorus directly influenced soil pH, which was identified as the primary driver of soil microbial community changes and subsequently contributed to soil health deterioration. Overall, our results highlight that soil acidification and imbalanced rhizosphere microbial communities are the primary challenges associated with continuous cropping of F. cirrhosa. These findings establish a theoretical foundation for standardized cultivation practices of F. cirrhosa and the bioremediation of continuously cultivated soils.

Abstract Realizing an efficient turnover frequency in the acidic oxygen evolution reaction by modifying the reaction configuration is crucial in designing high-performance single-atom catalysts. Here, we report a “single atom–double site” concept, which involves an activatable inert manganese atom redox chemistry in a single-atom Ru-Mn dual-site platform with tunnel Ni ions as the trigger. In contrast to conventional single-atom catalysts, the proposed configuration allows direct intramolecular oxygen coupling driven by the Ni ions intercalation effect, bypassing the secondary deprotonation step instead of the kinetically sluggish adsorbate evolution mechanism. The strong bonding of Ni ions activates the inert manganese terminal groups and inhibits the cross-site disproportionation process inherent in the Mn scaffolding, which is crucial to ensure the dual-site platform. As a result, the single-atom Ru-Ni-Mn octahedral molecular sieves catalyst delivers a low overpotential, adequate mass activity and good stability.

Abstract Electrosynthesis of adipic acid (a precursor for nylon-66) from KA oil (a mixture of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol) represents a sustainable strategy to replace conventional method that requires harsh conditions. However, its industrial possibility is greatly restricted by the low current density and competitive oxygen evolution reaction. Herein, we modify nickel layered double hydroxide with vanadium to promote current density and maintain high faradaic efficiency (>80%) within a wide potential window (1.5 ~ 1.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode). Experimental and theoretical studies reveal two key roles of V modification, including accelerating catalyst reconstruction and strengthening cyclohexanone adsorption. As a proof-of-the-concept, we construct a membrane electrode assembly, producing adipic acid with high faradaic efficiency (82%) and productivity (1536 μmol cm−2 h−1) at industrially relevant current density (300 mA cm−2), while achieving >50 hours stability. This work demonstrates an efficient catalyst for adipic acid electrosynthesis with high productivity that shows industrial potential.

Abstract DNA polymerase ζ (Pol ζ) plays an essential role in replicating damaged DNA templates but contributes to mutagenesis due to its low fidelity. Therefore, ensuring tight control of Pol ζ’s activity is critical for continuous and accurate DNA replication, yet the specific mechanisms remain unclear. This study reveals a regulation mechanism of Pol ζ activity in human cells. Under normal conditions, an autoinhibition mechanism keeps the catalytic subunit, REV3L, inactive. Upon encountering replication stress, however, ATR-mediated phosphorylation of REV3L’s S279 cluster activates REV3L and triggers its degradation via a caspase-mediated pathway. This regulation confines the activity of Pol ζ, balancing its essential role against its mutations causing potential during replication stress. Overall, our findings elucidate a control scheme that fine tunes the low-fidelity polymerase activity of Pol ζ under challenging replication scenarios.

Abstract This study explores the association between LE8 scores and mortality risks among individuals diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Utilizing data from the NHANES conducted between 2005 and 2018, survey-weighted multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were utilized. Life’s Essential 8 (LE8) scores dose–response associations were assessed using restricted cubic spline regression. Sub-analyses were performed for different categories of CVD. The study consisted of 2164 participants diagnosed with CVD, ranging in age from 20 to 80 years (weighted mean [SE] age, 61.47 [0.34] years; The average total LE8 was 64.97 [0.54]. 499 participants experienced mortality, with 350 deaths attributed to CVD. After accounting for potential covariates, LE8 score was found to be associated with a decreased both all-cause mortality (OR 0.34, CI 0.22–0.51) and CVD mortality (OR 0.40, CI 0.23–0.68). A survey-weighted multivariable Cox model with restricted cubic splines identified the lowest all-cause mortality (P

Purpose: This comparative study explored the perceptions of educational stakeholders in Oman and the Philippines concerning children with disabilities and the goals of special education. Stakeholders' perspectives can influence their professional behaviours and attitudes, which, in turn, can profoundly impact children with disabilities who already face numerous challenges. Hence, comprehending the viewpoints of these stakeholders is vital for fostering socially just education for individuals with disabilities. Design/methodology/approach: This study employed a qualitative comparative case study approach with a horizontal comparison strategy, and both convenience and purposeful sampling techniques were used for participant selection. The study involved 53 participants from both countries, including policymakers, teacher educators, in-service teachers and student teachers from general and special education domains. Data were gathered through individual interviews and themes were subsequently discerned via data analysis. Findings: Despite the different cultural and historical contexts and distinct roles of stakeholders in both countries, the results indicate more parallels than disparities in their perceptions. The primary congruence underscored in this research was imperative to critically assess the language and ideology surrounding the goals of special education, such as mainstreaming and normalisation. Originality/value: Although numerous studies have probed the perceptions of various educational stakeholders concerning children with disabilities and educational goals, there is limited research that encompasses the perspectives of the seven distinct stakeholder groups. The consistency of language usage across both countries and among all stakeholders underscores the need for a rigorous cross-country examination involving all educational participants.

