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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of neurological diseases, yet how brain oscillations change as age and T2DM interact is not well characterized. To delineate the age and diabetic effect on neurophysiology, we recorded local field potentials with multichannel electrodes spanning the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus (HPC) under urethane anesthesia in diabetic and normoglycemic control mice, at 200 and 400 days of age. We analyzed the signal power of brain oscillations, brain state, sharp wave associate ripples (SPW-Rs), and functional connectivity between the cortex and HPC. We found that while both age and T2DM were correlated with a breakdown in long-range functional connectivity and reduced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone, T2DM further slowed brain oscillations and reduced theta-gamma coupling. Age and T2DM also prolonged the duration of SPW-Rs and increased gamma power during SPW-R phase. Our results have identified potential electrophysiological substrates of hippocampal changes associated with T2DM and age. The perturbed brain oscillation features and diminished neurogenesis may underlie T2DM-accelerated cognitive impairment.

Abstract Distributed cooperative control strategies for DC microgrids have been rapidly evolving in recent years. However, introducing a cyber layer to enhance robustness, scalability, and reliability also exposes the system to potential cyber‐attacks. The damage inflicted by such attacks on the system performance can be catastrophic, reaching a point where it may devastate the system normal operation. By using model reference adaptive control (MRAC), this article proposes a resilient approach that does not require an accurate model of the system and despite the uncertainties for detecting false data injections into the reference DC voltage and simultaneously mitigating their adverse effects on the system stability and performance. The proposed technique employs an observer to detect possible false data injections in an online manner. By emulating the behavior of an ideal reference model, the MRAC ensures adaptive adjustments of the control parameters over time to mitigate the negative effects of potential attacks effectively and despite non‐idealities such as measurement noise, parameter variations, and environmental changes in DC microgrids, the MRAC effectively manages false data injection attacks. Simulation studies are conducted using diverse scenarios involving a three‐node DC microgrid to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Abstract Background Several studies pointed out the importance of genetic risk factors such as parental consanguinity (PC) and familial multiple sclerosis (FMS) in the risk of MS. This study aimed to investigate the PC and FMS among people with MS (pwMS) in Isfahan, Iran. Methods This case–control study was conducted on pwMS from the MS clinic of Kashani Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, in October 2023. A group of healthy controls (HC) were also recruited. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics and history of PC and FMS were collected from participants. The relationships between PC, FMS, and developing MS were assessed using multinomial logistic regression analysis. The odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed. Results A total number of 4264 pwMS and 400 HCs were included. The prevalence of PC and FMS among pwMS were 29.3% and 24%, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression adjusted for age and sex indicated that the odds of developing MS were significantly associated with a history of PC (OR = 3.03, 95% CI 2.23 to 4.13, p

Abstract The glycocalyx is a complex layer of carbohydrate and protein molecules that surrounds the cell membrane of many types of mammalian cells. It serves several important functions, including cell adhesion and communication, and maintain cell shape and stability, especially in the case of erythrocytes. Alteration of glycocalyx composition represents a cardiovascular health threatening. For example, in diabetes mellitus glycocalyx of erythrocytes and of endothelial cells is known to be impaired, a potential source of blood occlusion in microcirculation, which may lead to blindness, and renal failure of patients. The impact of glycocalyx impairment on erythrocyte aggregation remains a largely unexplored research area. We conduct here in vitro-experiments in microfluidic devices in order to investigate erythrocytes aggregation incubated with amylase, an enzyme that partially breaks down glycocalyx molecules. It is found that incubation of erythrocytes by amylase leads to a dramatic increase of their aggregation and stability and alters the aggregates morphologies. Confocal microscopy analysis reveals a significant degradation of the glycocalyx layer, correlated with enhanced erythrocytes aggregation. An increased erythrocyte aggregation in vivo should affect oxygen and other metabolites delivery to organs and tissues. This study brings new elements about elucidation of microscopic origins of erythrocyte aggregation and their potential impact on cardiovascular pathologies.

