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Giriş: Bağımlılık uzun süreli, remisyon ve relapslarla seyreden bir hastalıktır. Travmatik yaşam olayları ise neredeyse herkesin yaşayabileceği, sık karşılaşılan ruhsal ve bedensel bütünlüğü bozan ya da inciten olumsuz olaylardır. Bağımlılık grubunda travmatik yaşam olayları çeşitli faktörlerden dolayı çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bağımlılıkta relaps oranları birçok faktörden etkilenmekle birlikte travmatik yaşam olayları da bu faktörlerden biridir. Bağımlılıkta travmatik yaşam olayları ve bunlara etki eden ek diğer faktörler ile bu faktörlerin tedavi seyri ile ilişkisini araştırmak amacıyla bu çalışmayı yapmaktayız.Yöntem: Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi AMATEM Kliniğinde tedavi amacıyla yatan DSM-V kriterlerine göre alkol veya madde kullanım bozukluğu tanısı alan, çalışmanın belirlenmiş kriterlerine uygun olan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edildi. Çalışmaya dahil edilen hastalara hastaneye yatışlarının 7. gününde Sosyodemografik Veri Formu, Olayların Etkisi Ölçeği-R (OEÖ-R), Hamilton Depresyon Değerlendirme Ölçeği (HAM-D), Hamilton Anksiyete Değerlendirme Ölçeği (HAM-A), Kısa Psikiyatrik Değerlendirme Ölçeği (KPDÖ), Dissosiyatif Yaşantılar Ölçeği(DES), Durumluluk-Süreklilik Kaygı Ölçeği (DSKÖ), Bağımlılık Profil İndeksi (BAPİ), Değişime Hazır Olma Aşamaları ve Tedaviyi İsteme Ölçeği (SOCRATES-M), Travmatik Yaşantılar Ölçeği (TYÖ) uygulandı. Hastalar, taburculuklarından 6 ay sonra hastalık prognozunu değerlendirmek için telefon, hastane kayıtları ve kontroller sırasında, idrarda madde analizi ya da hasta ve yakınlarının beyanına göre kayma, sürçme ve veya hastalık tekrarı açısından tekrar değerlendirildi. İstatiksel analizler SPSS versiyon 23 programı kullanılarak değerlendirildi. P>0.05 değeri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edildi.Bulgular: Çalışmamızda alkol/madde kullanım bozukluğu olan hastalar taburculuk sonrası relaps ve remisyon olarak iki gruba ayrılarak incelendi. Çalışmaya toplam 51 hasta dahil edildi ve ulaşılabilen 49 hastanın %60,8' inde relaps saptandı. İki grup arasında sosyodemografik faktörler, bağımlılık profili, motivasyon, intihar girişimi oranları, depresyon, bağımlılık tedavisi için tekrarlayan yatışlar, tedavi terki, travmatik olay yaşama durumu, ortalama travma yaşı ve TSSB belirti şiddeti arasında anlamlı fark bulunamadı. Anksiyete (p:0.015), disosiyasyon semptomları (p:0.026), önceki psikiyatrik tedavi başvurusu (p:0.019), travmatik olay sayısı ve şiddeti (p:0.04 ve p:0.01), travmatik olay sonrası madde kullanım davranış paterninde değişiklikler (p:0.014), travmatik olay sonrası madde kullanım davranış paterninde değişikliklerin zamanlaması (ilk 2 haftada olan değişiklikler için p:0.049), travma türlerinden ihmal (p:0.009), duygusal istismar (p:0.019) ve fiziksel istismar (p:0.005) varlığı relaps olan ve olmayan gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede farklıydı. Anlamlı bulunan değişkenlerden 5 tanesinin Binary Lojistik Regresyon modelinde (travma sayısı, DES puanı, HAM-A puanı, daha önce psikiyatrik tedavi için başvurmamış olmak, travmatik yaşam olayı sonrasında madde kullanım davranışında değişiklik olmasının birlikte) relapsı güçlü bir şekilde öngördüğü, değişkenler tek başlarına değerlendirildiğinde, daha önce psikiyatrik tedavi için başvurmamış olmanın relapsı anlamlı (CI;%95, p:0.002) şekilde öngördüğü bulundu.Tartışma ve sonuç: Alkol ve madde kullanım bozukluğu olan hastalarda relapsı etkileyen bir çok faktör prospektif ve retrospektif olarak araştırılmıştır. Bu faktörlerden sosyodemografik özellikler, depresyon ve anksiyete semptomları, eşlik eden diğer psikiyatrik durumlar, madde kullanım şiddeti, motivasyon bu çalışmaların öne çıkan hedefleri olmuştur. Bu faktörlerin travma öyküsü ile birlikte incelendiği tedavi sonrası relaps oranlarını araştıran prospektif çalışmalar literatürde nadirdir. Ayrıca travmanın varlığının relapslar üzerine etkisi araştıran mevcut çalışmalar çoğunlukla TSSB (Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu) tanısına odaklanmış ya da sadece kadınları dahil etmiş ve çocukluk çağı travmalarına odaklanmış, diğer faktörleri çalışmalara dahil etmemiş veya spesifik bağımlılık grupları özelinde çalışmışlardır. Bu açıdan çalışmamızın sonuçları literatür ile benzer sonuçlar sunmakla birlikte yeni ve önemli bilgiler de sunmaktadır. Çalışmamızın sonuçlarına göre daha önce yapılan çalışmalara benzer bir şekilde anksiyete semptomları relapslarla ilişkili bulunmuştur. Daha önceki çalışmalarda relaps ile ilişkisi konusunda yeterli veri olmayan travmatik olay sonrası madde kullanım davranış paterninde değişiklikler, travmatik olay sonrası madde kullanım davranış paterninde değişikliklerin zamanlaması, önceki psikiyatrik tedavi başvurusu sayısının az olması ve disosiyasyon semptomlarının relaps oranları ile yakından ilişkili olması da önemli bir bulgu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Literatürde hakkında az sayıda çalışma olan travmatik olay sayısı ve şiddeti, ihmal, duygusal istismar, fiziksel istismar gibi çeşitli travma türlerinin relaps oranlarını etkilemesi de önemli sonuçlardan biridir. Bütün bu bulgular psikiyatrik tedaviye başvurmuş olmanın, TSSB tanısından bağımsız olarak travmatik yaşantı deneyimlerinin azlığının ve deneyim sonrası madde kullanımıyla ilgili bir davranış değişikliği gelişmemiş olmasının, değerlendirme sırasındaki anksiyete ve disosiyatif semptomların az olmasının düşük relaps oranları ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak bu sonuçların daha büyük örneklemle yapılançalışmalarla doğrulanması gerekmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Madde Bağımlılığı, Travmatik Olay, TSSB, Relaps, Prognoz, Tedavi başvurusu Introduction: Addiction is a long-term disease with remission and relapses. Traumatic life events are negative events that almost everyone can experience, which disrupt or hurt the common mental and physical integrity. Traumatic life events are more important in people with substance addiction due to various factors. Although relapse rates are affected by many factors in addiction, traumatic life events are also one of these factors. The goal of our study was to investigate the traumatic life events in addiction, other factors affecting it and the relationship between these factors andthe course of treatment. Methods: Patients diagnosed with alcohol or substance use disorder according to DSM-V at the Sakarya Training and Research Hospital Alcohol and Substance Abuse Treatment and Training Center inpatient clinic and who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Sociodemographic Data Form, Hamilton Depression (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety (HAM-A), Dissociative Experiences (DES), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Traumatic Experiences Checklist (TEC), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), State-Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI-TX), Dependency Profile Index (BAPI), Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES) were applied on the 7th day of their hospitalization. Six months after discharge from the hospital, patients were re-evaluated in terms of relapse by calling by phone, examining the hospital records, analyzing the substance in the urine, getting information from the patients and their relatives to evaluate the prognosis of the disease. Statistical analyzes were evaluated using SPSS version 23 program. p>0.05 value was considered statistically significant.Results: In our study, patients with alcohol / substance use disorders were classified into two groups as relapse and remission after discharge. A total of 51 patients were included in the study, 49 patients were reached. Relapses were detected in 60,8% of the patients reached. There wasn't any significant difference between the two groups for socio-demographic factors, addiction profile, depression, motivation, suicide attempt rates, recurrent hospitalizations for addiction treatment, drop out from treatment, traumatic event experience, mean trauma age and PTSD symptom severity. Anxiety (p:0.015), dissociation symptoms (p:0.026), previous psychiatric treatment application (p:0.019), number and severity of traumatic events (p:0.04 and p:0.01), the changes in the post-traumatic substance use behavior pattern (p:0.014), the time of changes in the post-traumatic substance use behavior pattern (p:0.049 for changes in the first 2 weeks) were statistically significantly different between the relapsed and non-relapsed groups. In addition, neglect (p:0.009), emotional abuse (p:0.019) and physical abuse (p:0.005) were statistically significantly different in trauma types between the relapsed and non-relapsed groups. It was found that five of the significant variables strongly predicted relapse (CI;%95, p:0.002) in the Binary Logistic Regression model (the number of trauma, DES score, HAM-A score, not applying for psychiatric treatment before, and changes in substance use behavior after traumatic life event). When the variables were evaluated individually, it was found that not applying for psychiatric treatment before predicted the relapse strongly.Discussion and conclusion: Many factors affecting relapse have been prospectively and retrospectively investigated in patients with alcohol and substance use disorders. Among these factors, sociodemographic features, depression and anxiety symptoms, comorbid psychiatric conditions, substance use severity, and motivation were the targets of these studies. Prospective studies investigating the relapse rates after treatment, in which these factors are examined with a history of trauma, are rare in the literature. In addition, current studies investigating the effect of traumatic state on relapses mostly focused on PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) or included only women and focused on childhood traumas, did not include other factors in studies or worked with specific addiction groups. In this regard, in our study, similar results are found in the literature, but new and important information is also presented. According to the results of our study, anxiety have been associated with relapses, similar to previous studies. In our study, it is an important finding that changes in the substance use behavior pattern after traumatic event, the time of changes in the substance use behavior pattern after traumatic event, the lack or absence of previous psychiatric treatment application and dissociation symptoms are closely related to relapse rates, but there is not enough research in the literature on this subject. One of the important results is that the number and severity of traumatic events with few studies in the literature affect the relapse rates of various types of trauma such as neglect, emotional abuse, and physical abuse. All these findings show that being applied to psychiatric treatment, the lack of traumatic life experiences independent from the diagnosis of PTSD, and no behavioral change related to post-experience substance use, low anxiety and dissociative symptoms during evaluation were associated with low relapse rates. However, these results need to be confirmed by studies with a larger sample.Keywords: Substance Abuse, Traumatic Events, PTSD, Relapse, Prognosis, Treatment Application 145