In this article, we visualize a framework of the intersectionality of literacy, spatial justice, and multimodality in teaching literacy to Filipino Deaf students. We propose a metaphor-based framework and discuss how it can be used in teaching literacy to Filipino Deaf students through classroom examples as well as suggestions and recommendations for teachers. We do this mainly through redefining the term "literacy," allowing students access to different modalities, and restructuring learning spaces. We also explore the relationship between spatial justice and the concept of Deaf Space and how this applies in the "new normal" of online learning due to the pandemic. We also address the issue of how classroom and education structure may inadvertently produce spatial injustice, especially for Deaf students. Implications and additional questions in teaching Filipino Deaf students are also discussed.

Enhancing the thermal shock resistance of Y2O3 ceramic crucibles, coupled with advancements in melting and casting technologies to reduce the adverse influence of interfacial reactions, is essential for producing low-energy consumption, high-quality titanium-aluminum (TiAl) alloys. In this study, the Y2O3 ceramic crucible with good thermal shock resistance was developed through the optimization of particle size distribution and sintering holding time. The interaction mechanisms between Y2O3 ceramics and TiAl alloys under extreme conditions were investigated, and strategies for enhancing the mechanical properties of TiAl alloys through the integration of Y2O3 crucibles with centrifugal casting were discussed. The results indicated that introducing large particles of 1–3 mm under sintering conditions of 2023 K and 6 h effectively enhances the thermal shock resistance of Y2O3 crucible. The interaction between Y2O3 and TiAl alloys primarily involved physical erosion (spalling/dispersion), dissolution of separated particles, and surface modification of interface layer particles (reaction). Physical erosion played an important role in this dynamic interaction, with the extent of erosion intensifying through continuous use of the crucible, while electromagnetic forces ensured the uniform distribution of inclusions within the TiAl alloy matrix. Moreover, the application of centrifugal casting technology substantially refines the grain size and reduces the inclusion count, thereby significantly enhancing the mechanical properties of TiAl alloy.

Abstract Background The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) parameters in distinguishing sinonasal lymphoma from sinonasal carcinoma. Methods Forty-two participants with histologically confirmed sinonasal lymphomas and fifty-two cases of sinonasal carcinoma underwent imaging with a 3.0T MRI scanner. DCE-MRI and DWI were conducted, and various parameters including type of time-intensity curve(TIC), time to peak, peak enhancement, peak contrast enhancement, washout rate, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and relative ADC were measured. Binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were employed to assess the diagnostic capability of individual and combined indices for differentiating nasal sinus lymphoma from nasal sinus carcinoma. Results Sinonasal lymphoma predominantly exhibited type II TIC(n = 20), whereas sinonasal carcinoma predominantly exhibited type III TIC(n = 23). Significant differences were observed in all parameters except washout ratio (p

Abstract Objectives This study pursued two main purposes. The first aim was to expound on the microscopic factors of radiation-related caries (RRC). Further, it aimed to compare the remineralization effect of different remineralizing agents on demineralized teeth after radiotherapy. Methods The enamel and dentin samples of bovine teeth were irradiated with different doses of radiation. After analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), the samples irradiated with 50 Gy radiation were selected and divided into the demineralization group, the double distilled water (DDW) group, the Sodium fluoride (NaF) group, the Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) group, the NaF + CPP-ACP group, and the Titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) group. After demineralization, remineralizing agents treatment, and remineralization, the samples were evaluated using SEM, atomic force microscope (AFM), EDS, and transverse microradiography (TMR). Results A radiation dose of 30 Gy was sufficient to cause damage to the dentinal tubules, but 70 Gy radiation had little effect on the microstructure of enamel. Additionally, the NaF + CPP-ACP group and the TiF4 group significantly promoted deposit formation, decreased surface roughness, and reduced mineral loss and lesion depth of demineralized enamel and dentin samples after radiation. Conclusions Radiation causes more significant damage to dentin compared to enamel. NaF + CPP-ACP and TiF4 had a promising ability to promote remineralization of irradiated dental hard tissues. Advances in knowledge This in vitro study contributes to determining a safer radiation dose range for teeth and identifying the most effective remineralization approach for RRC.

Improving the anticorrosion property of Mg alloys used as concrete formwork is essential for extending their lifespan and ensuring structural integrity. Therefore, MgCO3·3H2O + MgCO3·Mg(OH)2·3H2O/MgO composite coating was prepared on AZ41 Mg alloys using an ultrasonic-cavitated chemical conversion method under different pH conditions. Electrochemical methods combined with immersion tests in the simulated concrete pore solutions containing 0.6 M NaCl were adopted to assess the anticorrosion performance of the uncoated and coated specimens. Results indicate that the improved pH benefits the densification of the composite coating, thus leading to the enhanced anticorrosion performance. The generation of dense MgCO3·Mg(OH)2·3H2O layer rather than corrosion products after immersion makes such an affordable anticorrosion coating, amenable to large-scale production, holds promise as a viable surface treatment method for Mg alloy concrete formwork.