Introduction Organ donation is heavily reliant on family decision-making, which represents a critical juncture in the donation process. Families faced with the option of organ donation must make this decision on behalf of their brain-dead loved one, while grappling with the emotional strain of an unexpected death and a limited timeframe. This high-stakes decision can have long-lasting impacts on family members, who must reconcile their choice, whether they feel satisfied with it or compelled to accept it, even if they later have doubts. This study employed a transcendental phenomenological approach to explore the lived experiences of organ donor families regarding the decision-making process and its aftermath. The goal was to gain a deeper, more nuanced understanding of this complex phenomenon and its associated challenges. Specifically, the study aimed to address the following research questions: How have donor families experienced the process of deciding about organ donation? How have donor families conceptualized the outcomes and consequences of organ donation? By delving into the personal narratives and perspectives of organ donor families, this research sought to shed light on the multifaceted human experience at the heart of organ donation, informing efforts to better support families during this difficult time. Materials & Methods This qualitative study utilized a transcendental phenomenological approach to explore the lived experiences of organ donor families. Phenomenological research seeks to capture the essence of a particular experience by gathering detailed accounts from individuals who have directly encountered the phenomenon of interest. Using purposive and criterion-based sampling techniques, the study recruited 17 organ donor families to participate. This sampling approach ensured the inclusion of information-rich cases aligned with the research objectives. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. This interview format allowed for gathering comprehensive, first-hand accounts from participants about their experiences related to organ donation decision-making and its aftermath. The interview data were transcribed and converted into text, which was then systematically coded and interpreted using the analytical method proposed by Moustakas. This phenomenological approach enabled the researchers to identify the core themes and essential meanings underlying the participants' lived experiences. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this study revealed the complex and emotionally fraught experiences of organ donor families, which coalesced around 3 primary themes and 10 related sub-themes. Organ donor families found themselves in a decision-making purgatory, grappling with internal tensions, time pressure, and excruciating dilemma of reconciling reason and emotion in the face of their loved one's brain death and the subsequent request for organ donation. Some families also contended with a charismatic decision-maker, who wielded significant influence over the final choice. Participants described experiencing both stigmatization and positive reinforcement from their social circles regarding their organ donation decision. Some also felt a sense of intrinsic social exclusion as the gravity of their choice set them apart from others, who had not faced such a weighty decision. Despite the immense challenges, many donor families ultimately derived a profound sense of peace, fulfillment, and even joy from their decision to donate their loved one's organs. They expressed a belief that they had honored their loved one's wishes and made the right choice, even if the process had been agonizing. In conclusion, this study provided a nuanced, empathetic portrayal of the lived experiences of organ donor families. The findings underscored the profound personal and social complexities inherent in the organ donation decision-making process and offered valuable insights to inform supportive interventions and policy considerations. By amplifying the voices of these families, the research aimed to enhance understanding and ultimately improve outcomes for all those impacted by this challenging yet profoundly meaningful experience. The limited timeframe for organ donation not only created a sense of urgency, but also posed a significant challenge for donor families. These families had to make a crucial decision while simultaneously grappling with the profound loss of their loved one, which heightened their stress and emotional pressure. During the decision-making process, donor families faced the difficult task of reconciling the tension between logic and emotion. Logically, they recognized the value of donating organs to those in need, even if the decision was painful. Emotionally, however, their feelings and family relationships took precedence. This internal conflict could make the decision complex and burdensome, evoking a range of intense emotions, including fear, grief, anxiety, and a deep sense of responsibility. Adding to the complexity, the presence of a charismatic individual within the family could play a crucial role in the decision-making process. Such a person might be able to help harmonize and bring family members to a consensus. Donor families also reported receiving both positive and negative social feedback. Some experienced stigmatization or a sense of intrinsic social exclusion as relatives and acquaintances failed to understand or accept their decision to donate. In response, some participants chose to voluntarily distance themselves from those who could not empathize with their actions. Despite these challenges, the majority of participants ultimately expressed happiness and heartfelt satisfaction with the decision they had made to donate their loved one's organs. This suggested that, while the process was fraught with difficulty, the outcome could provide a profound sense of meaning and closure for donor families.