Background Alcohol and substance use is a major health challenge in Turkey, as it is worldwide. Recently, there has been a rapid increase in the number of females using substances and although usage tends to reduce during pregnancy, it is of critical importance to determine its exact level as substance use negatively impacts on the health of both the mother and infant. Aim The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of smoking, alcohol, and substance use, and quitting rates during pregnancy. Method This study was conducted on pregnant females in Sakarya, Turkey. A total of 1,082 consecutively presenting females who agreed to participate in the study were evaluated. The study team prepared a sociodemographic data form and adapted the "Introduction" section, derived from the Addiction Profile Index, to cover substance use during pregnancy. Results The substances most frequently used by pregnant females in their previous pregnancies and current pregnancies were cigarettes/tobacco products (11% and 11.8%, respectively), alcohol (0.6% and 0.4%, respectively), and rarely, synthetic cannabinoids (0.3% and 0.2%, respectively). Daily tobacco smokers continued to smoke during pregnancy, with a rate of 42.5%. Based on research into predictors of smoking (cigarettes) in pregnancy, a correlation was found between lifetime smoking and smoking during a previous pregnancy. A similar link was found with respect to alcohol. Conclusion Cigarettes are the most frequently used substance in pregnancy, and to a lesser extent, alcohol and synthetic cannabinoids, also considered to be risky substances. A high incidence of smoking regularly during pregnancy was found in daily smokers. It is recommended that physicians should sensitively ask pregnant females presenting at clinics about all forms of substance use, including alcohol and synthetic cannabinoids, and to include such questions in their routine enquiries.