Abstract Background Repairation of bone defects remains a major clinical problem. Constructing bone tissue engineering containing growth factors, stem cells, and material scaffolds to repair bone defects has recently become a hot research topic. Nerve growth factor (NGF) can promote osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), but the low survival rate of the BMSCs during transplantation remains an unresolved issue. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of BMSCs overexpression of NGF on bone defect by inhibiting pyroptosis. Methods The relationship between the low survival rate and pyroptosis of BMSCs overexpressing NGF in localized inflammation of fractures was explored by detecting pyroptosis protein levels. Then, the NGF+/BMSCs-NSA-Sca bone tissue engineering was constructed by seeding BMSCs overexpressing NGF on the allograft bone scaffold and adding the pyroptosis inhibitor necrosulfonamide(NSA). The femoral condylar defect model in the Sprague–Dawley (SD) rat was studied by micro-CT, histological, WB and PCR analyses in vitro and in vivo to evaluate the regenerative effect of bone repair. Results The pyroptosis that occurs in BMSCs overexpressing NGF is associated with the nerve growth factor receptor (P75NTR) during osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, NSA can block pyroptosis in BMSCs overexpression NGF. Notably, the analyses using the critical-size femoral condylar defect model indicated that the NGF+/BMSCs-NSA-Sca group inhibited pyroptosis significantly and had higher osteogenesis in defects. Conclusion NGF+/BMSCs-NSA had strong osteogenic properties in repairing bone defects. Moreover, NGF+/BMSCs-NSA-Sca mixture developed in this study opens new horizons for developing novel tissue engineering constructs.

In this study, Mg-13.2Gd-4.3Ni alloys containing continuous bulk-shaped long-period stacking ordered (LPSO), lamellar LPSO, and a small amount of eutectic phase were prepared, and the evolution of microstructure at different extrusion temperatures and its influence on mechanical and degradation properties as well as corrosion mechanism were investigated. Preheating before extrusion can effectively promote the precipitation of lamellar LPSO in matrix. EX400 with higher volume fraction of non-DRXed grains exhibited higher strength, which was mainly due to strong texture, high dislocation density, and high volume fraction of lamellar LPSO. The EX420 with higher volume fraction of DRXed grains showed higher degradation rate, which was mainly due to the higher density of grain boundary. The EX400 exhibited excellent comprehensive properties with tensile yield strength (TYS) of 334 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 484 MPa and elongation (EL) of 7.4%, ultimate compressive strength (UCS) of 638 MPa and compressive yield strength (CYS) of 443 MPa, degradation rate of 86.1 mg/cm2/h at 93 °C in 3 wt.% KCl solution.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a prevalent air pollutant in urban areas, originating from outdoor sources, household gas consumption, and secondhand smoke. The limited evaluation of the disease burden attributable to NO2, encompassing different health effects and contributions from various sources, impedes our understanding from a public health perspective. Based on modeled NO2 exposure concentrations, their exposure–response relationships with lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes mellitus, and baseline disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), we estimated that 1,675 (655–2,624) thousand DALYs were attributable to NO2 in urban China in 2019 [138 (54–216) billion Chinese yuan (CNY) economic losses]. The transition from gas to electricity for household cooking was estimated to reduce the attributable economic losses by 35%. This reduction falls within the range of reductions achieved when outdoor air meets the World Health Organization interim target 3 and air quality guidelines for annual NO2, highlighting the significance of raising awareness of gas as a polluting household energy for cooking. These findings align with global sustainable development initiatives, providing a sustainable solution to promote public health while potentially mitigating climate change.

Abstract Background Circulating total insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is an established risk factor for prostate cancer. However, only a small proportion of circulating IGF-I is free or readily dissociable from IGF-binding proteins (its bioavailable form), and few studies have investigated the association of circulating free IGF-I with prostate cancer risk. Methods We analyzed data from 767 prostate cancer cases and 767 matched controls nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort, with an average of 14-years (interquartile range = 2.9) follow-up. Matching variables were study center, length of follow-up, age, and time of day and fasting duration at blood collection. Circulating free IGF-I concentration was measured in serum samples collected at recruitment visit (mean age 55 years old; standard deviation = 7.1) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Conditional logistic regressions were performed to examine the associations of free IGF-I with risk of prostate cancer overall and subdivided by time to diagnosis (≤ 14 and > 14 years), and tumor characteristics. Results Circulating free IGF-I concentrations (in fourths and as a continuous variable) were not associated with prostate cancer risk overall (odds ratio [OR] = 1.00 per 0.1 nmol/L increment, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.02) or by time to diagnosis, or with prostate cancer subtypes, including tumor stage and histological grade. Conclusions Estimated circulating free IGF-I was not associated with prostate cancer risk. Further research may consider other assay methods that estimate bioavailable IGF-I to provide more insight into the well-substantiated association between circulating total IGF-I and subsequent prostate cancer risk.