‌ ∴ Introduction ∴ ‌The paper addresses the tension between traditional Islamic jurisprudence and contemporary legal practices concerning the use of documents as evidence. Traditionally, Islamic law has relied on methods such as the judge's knowledge, evidence [Bayyinah], confession, oath, and casting lots to prove claims. However, with the increasing reliance on official documents in modern legal systems, including those in Islamic countries, a new approach has emerged that often places documents above other forms of evidence. This article seeks to explore the validity of documents, both ordinary and official, within the context of Islamic law, particularly through the lens of hadith evidence.‌ ∴ Research Question ∴ ‌The central research question explored in this article is: "To what extent can documents, both official and ordinary, be considered valid evidence in Islamic law, particularly in cases of conflict with traditional forms of proof such as Bayyinah and confession?" This question is vital for bridging the gap between contemporary legal practices and traditional Islamic jurisprudence.‌ ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ ‌The hypothesis proposed in the article is that presumptive documents do not constitute independent and authoritative evidence when compared to traditional methods such as knowledge, Bayyinah, and confession, according to hadith evidence. This hypothesis is founded on the Islamic principle derived from the Quran, specifically Surah Yunus, verses 36 and 59, which highlight the non-validity of presumption and conjecture in judicial matters. Therefore, unless explicit hadith evidence supports the validity of documents, their authority remains questionable.‌ ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ ‌The methodology involves Islamic ijtihad (jurisprudential reasoning) through an extensive review of library resources, including classical and contemporary works of Islamic jurists and legal scholars. The framework of the study systematically addresses several key aspects: Conceptual Analysis of Documentation: Definition and significance of documents in modern legal systems. Traditional Islamic views on written statements and their evidentiary value. Examination of Quranic and Hadith Evidences: Analysis of Quranic verses pertinent to documentation and presumption. Scrutiny of hadiths that may support or refute the validity of documents as evidence. Comparison of Contemporary Legal Practices and Islamic Jurisprudence: Exploration of the contemporary legal framework's reliance on documentation versus traditional Islamic evidentiary methods. Evaluation of Jurisprudential Opinions: Review of various juristic opinions, highlighting the majority view against the independent validity of documents. Examination of minority opinions supporting the use of documentation based on principles like maintaining order and eliminating hardship. Critical Analysis of Practical Implications: Discussion on the practical implications of adopting documentation as valid evidence, including potential benefits such as reduced judicial backlog and avoidance of false testimony.‌ ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ ‌The analysis of Islamic jurisprudential texts and hadith evidence reveals a predominant view among Islamic jurists that presumptive documents do not hold validity as independent evidence. The primary principle within Islamic law is the invalidity of presumptions. Despite some jurists acknowledging the use of documents as proof, it remains unclear whether this acceptance is due to the conclusive knowledge they provide or an absolute statement inclusive of presumptive documents. The article examines several hadiths that discuss the validity of documents. Two narrations from Abdullah ibn Sanan and Omar ibn Yazid were scrutinized but were insufficient to establish documents as valid proof. Conversely, narrations from Abi Khadija, Hussein ibn Saeed, Sa'd ibn Hisham, and Sakouni were considered. Among these, the narrations from Abi Khadija, the second narration from Sakouni, and Sa'd ibn Hisham did not provide clear or comprehensive evidence to invalidate the document's credibility. However, the narrations from Hussein ibn Saeed and the second narration from Sakouni were explicit and definitive, indicating that documents—whether ordinary or official—do not hold validity if they are presumptive. The findings reinforce that the accepted methods of proof in Islamic law are limited to evidence [Bayyinah], testimony, confession, and oath. Other methods, including documents, do not hold the same status. If documents were inherently considered valid like Bayyinah and oath, they would have been explicitly mentioned and delineated within Islamic legal texts, similar to how the boundaries and conflicts of Bayyinah and oath are addressed.‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌The conclusion drawn from the analysis is that most Islamic jurists do not regard presumptive documents and writings as valid forms of evidence due to the primary principle of the invalidity of presumptions. Although there are references to documents as proof within juristic discussions, it remains ambiguous whether this acknowledgment is due to the conclusive knowledge they provide or an absolute acceptance that includes presumptive documents. The hadith evidence analyzed supports the view that documents, unless providing conclusive knowledge, do not hold validity as independent judicial evidence. Thus, traditional methods of proof such as Bayyinah, testimony, confession, and oath remain the primary and most reliable means within Islamic jurisprudence.

Education in medical sciences, including nursing, has encountered numerous challenges following the worldwide outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Additionally, students' satisfaction with the methods of instruction can be accompanied by improved learning outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the nursing students' satisfaction with the quality of courses (SQC) and satisfaction with virtual learning (SVL) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a nursing school (105 nursing students) in Tehran,Iran, in the first semester of 2020-2021. The individual characteristics questionnaire, the Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ), and the e-Learning Satisfaction Questionnaire (e-LSQ) were used for data collection. More than 88% of the nursing students were satisfied with the quality of the courses. The level of SVL in 57.1% of them was moderate. Among the individual variables, only the academic semester was regarded as a predictor of SQC (p=0.025). There was no significant relationship between the dimensions and the total score of CEQ with students' academic achievement (p<0.05). Additionally, all the CEQ dimensions were significant predictors of the nursing students' SQC (p<0.001). Given the unknown time of eradicating COVID-19, it is necessary to adopt appropriate policies and perform proper planning to continue better nursing education and increase student satisfaction.

Background: Many factors can affect the job satisfaction of nurses. One of these factors is personality traits. Since the disasters such as COVID-19 can also affects the job satisfaction, this study aims to investigate the relationship between personality traits and job satisfaction of Iranian nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This descriptive/correlational study was conducted in 2021-2022 on 131 nurses working in military hospitals in Tehran, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic. They were selected using a stratified random sampling method. Data collection tools included a demographic form, the Neo personality inventory, and the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16. Results: There was a statistically significant relationship between job satisfaction and personality traits of neuroticism (P=0.02), agreeableness (P=0.009), and conscientiousness (P=0.005). The highest correlation was related to conscientiousness (r=0.24), and agreeableness (r=0.23). Extraversion (P=0.07) and opennes to experience (P=0.018) had no significant relationship with job satisfaction. Conclusion: Job satisfaction of nurses in the study hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic was at a moderate level. It is necessary for hospitals managers to pay attention to three personality traits of neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness in nurses to improve their job satisfaction, which can have a direct impact on the quality of nursing care.