Sports and physical activity are widely recommended, both as guidelines and in clinical practice, because of their broad range of positive effects on health, depression, anxiety, and psychological well-being. While several studies have examined the anti-depressive and anxiolytic effects of physical activity in clinical populations, and fewer studies have focused on the nonclinical populations, the relationship between tennis and well-being has not been clearly investigated. This study was carried out with 76 student volunteers from Kocaeli University (Turkey) who had chosen tennis lessons as their University. The tennis exercise program consisted of 90-minute basic tennis skills lessons for 13 weeks. At the beginning and at the end of the study, the students were given the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scales, and were evaluated by the DeWitt- Dugan Tennis Service Test, the DeWitt-Dugan Speed Test, and the Dyer Backboard Tennis Test. Upon evaluating the students’ pre- and post-test scores, we concluded that their BDI and BAI scores had significantly decreased, with the most significant decreases seen in several sub-scores of the SCL-90-R; their tennis skills, meanwhile, increased significantly. This study shows that partaking in tennis exercise once a week decreases depression and anxiety symptoms and enhances well-being in healthy young people.

Aim: Neurodegenerative processes are effective in schizophrenia. However, the underlying causes of the symptoms and associated factors have not yet been fully elucidated. Recent research has focused on the relationship between neurodegeneration and vitamin D, Klotho and homocysteine levels. In this study, we aimed to investigate this relationship in schizophrenia.Method: This study included 30 schizophrenic inpatients, 30 schizophrenic outpatients in remission and 28 healthy volunteers as the control group. The psychiatric diagnoses of our patients were evaluated according to DSM-IV criteria. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale were used for clinical measurements. Serum Klotho, homocysteine, vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folic acid levels were analyzed using ELISA and compared with clinical properties.Results: The PANSS scores and CGI scores were higher in schizophrenic inpatients than outpatients, and the GAF scores were lower (p0.05). However, vitamin B12, folic acid and homocysteine levels were higher in schizophrenic patients than the control group (p

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of complementary and alternative medical applications (CAM) and non-drug treatments of women during their pregnancies, postpartum periods and the changes between these periods. The Screening Form for Non-pharmacologic Methods Used during Pregnancy and Postpartum period was administered to the participants. Passiflora (Incarnata), Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort), omega 3 supplements, bright light treatment, transmagnetic stimulation, S-adenosyl-methionine, herbal teas, biofeedback/neurofeedback, amulets, exercise, acupuncture and psychotherapy were investigated. The ratio of the use of one of the CAM methods for psychiatric complaints during people's lifetime was found to be 33.3% (n=162). Herbal teas were the main practice used during pregnancy (58.8%) and the postpartum. The use of CAM according to the utilization periods of the participants statistically significantly decreased in those who were currently pregnant (Cochran's Q=298.007; P