Abstract Background Dysregulation of zinc homeostasis is widely recognized as a hallmark feature of prostate cancer (PCa) based on the compelling clinical and experimental evidence. Nevertheless, the implications of zinc dyshomeostasis in PCa remains largely unexplored. Methods In this research, the zinc homeostasis pattern subtype (ZHPS) was constructed according to the profile of zinc homeostasis genes. The identified subtypes were assessed for their immune functions, mutational landscapes, biological peculiarities and drug susceptibility. Subsequently, we developed the optimal signature, known as the zinc homeostasis-related risk score (ZHRRS), using the approach won out in multifariously machine learning algorithms. Eventually, clinical specimens, Bayesian network inference and single-cell sequencing were used to excavate the underlying mechanisms of MT1A in PCa. Results The zinc dyshomeostasis subgroup, ZHPS2, possessed a markedly worse prognosis than ZHPS1. Moreover, ZHPS2 demonstrated a more conspicuous genomic instability and better therapeutic responses to docetaxel and olaparib than ZHPS1. Compared with traditional clinicopathological characteristics and 35 published signatures, ZHRRS displayed a significantly improved accuracy in prognosis prediction. The diagnostic value of MT1A in PCa was substantiated through analysis of clinical samples. Additionally, we inferred and established the regulatory network of MT1A to elucidate its biological mechanisms. Conclusions The ZHPS classifier and ZHRRS model hold great potential as clinical applications for improving outcomes of PCa patients.

Fermented milk has a long history of being fermented by lactic acid bacteria. Fermented milk contains many elements, including protein, minerals, and vitamins. Fermented milk is gaining more and more attention from customers as people’s desire for a high quality of life improves. Most of the fermented milk on the market today are prepared with single strains or traditional lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) as fermenting agents. However, this production method results in issues like an excessively long fermentation time, a mildly inferior taste, and poor stability. Compound strains have recently gained attention in the field of fermented milk preparation. By utilizing interactions and synergies between various strains, it is possible to increase the quantity and diversity of metabolites, enhancing the quality and functional properties of fermented milk and compensating for some of the shortcomings of conventional fermented milk in terms of product morphology and sensory experience. This study examines how complexing strains have accelerated pH reduction, improved the product’s sensory qualities, rheological characteristics, and water-holding capacity, as well as increased their capacity for lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and bacteriostatic effects. Finally, the future research paths for fermented milk innovation are intended to offer suggestions for the diverse, functionalized, and precise production of fermented milk.

Abstract Photocatalytic coupling of methane to ethane and ethylene (C2 compounds) offers a promising approach to utilizing the abundant methane resource. However, the state-of-the-art photocatalysts usually suffer from very limited C2 formation rates. Here, we report our discovery that the anatase TiO2 nanocrystals mainly exposing {101} facets, which are generally considered less active in photocatalysis, demonstrate surprisingly better performances than those exposing the high-energy {001} facet. The palladium co-catalyst plays a pivotal role and the Pd2+ site on co-catalyst accounts for the selective C2 formation. We unveil that the anatase {101} facet favors the formation of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous phase near the surface, where they activate methane molecules into methyl radicals, and the Pd2+ site participates in facilitating the adsorption and coupling of methyl radicals. This work provides a strategy to design efficient nanocatalysts for selective photocatalytic methane coupling by reaction-space separation to optimize heterogeneous-homogeneous reactions at solid-liquid interfaces.

Abstract. Background:. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination are a priority in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, limited information is available on vaccination coverage among patients with acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) in China. This study aimed to determine the rates and associated factors of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in patients hospitalized with AECOPD. Methods:. Baseline data from a national, multicenter, hospital-based study that included adult inpatients with AECOPD between 2017 and 2021 were analyzed. The outcomes of interest were the influenza vaccination in the past year and the pneumococcal vaccination in the past 5 years. To ensure national representativeness, rates were weighted according to the distribution of hospital levels and types enrolled in this study. Multivariable Poisson regression based on mixed-effects models were used to determine the associated factors. The independent variables included the region and hospital features where the participants were located, sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, rural/urban residence, education, etc.), and clinical indicators (COPD disease history, lung function parameters, comorbidities, etc.). The treatment profiles of the vaccinated and unvaccinated participants were compared. Results:. Of 6949 eligible participants, the weighted rates of influenza/pneumococcal, influenza, and pneumococcal vaccination were 2.72% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.34%–3.10%), 2.09% (95% CI: 1.76%–2.43%), and 1.25% (95% CI: 0.99%–1.51%), respectively. In multivariable models, age ≥60 years (60–69 years, odds ratio [OR]: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.11–3.25; ≥80 years, OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.06–3.78), geographical regions (Northern China relative to Eastern China, OR: 5.09, 95% CI: 1.96–13.21), urban residence (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.07–2.66), a higher education level (junior high school, OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.21–2.58; senior high school or above, OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.69–4.03), former smoking (OR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.15–2.79), and regular inhaled medication treatment (OR: 3.28, 95% CI: 2.29–4.70) were positively associated with vaccination. Patients who had experienced severe exacerbations in the past year were less likely to be vaccinated (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45–0.96). Compared with unvaccinated participants, vaccinated participants adhered better to pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. Conclusions:. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination coverage are extremely low. Urgent measures are necessary to increase vaccination coverage among inpatients with AECOPD in China.