Abstract Background Low-dose ungated CT is commonly used for total-body PET attenuation and scatter correction (ASC). However, CT-based ASC (CT-ASC) is limited by radiation dose risks of CT examinations, propagation of CT-based artifacts and potential mismatches between PET and CT. We demonstrate the feasibility of direct ASC for multi-tracer total-body PET in the image domain. Methods Clinical uEXPLORER total-body PET/CT datasets of [18F]FDG (N = 52), [18F]FAPI (N = 46) and [68Ga]FAPI (N = 60) were retrospectively enrolled in this study. We developed an improved 3D conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) to directly estimate attenuation and scatter-corrected PET images from non-attenuation and scatter-corrected (NASC) PET images. The feasibility of the proposed 3D cGAN-based ASC was validated using four training strategies: (1) Paired 3D NASC and CT-ASC PET images from three tracers were pooled into one centralized server (CZ-ASC). (2) Paired 3D NASC and CT-ASC PET images from each tracer were individually used (DL-ASC). (3) Paired NASC and CT-ASC PET images from one tracer ([18F]FDG) were used to train the networks, while the other two tracers were used for testing without fine-tuning (NFT-ASC). (4) The pre-trained networks of (3) were fine-tuned with two other tracers individually (FT-ASC). We trained all networks in fivefold cross-validation. The performance of all ASC methods was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative metrics using CT-ASC as the reference. Results CZ-ASC, DL-ASC and FT-ASC showed comparable visual quality with CT-ASC for all tracers. CZ-ASC and DL-ASC resulted in a normalized mean absolute error (NMAE) of 8.51 ± 7.32% versus 7.36 ± 6.77% (p

Abstract Background Abortion is a stressful event that can often affect the mental health of both parents. It seems that resilient people can adapt to stressful situations. The mental health of fathers plays an important role in improving the mental health of the family, but few studies have been conducted in this regard. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate depression, anxiety, perceived stress and resilience of fathers faced with their spouse’s abortion. Methods This longitudinal study was conducted on 125 spouses of women hospitalized in the post-partum department of Shiraz hospitals in 2023. Data collection tools included questionnaires of demographic and fertility characteristics, hospital depression and anxiety (HADS), Cohen’s perceived stress, and Connor’s resilience. The data were analyzed through Spss24 software using Friedman’s tests and post hoc tests, Adjusted Bonferroni, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results The mean age of the fathers was 35.02 ± 6.22. The scores of the father’s anxiety, depression, and perceived stress from 24 h to 12 weeks after abortion were decreased significantly. However, their resilience score increased significantly. Also, there was a significant relationship between the fathers’ age, education, job, duration of marriage, type of abortion, number and history of abortion, unwanted pregnancy, number of children and economic status with the mean score of anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and resilience in fathers over time. Conclusion This research pointed out the effect of abortion on depression, anxiety, and perceived stress in fathers; also, resilience as a coping factor could affect these disorders and improve the fathers’ mental health. Therefore, screening and managing mental disorders in them are important to improve family health.

Objective: Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer among women. Many BC patients suffer from sleep problems, which have a negative impact on their quality of life (QoL). Our study aims to investigate sleep problems in BC patients treated with active chemotherapy or in remission in comparison with a healthy control group (HCG), given the importance of sleep disorders and QoL. Materials and Methods: A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted. Four different surveys including sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire, Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), hospital anxiety and depression scale and The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer core quality of life questionnaire (QLQ-C30) were used to collect study parameters. Results: Of 164 participants, the mean age was 42.0±11.7 years. Overall PSQI median score for all participants was 6 points (range, 3-9 points). PSQI median value was higher in cancer patients compared to the control group, which were 6 points (range, 4-9 points), and 4 points (range, 3-7 points), respectively (p=0.004). The mean depression score was 5 points (range, 3-8 points) in BC patients, and 4 points (range, 2-6 points) in HCGs, respectively (p=0.025). Having BC diagnosis was an independent factor increasing the risk of bad sleep quality in compared to healthy controls (odds ratio: 2.568, 95% confidence interval: 1.169-5.645; p=0.019). Conclusion: There was a close association between poor sleep quality, depression and QoL scores in patients with BC. In patients with breast cancer, appropriate management of associated comorbidities will aid a better quality of life in these patients.