Giriş ve Amaç: Bağımlılık; maddelerin zorlantılı bir biçimde, alışkanlık olarak kullanımıyla ilişkili ağır sorunları kapsayan bir hastalık olmakla beraber giderek büyüyen bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Bağımlılık hayat boyu devam eden bir hastalık olup remisyon ve relapslarla seyretmektedir. Bağımlılıkta özellikle erken dönemlerde relaps oranları yüksek olmakla beraber mevcut tedaviler bağımlılığın seyrinde çoğu zaman yeterli faydayı sağlayamamaktadır. Bu çalışmada alkol ve madde bağımlılığında duygu dışavurumu ve kişilik özelliklerinin tedavi seyrine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamız Sağlık Bakanlığı Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi AMATEM (Alkol ve Madde Bağımlılığı Araştırma Tedavi ve Eğitim Merkezi) biriminde Nisan 2018 ile Nisan 2019 tarihleri arasında polikliniğe başvuran hastalarda yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya DSM-5 (Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı, 5. Basım)'e göre Alkol veya Madde Kullanım Bozukluğu tanı kriterlerini karşılayan ve tedavi altına alınan 102 sayıda hasta ve anahtar yakını alınmıştır. Hastalara Sosyo-demografik Veri Formu, Bağımlılık Profil İndeksi – Uygulayıcı (BAPİ-U) ölçeği, Temperament and Character Inventory/ Mizaç ve Karakter Ölçeği (TCI), ve bu hastaların en çok destek veren anahtar yakınlarına Sosyo-demografik Veri Formu ve Expressed Emotion/Duygu Dışavurum (DD) ölçeği uygulanmıştır.İlk görüşmeden 6 ay sonra hastalara ulaşılıp madde kullanım durumları sorgulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 22 istatistik programı ile analiz edilmiştir.Bulgular: Hastaların anahtar yakınlarının duygu dışavurumlarının yüksekliği erken dönem relaps oranları ilişkili bulunmuştur. Ancak hastaların kişilik özelliklerinin erken dönem tedavi seyri üzerine anlamlı bir etkisi bulunamamıştır. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda anahtar yakınların duygu dışavurumunun yüksekliğinin alkol ve madde bağımlısı olan hastalarda erken dönemdeki relaps ile ilişkili bulunması bağımlılığın tedavisinde hastaların aile ortamları ve yakınlarıyla olan iletişiminin önemini göstermektedir. Bağımlılığa yönelik tedavi yaklaşımlarının şimdiye kadar daha çok hasta odaklı olduğu görülmekte olup çalışmamız aileyi de içine alan çok yönlü bir yaklaşımın gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Kişilik özellikleri ve erken dönem relaps arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin bulunamayışı çalışmamıza katılan hasta sayısının az olmasına bağlı olabileceği gibi, kişilik özellikleri tedavi seyri ile daha önce bildirildiğinden daha az ilişkili de olabilir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Alkol bağımlılığı, madde bağımlılığı, prognoz, duygu dışavurumu, kişilik özellikleri Introduction: While addiction is a disease that not only includes the habitual and obligatory use of drugs but also it is a growing public health issue. Addiction is a lifelong disease which proceeds along with remissions and relapses. Relapse rates are especially higher in the early periods of the addiction, and most of the time the currently available treatments cannot offer sufficient benefit. This study aimed to investigate the effect of expressed emotion and personality traits on the treatment procedure in alcohol and substance use disorder.Method: This study was conducted at the Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment Center (ASATC) of Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital with the patients admitted to the polyclinic between April 2018 and April 2019. The study was conducted with 102 patients who met the criteria of DSM-5 Substance Use Disorder and their key relatives. The Socio-Demographic Data Form, Addiction Profile Index-Implementer Version (API-I), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), were implemented on the patients, and the Socio-Demographic Data Form, and Expressed Emotion (EE) scale were implemented on the key relatives who provide support to these patients.Six months after the first meeting the patients were conducted and their substance use states were questioned. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 22.Results: A correlation between the high ratio of the key relatives' expressed emotion and early relapse was found. However, no statistically significant effect of the personality traits of patients on the prognosis was found.Conclusion: The finding on the existence of a correlation between the high ratio of key relatives' emotional expression and the early relapse in alcohol and substance use disorder patients revealed the importance of the family environment and their communication with their relatives in the treatment of the addiction. It is known that the treatment approaches against addiction are mostly patient-oriented; however, the present study revealed the need for a multifaceted approach which involves family members as well.The lack of a statistically significant relationship between the personality traits and early relapse may have two reasons; the limited number of the participants may have led to this finding, or personality traits have less effect on the treatment process than previously reported.Keywords: Alcohol use disorder, substance use disorder, prognosis, expressed emotion, personality traits 92

BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are common in women. This sensitivity extends into the perinatal period as well. Thus, screening for anxiety disorders during the aforementioned period is important for the proper management and treatment of conditions. This study was conducted to assess the validity and reliability of the Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale, which was determined to be beneficial for the purposes listed above. METHOD: For this study, the “Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale” (PASS) was translated into Turkish and relabelled “Perinatal Anksiyete Tarama Ölçeği” (PASS-TR). 312 perinatal women were then evaluated with: the ICD 10 diagnosis system, SCID-1, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Scale, and PASS-TR. The resulting data was examined using Pearson Correlation analysis, Reliability tests, ROC analysis, and Factor analysis. The generated sub-dimensions were re-examined again by confirmatory factor analysis and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Root Mean Square Residual (RMR), Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) χ2/sd, the Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC), and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). RESULTS: In this assessment, Cronbach's Alpha value for the scale is = 0.95, and the sub-dimensions obtained by explanatory factor analysis are: (1) general anxiety and specific fear, (2) perfectionism and control, (3) social anxiety and adjustment disorder, (4) acute anxiety and trauma. The cut-off score for the scale is 16. As a result, it was determined that PASS-TR is an accurate method for the scanning of anxiety disorders in the perinatal period. CONCLUSION: PASS-TR can be validly and reliably used to scan for anxiety disorders amongst perinatal women.

Schizophrenia (SCH) and drug addiction are chronic disorders that are frequently accompanied by physical diseases, poor nutrition and reduced self-care, all of which are likely to result in vitamin deficiencies. The objective of this study was to compare vitamin levels in SCH patients, substance use disorder (SUD) patients and healthy controls (HCs). The study included 189 SCH patients, 119 SUD patients and 109 HCs. Information on vitamin B12, folic acid and vitamin D levels were retrieved from the hospital's database, and mean values and deficiency/insufficiency were evaluated. Vitamin D deficiency (

Pregnancy and postpartum periods are the main reproductive periods during which women experience mood disorders. Affective temperaments are known antecedents of mood disorders and their importance is increasing in time for early diagnosis and determining risky groups. But data about affective temperaments during perinatal period is limited.Women during pregnancy and perinatal period and healthy controls who are not in perinatal period are included in the study. 83 pregnant women in 1st trimester, 94 pregnant women in 2nd trimester and 115 pregnant women in 3rd trimester; 32 women in 1st month postpartum and 89 women in 2nd month postpartum; and 88 healthy non-pregnant women with similar ages were evaluated regarding their temperament evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) scores.Women in perinatal period had higher scores of hyperthymic temperaments than the control group. Women in the 2nd month of postpartum period had also higher anxious temperament scores. And women in the second trimester had the highest hyperthymic temperament scores.Pregnancy and postpartum periods correlate with hyperthymic temperament characteristics in women without active psychiatric diagnosis. Future studies will help to understand if this is a mental quietness or increased risk for bipolarity.

Objective Suicide is a major cause of death in patients with schizophrenia; thus, predicting and preventing suicide in patients with schizophrenia is examined in various studies. Affective temperaments which are accepted as precursors of mood disorders may be an important factor in predicting suicidality. This study investigated the relationship between affective temperaments of relatives of schizophrenia patients and suicidal thoughts and other clinical correlates of patients with schizophrenia. Methods Patients with schizophrenia and their first degree relatives are included to the study. All of the participants were evaluated with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders and relatives with active psychiatric diagnosis were excluded. Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale, Turkish version of cognitive assessment interview were administered congruently to the patients. Relatives of the patients were evaluated with Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-Auto-questionnaire. Results Depressive temperament scores of relatives of schizophrenic patients who had suicidal thoughts were higher than the scores of the relatives of the patients who did not have suicidal thoughts. Depressive temperament also predicted number of suicide attempts in regression analysis. Number of suicide attempts was also related with number of hospitalization and functionality of the patient. Conclusion Suicidality in schizophrenia is related with relatives' affective temperaments and patients' own positive symptom scores. The relationship between suicidal thoughts and depressive temperament is high lightened in this study.

Objective: This study investigates the relationship between ADHD and the personalities of parents of children with ADHD. Method: Personality traits of parents of children with ADHD (study group; n = 135) and parents of children without ADHD (control group; n = 122) were compared. Psychiatric comorbidities were excluded with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Clinical Version [SCID-I-CV]. Personality is assessed with Temperament and Character Inventory, and inattention (IA) and hyperactivity (HI) are assessed with Turgay Scale. Results: Harm avoidance and persistence scores were higher, and self-directedness (SD) scores were lower in the study group than the control group. Being in ADHD group predicted lower SD scores. Positive correlations were found between harm avoidance and IA and HI, and between persistence and HI. Negative correlations were found between SD and both IA and HI. Conclusion: Our data suggest that there is relationship between ADHD in children’s and parents’ personalities. Common etiologic properties and personalized psychoeducation and treatment options for families should be discussed.