Abstract Background Plant cell walls have evolved precise plasticity in response to environmental stimuli. The plant heterotrimeric G protein complexes could sense and transmit extracellular signals to intracellular signaling systems, and activate a series of downstream responses. dep1 (Dense and Erect Panicles 1), the gain-of-function mutation of DEP1 encoding a G protein γ subunit, confers rice multiple improved agronomic traits. However, the effects of DEP1 on cell wall biosynthesis and wall-related agronomic traits remain largely unknown. Results In this study, we showed that the DEP1 mutation affects cell wall biosynthesis, leading to improved lodging resistance and biomass saccharification. The DEP1 is ubiquitously expressed with a relatively higher expression level in tissues rich in cell walls. The CRISPR/Cas9 editing mutants of DEP1 (dep1-cs) displayed a significant enhancement in stem mechanical properties relative to the wild-type, leading to a substantial improvement in lodging resistance. Cell wall analyses showed that the DEP1 mutation increased the contents of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin, and reduced lignin content and cellulose crystallinity (CrI). Additionally, the dep1-cs seedlings exhibited higher sensitivity to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and isoxaben, compared with the wild-type, confirming the role of DEP1 in cellulose deposition. Moreover, the DEP1 mutation-mediated alterations of cell walls lead to increased enzymatic saccharification of biomass after the alkali pretreatment. Furthermore, the comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that the DEP1 mutation substantially altered expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, and cell wall biosynthesis. Conclusions Our findings revealed the roles of DEP1 in cell wall biosynthesis, lodging resistance, and biomass saccharification in rice and suggested genetic modification of DEP1 as a potential strategy to develop energy rice varieties with high lodging resistance.

Abstract Conventional endoscopy is widely used in the diagnosis of early gastric cancers (EGCs), but the graphical features were loosely defined and dependent on endoscopists’ experience. We aim to establish a more accurate predictive model for infiltration depth of early gastric cancer including a standardized colorimetric system, which demonstrates promising clinical implication. A retrospective study of 718 EGC cases was performed. Clinical and pathological characteristics were included, and Commission Internationale de l’Eclariage (CIE) standard colorimetric system was used to evaluate the chromaticity of lesions. The predicting models were established in the derivation set using multivariate backward stepwise logistic regression, decision tree model, and random forest model. Logistic regression shows location, macroscopic type, length, marked margin elevation, WLI color difference and histological type are factors significantly independently associated with infiltration depth. In the decision tree model, margin elevation, lesion located in the lower 1/3 part, WLI a*color value, b*color value, and abnormal thickness in enhanced CT were selected, which achieved an AUROC of 0.810. A random forest model was established presenting the importance of each feature with an accuracy of 0.80, and an AUROC of 0.844. Quantified color metrics can improve the diagnostic precision in the invasion depth of EGC. We have developed a nomogram model using logistic regression and machine learning algorithms were also explored, which turned out to be helpful in decision-making progress.

The effect of varying strain amplitudes on the tensile properties and microstructure of aluminum alloy 2024 after a solution treatment (ST) of 495 °C for 1 h followed by cyclic strengthening at room temperature in the presence of various strain amplitudes is methodically investigated. Cyclic strain treatment substantially leads to the enhancement of the strength and plasticity of the alloy. Different strain amplitudes result in distinct strengthening mechanisms in the tested specimens. The specimens treated with low strain amplitudes (Δεt/2 = 0.1–0.4%) exhibit the least changes in the dislocation cell size and the dislocation density. The strengthening is mainly attributed to the precise adjustment of solute cluster precipitation. In specimens treated with high strain amplitudes (Δεt/2 = 0.5–1.1%), various strain amplitudes result in various dislocation configurations. The S-phase precipitation occurs selectively in the dislocation cell walls, forming solute cluster-composite dislocation loops within the dislocation cells, enhancing both the strength and plasticity of the alloy. The rational cyclic strain treatment not only yields the achievement of the precise control of precipitate phases, but also regulates the dislocation configurations. The obtained results reveal that the high-density cluster-composite dislocation loops are capable of resolving the conflict between increasing dislocation density and reducing dislocation pile-up, providing new insights into alloy strengthening.

ABSTRACT: Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) is a common pyrethroid insecticide widely used for ectoparasite control and hygiene pest prevention in poultry and this study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of LCT-induced cardiac injury in chickens. Low, medium, and high-dose LCT exposure models in chickens were established and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, TUNEL staining, immunofluorescence, biochemical analysis, and gene expression analysis were used to study the effects of LCT exposure on the chicken heart. The results showed that LCT exposure increased the serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), led to muscle fiber breakage and inflammatory cell infiltration and caused cardiac tissue damage. The DHE staining and biochemical analysis revealed that LCT exposure resulted in the excessive accumulation of ROS, decreased activities/levels of catalase (CAT), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and glutathione (GSH), and increased levels of the oxidative damage marker malondialdehyde (MDA). The TUNEL staining indicated that LCT exposure increased apoptosis possibly through the elevated expression of pro-apoptotic genes in the mitochondrial pathway, the reduced expression of anti-apoptotic genes, the upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors and the downregulation of anti-inflammatory factors. Here, LCT exposure significantly inhibited the expression of genes in the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and activated the expression of genes in the CYP450 enzyme system. Compared to the low-dose group, the high-dose LCT exposure group showed lower levels of apoptosis and inflammation, possibly related to the low oxidative stress levels mediated by the decreased expression of the CYP450 enzyme system. In conclusion, LCT exposure induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in chicken hearts, which may be associated with the inhibition of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and activation of the CYP450 enzyme system. This study provides a theoretical basis for the safer use of insecticides in poultry production.

Study region: The Amur River Basin (ARB), a transboundary river basin comprising four sub-regions: the Northeast Plain of China, Mongolian Plateau, Siberian Federal region and Far East Federal region. Study focus: This research presents a comprehensive analysis on the lake dynamics in both lake area and number across the entire ARB from 1999 to 2021, using multi-source remote sensing datasets. The driving mechanisms are analyzed, considering the gradients in climatic conditions and varying levels of anthropogenic activities in different sub-regions. New hydrological insights for the region: The study found that both the total area and number of lakes in ARB decreased before 2009, whereafter increased significantly until 2021. Specifically, lakes in the Mongolian Plateau shrank seriously (-46.6 km2 yr−1), while those in the Northeast Plain of China, Siberian Federal region, and Far Eastern Federal region all showed overall expanding trends. Lake changes in the entire ARB were predominantly influenced by precipitation (R2:0.54,) and soil moisture (R2:0.55). Increasing irrigation and grazing were the main forces in the Mongolian Plateau, while hydro-climatic factors played more important roles in Northeast Plain, Siberian Federal region, and Far Eastern Federal region. This study provides a comprehensive cross-regional analysis of lake area changes and driving forces, which is of great value in ensuring lake ecological safety in ARB and other regions with densely distributed lakes.

Abstract Herein, hierarchically structured microgrid frameworks of Co3O4 and carbon composite deposited on reduced graphene oxide (Co3O4@C/rGO) are demonstrated through the three‐dimensioinal (3D) printing method, where the porous structure is controllable and the height and width are scalable, for dendrite‐free Na metal deposition. The sodiophilicity, facile Na metal deposition kinetics, and NaF‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation of cubic Co3O4 phase are confirmed by combined spectroscopic and computational analyses. Moreover, the uniform and reversible Na plating/stripping process on 3D‐printed Co3O4@C/rGO host is monitored in real time using in situ transmission electron and optical microscopies. In symmetric cells, the 3D printed Co3O4@C/rGO electrode achieves a long‐term stability over 3950 at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2 with a superior Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.87% as well as 120 h even at 20 mA cm−2 and 20 mAh cm−2, far exceeding the previously reported carbon‐based hosts for Na metal anodes. Consequently, the full cells of 3D‐printed Na@Co3O4@C/rGO anode with 3D‐printed Na3V2(PO4)3@C‐rGO cathode (≈15.7 mg cm−2) deliver the high specific capacity of 97.97 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles with a high CE of 99.89% at 0.5 C, demonstrating the real operation of flexible Na metal batteries.

Background Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) is loved for its delicious flavor and nutritious juice. Although studies have delved into the cultivation and enhancement of passion fruit varieties, the underlying factors contributing to the fruit’s appealing aroma remain unclear. Methods This study analyzed the full-length transcriptomes of two passion fruit cultivars with different flavor profiles: “Tainong 1” (TN1), known for its superior fruit flavor, and “Guihan 1” (GH1), noted for its strong environmental resilience but lackluster taste. Utilizing PacBio Iso-Seq and Illumina RNA-Seq technologies, we discovered terpene synthase (TPS) genes implicated in fruit ripening that may help explain the flavor disparities. Results We generated 15,913 isoforms, with N50 lengths of 1,500 and 1,648 bp, and mean lengths of 1,319 and 1,463 bp for TN1 and GH1, respectively. Transcript and isoform lengths ranged from a maximum of 7,779 bp to a minimum of 200 and 209 bp. We identified 14,822 putative coding DNA sequences (CDSs) averaging 1,063 bp, classified 1,007 transcription factors (TFs) into 84 families. Additionally, differential expression analysis of ripening fruit from both cultivars revealed 314 upregulated and 43 downregulated unigenes in TN1 compared to GH1. The top 10 significantly enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated that TN1’s upregulated genes were primarily involved in nutrient transport, whereas GH1’s up-regulated genes were associated with resistance mechanisms. Meanwhile, 17 PeTPS genes were identified in P. edulis and 13 of them were TPS-b members. A comparative analysis when compared PeTPS with AtTPS highlighted an expansion of the PeTPS-b subfamily in P. edulis, suggesting a role in its fruit flavor profile. Conclusion Our findings explain that the formation of fruit flavor is attributed to the upregulation of essential genes in synthetic pathway, in particular the expansion of TPS-b subfamily involved in terpenoid synthesis. This finding will also provide a foundational genetic basis for understanding the nuanced flavor differences in this species.