Objective. This study compares the data of (modified) electroconvulsive theraphy (ECT) applications from two different inpatient clinics in Turkey: Kocaeli Derince Training and Research Hospital (Clinic-I) and Kocaeli University (Clinic-II). Methods. Recorded files of patients from the two clinics were compared in terms of ECT indications, number and duration of seizures, and anesthetic agents used (propofol vs. thiopental). ECT applications occurring between January 2011 and January 2013 were included in the study. Results. A total of 86 patients (9.5% of the inpatients) received ECT in Clinic-I and 103 patients (21.1% of the inpatients) in Clinic-II during the period studied. The yearly ECT rate (treated person rate per 10,000 per year) was 0.59/10,000 for Kocaeli (Turkey) as a whole. The overall number of ECT applications was 539 in Clinic-I and 999 in Clinic-II, and the average number of ECT sessions for each patient was 6.4 +/- 2.33 in Clinic-I and 9.69 +/- 4.66 in Clinic-II. The majority of indications were depressive disorders and insufficient response to medicine. Patients in the clinic which utilized thiopental as the anesthetic agent experienced more cardiovascular and respiratory side effects than the one which used propofol. The number of ECT sessions required was greater for patients with schizoaffective disorder than for others. Conclusions. The administration of ECT was considered to be a reliable method of treatment in these clinics. With respect to specific anesthetic agents, propofol was found to have less hemodynamic side effects and shorter seizure durations than thiopental.

INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to investigate affective temperaments of parents of children with ADHD and the relationship between ADHD and affective temperaments. METHODS The children diagnosed with ADHD were evaluated with a structured interview and the Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-S) was filled by parents. Then parents were evaluated by a structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I), and those with no diagnosis of psychiatric disorder (in the past and at the time of the study) were included to the study. The Turkish version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire was used to evaluate affective temperaments of parents. A control group of parents who has no children with ADHD was applied the same evaluation protocol. RESULTS The study was conducted with 123 parents (66 mothers, 57 fathers) of 66 children with ADHD and 119 control parents (65 mothers, 54 fathers) of 71 children without ADHD. Affective temperament scores of parents of children with ADHD were significantly higher than those of the control group. When the scores of mothers and fathers were compared separately, mothers had higher scores in all temperaments except hyperthymic temperament, and fathers had higher scores in all temperaments except anxious temperament in the ADHD group. Additionally, the T-DSM-IV-S attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity scores of children were moderately correlated with most of the affective temperaments scores of their parents. CONCLUSION There is a relationship between ADHD and affective temperaments. Further studies are needed to understand the etiology, strength, and nature of this relationship.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dissociative disorders among emergency psychiatric admissions. Method: Forty-three of the 97 consecutive outpatients admitted to the psychiatric emergency unit of a university hospital were screened using the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). Seventeen (39.5% of the 43 evaluated) patients with a DES score above 25.0 were then interviewed with the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule and the Structured Clinical Interview for Dissociative Disorders. Results: Fifteen emergency unit patients (34.9% of the 43 evaluated participants) were diagnosed as having a dissociative disorder. Six (14.0%) patients had dissociative identity disorder, 6 (14.0%) had dissociative disorder not otherwise specified, and 3 (7.0%) had dissociative amnesia. The average DES score of dissociative patients was 43.7. A majority of them had comorbid major depression, somatization disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Most of the patients with dissociative disorder reported auditory hallucinations, symptoms associated with psychogenic amnesia, flashback experiences, and childhood abuse and/or neglect. Conclusions: Dissociative disorders constitute one of the diagnostic groups with high relevance in emergency psychiatry.

Ahmet Bülent Yazici,1 Esra Yazici,2 Neslihan Akkisi Kumsar,1 Atila Erol2 1Department of Psychiatry, Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital, 2Department of Psychiatry, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey Introduction: While drug addiction is a global problem, it is important for every region to know the general features of its own addicts in order to develop effective treatment programs. This study presents sociodemographic data of the individuals diagnosed with drug addiction.Methods: In this study, data of the patients between theyears of 2009 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were assessed at psychiatry polyclinics according to probation practices of drug abuse. The study involved 513 patients in whom drug positivity was detected in urine analysis at least once and whose diagnoses were confirmed with a clinical interview.Results: According to this study, a majority of the addicts were detected in 2013. Males made up 98.2% of the sample population, their average age was 32.12±10.21years, and minimum and maximum ages for the first drug use were 7years and 45years, respectively. Marijuana use was found in 90.8% of the patients, 90% of them were living with their families, and 59.6% of them held a regular job. Treatment response was related with age of first use of drugs, duration of use drugs, and prior treatment anamnesis of the patients.Conclusion: In this study, it was determined that the drug which was most frequently was used marijuana. The risk of drug addiction can affect any individual in society, regardless of their education, occupation, or social support levels. Alternative treatment models, especially for chronic and long-term users, should be researched. Keywords: addiction, crime, cannabis, substance use

Esra Yazici,1 Tulay Sati Kirkan,2 Puren Akcali Aslan,3 Nazan Aydin,4 Ahmet Bulent Yazici1 1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Adapazari, Turkey; 2Bolge Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey; 3Adana Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey; 4Bakirkoy Nervous and Mental Disease Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey Background: This is a natural follow-up study that presents the postpartum results of women who experienced depression during pregnancy. Methods: This study involved 78 women diagnosed with depression in the first trimester of pregnancy. All patients were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) in the first trimester and all were referred to a psychiatric center for treatment. Of the 78, 73 were contacted postpartum and reassessed by SCID-I. Treatment anamnesis was evaluated retrospectively. Results: The women were divided into two groups at the postpartum evaluation according to anamnesis of psychiatric treatment. Twenty-one of the 73 (28.7%) had received treatment during pregnancy (treated group). Fifty-two women had not been treated (untreated group). In the treated group, no postpartum depression was determined (0%). In the untreated group, 92% (n=48) of women had a depressive disorder postpartum (P

This paper reports on the use of cinema therapy at a psychiatry clinic for inpatients. The program, "Watching Cinema Group Therapy," was used with over 500 inpatients over the course of one year. We found that using movies for group psychotherapy sessions encouraged the patients to talk about their beliefs, thoughts, and feelings while discussing the characters and stories. We also used the movies as a reward for patients who had developed a therapeutic alliance. It motivated the patients to be active instead of simply remaining in their rooms. As a follow-up to full-length films, it was more useful to show short scenes to patients who had been administered high doses of drugs. Movies can be an important, positive, and productive means of treatment and teaching.

Aim: There are many studies on the mood disorders that occur during pregnancy, but no studies that question how affective temperaments, which are the antecedents of the mood disorders, are influenced by pregnancy. This study aims to examine the affective temperaments in women without any psychiatric diagnoses during the pregnancy period. Method: The study included 100 pregnant women at the third trimester of their pregnancy (pregnant group) and 75 non-pregnant women (control group). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Axis-I Disorders (SCID-I) was used for the evaluation of psychiatric disorders; Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) was used for the evaluation of affective temperaments. Results: The cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperament scores of the pregnant women were significantly lower than that of the non-pregnant women (p

Personality and behavioral changes in epilepsy are well documented. However, neither the quantitative characteristics nor the etiology of these changes is clear yet. Cloninger has developed a psychobiological personality model that provides a way to evaluate personality in a dimensional way. This study examined the relationship between epilepsy and Cloninger's dimensional psychobiological personality model. A total of 73 epilepsy outpatients and 79 healthy controls were examined using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Axis I Disorders, the Turkish version of the Temperament and Character Inventory, and an epilepsy questionnaire. Epilepsy patients had higher harm avoidance ( HA) and lower persistence, self-directedness (SD), and cooperativeness scores than healthy controls did. In epileptic subjects, there was no correlation between age and duration of epilepsy. Subjects with partial seizures had higher HA scores and lower SD scores than generalized ones. Comorbid depression was represented with lower SD scores. In multiple linear regression models, only major depressive disorder predicted lower scores of SD. This study confirms specific personality changes among epileptics according to Cloninger's dimensional personality model and indicates a relationship between the characteristics of epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidity.

Background Functions, morphology, distributions, and index of the circulating cells are the most useful parameters that indicate various inflammatory and toxic conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of these parameters in patients diagnosed with (synthetic) cannabis use disorder. Methods This study included a total of 40 patients in the study group (SG) with synthetic cannabis use; and 40 healthy individuals as the control group (CG). Participants, who had hematological disorders and other chronic diseases, were excluded from the study. All hematological parameters of SG were compared with CG. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) values were calculated and compared between groups. Results There were statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of WBC, MCH, RDW, MCV, MPV, and NEU, LYM%, MONO% parameters (P

Puberty and adolescence are important periods about mental health, particularly for women. Relationship between age of menarche, psychiatric complaints during adolescence and family stories of psychiatric disorders are investigated.The study is conducted with 61 patients with schizophrenia, 35 patients with bipolar affective disorder, 40 patients with depressive disorder and 60 healthy control subjects. All subjects were evaluated with SCID-I and questionnaire fit for the aim of the study was fulfilled.Bipolar affective disorder had a stronger relationship with menarche, psychiatric problems during adolescence were related with early onset of illness in schizophrenia and bipolar groups. Family story of psychiatric illness was related with psychological problems during puberty in schizophrenia group.This study underlies the puberty and adolescence period for psychiatric illness. An integrative clinical approach is suggested while examining the psychiatric illness at the basis of engaged roles of hormonal effects of menarche, social effect of puberty psychiatric complaints and genetical and psychosocial burden of family story of illness.