The Yan’an gas field in the Ordos Basin is a typical deep coalbed methane field with tremendous resource potential. Evaluation methods for gas content in deep coal seams are urgently required to be established. This study is aimed at quantitatively analyzing the gas content of coalbed methane in deep coalbed methane reservoirs and revealing its influencing factors. With the coal rock samples of typical deep coalbed methane wells in the Yan’an gas field of the Ordos Basin as the research objects, the gas-bearing characteristics of deep coal rocks were analyzed, and the main controlling factors of gas-bearing properties were explored. The research results indicate that (1) the deep coal seams in the Yan’an gas field have a considerable thickness, a high total organic carbon content, and the potential of pyrolysis hydrocarbon generation is generally elevated, presenting excellent hydrocarbon generation potential. (2) Various types of pores and fractures in the deep coal rocks of the Yan’an gas field are well-developed, providing a favorable preservation space and migration channel for deep coalbed methane. (3) The total gas content of on-site analysis of deep coalbed methane in the Yan’an gas field is relatively high, mainly existing in the form of free gas, and has significant exploration and development potential. (4) The gas content of deep coal rocks in the Yan’an gas field is jointly controlled by multiple factors such as the total organic carbon content, minerals, and pore structure. In conclusion, the deep coal seams in the Yan’an gas field have favorable reservoir-forming conditions and great exploration and development potential.

Radiotherapy is a crucial treatment for head and neck malignancies, but it can sometimes cause sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Changes in the immune microenvironment and sensory neuroepithelium of the inner ear after radiation exposure remain poorly understood. This study investigated cochlear morphology and macrophages in the inner ear after high-dose irradiation. The heads of heterozygous 8-week-old Cx3cr1GFP/+ male mice were irradiated with 30Gy of X-rays and biological samples were collected on days 1, 7, and 10 after irradiation. Auditory brainstem responses were used to assess auditory function in the mice. Changes in basilar membrane hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons (SGN), and inner ear macrophages were observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunofluorescence staining. The expression of inflammatory mediators in the inner ear was detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in cochlear tissue. The results showed no significant hair cell loss after a single high dose of radiation. However, the mice developed pantonal hearing loss on day 10 when HE staining revealed SGN atrophy and immunofluorescence showed decreased neurofilament expression. The number of macrophages in the inner ear reduced over time. RT-qPCR showed that cochlear inflammatory factors and chemokines were briefly upregulated on day 1st after irradiation and then decreased over time. In conclusion, high-dose irradiation causes acute SNHL that is not associated with hair cell loss and may be related to SGN changes. Radiation-induced SNHL is associated with a reduction in cochlear macrophages and changes in the immune microenvironment, but the relationship between the two remains to be investigated.

Background: Nuclear cap-binding protein 2 (NCBP2), as the component of the cap-binding complex, participates in a number of biological processes, including pre-mRNA splicing, transcript export, translation regulation and other gene expression steps. However, the role of NCBP2 on the tumor cells and immune microenvironment remains unclear. To systematically analyze and validate functions of NCBP2, we performed a pan-cancer analysis using multiple approaches. Methods: The data in this study were derived from sequencing, mutation, and methylation data in the TCGA cohort, normal sample sequencing data in the GTEx project, and cell line expression profile data in the CCLE database. Results: Survival analyses including the Cox proportional-hazards model and log-rank test revealed the poor prognostic role of NCBP2 in multiple tumors. We further validated the oncogenic ability of NCBP2 in prostate cancer cell lines, organoids and tumor-bearing mice. A negative correlation was observed between NCBP2 expression and immune score by the ESTIMATE algorithm. Simultaneously, the NCBP2-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment might be related to the decline in CD8+ T cells and the increase in regulatory T cells and neutrophils, examined by flow cytometry experiments for NCBP2 overexpressed tumor-bearing mice. Conclusion: This research offered strong proof supporting NCBP2 as the prognostic marker and the therapeutic target in the future.

Abstract Objective This study aims to investigate the correlation between changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women and circulating inflammatory markers. Methods This retrospective study focused on postmenopausal women admitted to the orthopedic department of Suzhou Benq Medical Center from June 2022 to December 2023, following predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We retrospectively collected data on initial blood routine test results and bone density measurements for all study subjects upon admission, including parameters such as white blood cell count (WBC), C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and procalcitonin (PCT). Additionally, the systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) was calculated using neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, and platelet count. Statistical analyses using SPSS and GraphPad software were performed to assess the correlation between bone density and inflammatory markers. Results Patients were classified into three groups based on BMD results, including 60 individuals in the osteoporosis (OP) group, 127 individuals in the osteopenia group, and 37 individuals in the Normal group, respectively. Principal component analysis analysis suggested that WBC, SII, and postmenopausal OP (PMOP) held significant feature values. Correlation analysis indicated a correlation between WBC (p = 0.021), IL‐6 (p = 0.044), SII (p = 0.034), and PMOP. One‐way ANOVA analysis revealed significant differences in IL‐6 (p = 0.0179), SII (p = 0.0210), and PCT (p = 0.0200) among the three groups. Finally, ROC curve analysis demonstrated that SII (area under the curve = 0.716) has predictive value for PMOP. Conclusion This study identified a certain predictive value for PMOP through the assessment of inflammatory markers in peripheral blood using routine blood tests.