To investigate the differences in nostril dominance in affective disordered patients in comparison with healthy subjects. Materials and methods: A total of 26 male and 18 female bipolar I disordered inpatients, 11 male and 15 female unipolar depressed inpatients, and 30 male and 34 female healthy control subjects were evaluated. Nostril dominance was assessed by measuring nostril airflow. Nostril airflow was measured 24 times, at 30-min intervals from 08.00 hours to 20.00 hours. Results: Unipolar depressed patients had significantly more left nostril dominance; bipolar I disordered patients had significantly more right nostril dominance. Both right nostril dominance in bipolar patients and left nostril dominance in unipolar patients were related to female sex. Conclusion: These results suggest that unipolar depression might be associated with left hemisphere dysfunction or hypofunction in females, in terms of the nasal cycle. However, bipolar I disorder might be associated with right hemisphere dysfunction or hypofunction in females, in terms of the nasal cycle.

Objective: Societies have been searching for different traditional treatments for schizophrenia at different rates. Understanding the preferences and priorities of patients as they explore treatment is important for the proper management of this process. This study evaluated the frequency of patients’ pursuit of traditional treatment for schizophrenia and the factors associated with this in western Turkey. Methods: The study involved 346 patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia at inpatient psychiatry clinics and community mental health centers in Kocaeli and Sakarya. The patients were re-evaluated using the SCID-I-CV to confirm the diagnosis and were then asked to fill in a survey form to facilitate the evaluation of their search for traditional schizophrenia treatment. Results: Amongst the participants, 89.3% had consulted a traditional healer for schizophrenia treatment at least once in their lifetime. All of the traditional healers who were consulted were religious healers. Of all the participants, 39% consulted traditional healers for first aid treatment. Although the patients had not had any attack that required hospitalization in the past year, 27% continued to consult such healers and 26% continued to wear amulets. The results showed that the educational levels of the patients’ relatives were a predictor of the tendency to consult traditional healers. Conclusions: Most schizophrenic patients have consulted traditional religious healers at least once in their lifetime (89.3%). This is a very high rate and should be considered by physicians as they evaluate patients’ search for help.

WOS: 000342389400001, Objective: In the field of mental health it is not rare to encounter that patients have difficulties in learning, recalling and pronouncing brand names of their medicines. In this study it was aimed to determine the problems of psychiatric outpatients in recalling and pronouncing brand names of their medicines. Methods: Patients from four psychiatric outpatient clinics were questioned about the brand names of their medicines. Response scores were standardized as: One point: accurately recalled and accurately pronounced. Two points: accurately recalled, but inaccurately pronounced. Three points: recalled with assistance (by given clue) and accurately pronounced. Four points: recalled with assistance (by given clue), but inaccurately pronounced. Five points: Not recalled at all. Correlations between scores and educational level, age and duration of the medicine usage were examined. Results: Eight hundred and forty-eight patients were enrolled to the study. All patients gave verbal informant consent. Most of the participants were female, married and unemployed. Mean age was 40 and mean level of education was eight years. Fifty-six percent of patients have accurately recalled and pronounced (those scored 1 point) brand name of at least one medicine they are taking, but 30% of patients inaccurately recalled and pronounced their medicines. While Zestat, Dideral, Clonex, Akineton and Depakin were brand names those more accurately recalled and accurately pronounced, Xetanor, Wellbutrin, Tegretol, Desyrel and Redepra were brand names those most difficultly recalled and pronounced. No important correlation between scores and level of education, age and duration of the medicine usage has been found. Conclusion: Results of this study address a serious problem about to recall and pronouncing of brand names of medicines those are used in mental health field. In regard to learning and recalling of the words easily, it is necessary to have an association between the phonetic, auditory and meaningful association of the words. Brand names those have familiar association for the patient were easily recalled and pronounced. This study refers to the importance of starting to consider what to do about substituting brand names of drugs with those are more compatible with Turkish language in order to recall and pronounce the medicine names easily and accurately for patients speaking Turkish.

WOS: 000311598000007, Affective temperaments in epilepsy Objective: Mood disorders (MDs), particularly depression, are often encountered in epilepsy and may negatively affect the treatment and prognosis of the disease. Investigations into the etiology of MDs and the qualities of at-risk groups have revealed that affective temperament characteristics are antecedents of MDs. In this study, our objective was to investigate whether affective temperament characteristics were predictors of MDs in epilepsy patients. Thus, we aimed to establish a first step to determine preliminary parameters for an approach to the comorbidity of epilepsy and MDs. Methods: In total, 73 epilepsy patients and 79 healthy controls were included in this study. The participants were evaluated using the Turkish version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) and the Structured Clinical Interview of DSM Disorders (SCID-I). Results: Epilepsy patients produced high scores in all affective temperament characteristics except hyperthymic temperament. Anxious and irritable temperaments were observed more frequently in epilepsy patients, and anxious temperament was found to be associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Fourteen participants in the epilepsy group and 6 participants in the control group were diagnosed with MDD. Anxious temperament was determined to be a predictor of MDD. Conclusion: Although it has been shown previously that epilepsy patients tend to suffer from MDs, for the first time, this study has demonstraed that epilepsy patients also tend to have affective temperaments. MDs, particularly depression, are frequently observed in epilepsy patients as comorbid disorders, and they have an adverse effect on epilepsy treatment and prognosis. Determining the predictors of MDs in epilepsy patients may improve the current approach toward at-risk groups and lead to better prognoses.