Objective: Paradoxical embolism caused by a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a rare cause of myocardial infarction (MI) in individuals presenting with normal coronary arteries on angiography; however, the deduction is often made due to the inability to identify the exact thrombus that penetrates the atrial septum. Previous studies using optical coherence tomography (OCT) have reported in situ thrombi attached to PFO tunnel in patients with cryptogenic stroke. However, the presence of such thrombi in patients with cryptogenic MI (without a definite cause) remains uncertain. Method: We retrospectively analyzed OCT data collected from February to July 2023 on PFO tunnels in MI adults with normal coronary arteries on angiography. Results: Three patients diagnosed with cryptogenic MI and a PFO underwent OCT examination. These patients exhibited varying OCT findings. White thrombi and endocardial abnormalities in the channel were observed in two patients with MI. No thrombus or anomalous morphology on the endocardial surface was noted in the third patient. PFO closure was performed on all patients, and follow-up was completed by October 1, 2023. None of the patients reported recurrence of chest pain. Conclusion: In situ thrombus was identified within the PFO channel in patients with cryptogenic MI, potentially serving as a novel etiological factor for coronary thrombosis.

Lilium brownii var. viridulum, known as Longya lily, is a well-known medicinal and edible plant in China. Bulb rot is a common disease in Longya lily cultivation that severely affects the yield and quality of lilies. According field investigations, we found that different Longya lily plants in the same field had different degrees of resistance to root rot. To find the reasons leading to the difference, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of Longya lily with different degrees of disease. The transcriptomic analyses showed that the number of differentially expressed genes increased in early and mid-stage infections (LYBH2 and LYBH3), while decreased in late-stage infection (LYBH4). A total of 2309 DEGs showed the same expression trend in diseased bulb compared healthy bulb (LYBH1). The transcription factors (TFs) analysis of DEGs showed that several common TFs, like WRKY, bHLH, AP2/ERF-ERF and MYB, were significantly activated in bulbs after decay. The metabolomic analyses showed that there were 794 differentially accumulated metabolites, and metabolites with significant changes in relative content largely were phenolic acids, followed by flavonoids and amino acids and derivatives. The combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome indicated that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was crucial in Longya lily resistance to bulb rot. Therefore, we speculated that the different degree of resistance to bulb rot in Longya lily may be related to the transcript levels of gene and contents of metabolites in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. Overall, these results elucidate the molecular responses of Longya lily to bulb rot and lay a theoretical foundation for breeding resistant varieties.

The myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9) gene, located on human chromosome 22, encodes non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NM IIA). This protein is essential to various cellular events, such as generating intracellular chemomechanical force and facilitating the movement of the actin cytoskeleton. Mutations associated with thrombocytopenia in autosomal dominant diseases first highlighted the significance of the MYH9 gene. In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated the pivotal roles of MYH9 in various cancers. However, its effects on cancer are intricate and not fully comprehended. Furthermore, the elevated expression of MYH9 in certain malignancies suggests its potential as a target for tumor therapy. Nonetheless, there is a paucity of literature summarizing MYH9’s role in tumors and the therapeutic strategies centered on it, necessitating a systematic analysis. This paper comprehensively reviews and analyzes the pertinent literature in this domain, elucidating the fundamental structural characteristics, biological functions, and the nexus between MYH9 and tumors. The mechanisms through which MYH9 contributes to tumor development and its multifaceted roles in the tumorigenic process are also explored. Additionally, we discuss the relationship between MYH9-related diseases (MYH9-RD) and tumors and also summarize tumor therapeutic approaches targeting MYH9. The potential clinical applications of studying the MYH9 gene include improving early diagnosis, clinical staging, and prognosis of tumors. This paper is anticipated to provide novel insights for tumor therapy.

Exposure to environmental carcinogens is a significant contributor to cancer development, with genetic and epigenetic alterations playing pivotal roles in the carcinogenic process. However, the interplay between epigenetic regulation and genetic changes in carcinogenesis has yet to receive comprehensive attention. This study investigates the impact of continuous exposure to the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) on bronchial epithelial cells, leading to malignant transformation. Our findings reveal the down-regulation of the tumor suppressor-like circular RNA circNIPBL during oncogenic processes concomitant with the accumulation of the TP53-H179R, a single nucleotide variant. Diminished circNIPBL expression enhances the proliferative, distant metastatic, and tumor-forming capabilities of NNK-induced cancerous cells and lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1299), while also promoting the accumulation of TP53-H179R during NNK-induced carcinogenesis. Mechanistic investigations demonstrate that circNIPBL interacts with HSP90α to regulate the translocation of AHR into the nucleus, which may be a potential regulatory mechanism for NNK-induced carcinogenesis and TP53-H179R accumulation. This study introduces a novel perspective on the interplay between genetic alterations and epigenetic regulation in chemical carcinogenesis, which provides novel insight into the etiology of cancer.