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Given the increasing importance of boron (B) toxicity, the present study investigates the roles of glutathione (20 mM, GSH) and proline (20 mM) in the improvement of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Altındane) resistance to B toxicity (10 mM B). The plants were raised in hydroponic culture with control, B toxicity, B+glutathione, B+proline, glutathione and proline. B+glutathione and B+proline resisted the detrimental influences of B toxicity on the root and shoot lengths, the total chlorophyll, and phenolic contents. B toxicity increased superoxide radicals (O2.-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and proline contents while B+glutathione and B+proline applications diminished the mentioned parameters with the exception of the proline content. Individual B toxicity and combined B+glutathione and B+proline applications increased generally total ascorbic acid and glutathione levels in the wheat while the B+proline application decreased GSH content. The B toxicity decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities in compared with control with the exception of the ascorbate peroxidase activity. Exogenous glutathione and proline augmented all enzyme activities in the wheat exposed to B toxicity. As a result, it can be suggested that glutathione and proline mitigates B toxicity; by preventing oxidative damage in the membrane, by increasing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant and by decreasing O2.-, H2O2, and MDA contents. Glutathione is generally more effective than proline in mitigating the above detrimental effects of B toxicity. The datum submitted in the current work are significant and the first to indicate that effects of exogenous glutathione and proline in improving a culture plant strength to B toxicity.

Online harassment toward women in social networks can occur in many forms such as contempt, profanity, insult, sexual desire, pruriency, physical threat, misogyny, and so on. Particularly, women with high social status and influence over society, such as female journalists, are more frequently exposed to online harassment. In an area such as sport, where male hegemony is dominant, female sports journalists are exposed to online harassment both in social media and in their professional lives. In modern Muslim countries such as Turkey, the controversial position of women is reflected in social media networks, and female journalists can receive harassment, as well as support. As a result of the present study, which evaluated the online harassment experienced by female sports journalists in Turkey on Twitter, as well as the subdimensions of the harassment observed using the netnographic method, it was determined that female sports journalists are frequently exposed to online harassment on Twitter. Based on the findings obtained in the present study, the most frequently received comments on Twitter by female sports journalists are derogatory and sarcastic, focusing on the physical appearance of women, exclusionary from a hegemonic perspective, and involving emotional harassment, physical threat, and profanity, respectively.

Bir coğrafyada doğal, yapay veya melez biçimlerde meydana gelen, toplumu maddi ve manevi olarak etkileyen beklenmedik olaylar afet olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Afetlerin çoğunun öncesinden tahmin edilememesi, özellikle afet sonrası müdahale yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesine yönelik çabaların ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Afet yönetiminde en etkin araçların başında ise medya gelmektedir. Medya araçları afet öncesinde, sırasında veya sonrasında toplumu bilgilendirerek, afetin sonucunda oluşan bilgi ve manevi ihtiyaçları karşılayabilmektedir. Ancak medya bilgilendirme ihtiyacını sağladığı gibi yaptığı yayınlarla veya yanlış bilgilendirmelerle toplumda huzursuzluk ve çatışmaya yol açabilecek sonuçlara da neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada afet yönetimi ve medya konusunda yapılan çalışmaların sonuçlarından yol çıkarak, afet yönetiminde medyaya ilişkin genel bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır. Bu bakımdan çalışmada Web of Science veri tabanında yer alan 547 araştırma makalesi bibliyometrik yöntemle incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın en önemli sonuçları arasında afet yönetimi ve medya konulu çalışmaların “iletişim” alanında oldukça az (n=13) çalışıldığı belirlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan afet yönetimi ve medya alanındaki çalışmaların son dönemlerde “sosyal medyaya” odaklandığı (n=127) belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca araştırmacılar Twitter’ın afet yönetiminde rolüne odaklanırken, YouTube ve Instagram gibi önemli “görsel” ağların bu konuda etkinliği konusuna odaklanılmadığı belirlenmiştir.

Hangi Alandan Hakem Atanmalı: İletişim AĞ TOPLUMUNDA KURUMSAL İLETİŞİM: ÜNİVERSİTELERİN TWITTER KULLANIMI ÜZERİNE SOSYAL AĞ ANALİZİ Yavuz DEMİR Dr., Türkiye dmryavuz@gmailcom https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9755-0150 Muammer ÖZTÜRK Dr., Türkiye muammer@live.com https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8124-7096 ÖZ Günümüzün ağa bağlı toplum yapısında ağlar, toplumu şekillendiren ve iletişim yapısını kökten değiştiren bir yapı içerisinde işlemektedir. Bu yapıda kurumsal iletişim biçimleri değişmiş, genişlemiş ve uygulanan stratejiler de yeniden yapılandırılmıştır. Günümüzde üniversiteler de kurumsal kültürün aktarılmasında ve şeffaflığın sağlanmasında sosyal medya ağlarında kurumsal iletişim faaliyetlerine önem vermektedir. Bu çalışma, dünyada ve Türkiye’de saygınlığı olan Oxford, Harvard, Koç ve Sabancı üniversitelerinin kurumsal iletişimde Twitter kullanımlarını sosyal ağ analizi yöntemiyle incelemiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, dünyanın en iyi üniversiteleri olarak kabul edilen Oxford ve Harvard üniversitelerinin Twitter’da kurumsal iletişime önem verdiği, Twitter’ı daha aktif ve interaktif bir şekilde kullandığı, bunun da takipçi ve etkileşim sayısına yansıdığı belirlenmiştir. Koç ve Sabancı üniversitelerinin ise Twitter kullanımının tekdüze olduğu, Twitter’ı daha çok diğer araçlar için üretilen içerikleri paylaşmak için kullandığı ve kullanıcılarla etkileşime geçmemeyi tercih ettiği belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ağ Toplumu, Kurumsal İletişim, Twitter, Üniversite, Sosyal Ağ Analizi.

In this study, the level and dimensions of university students' self-expression in SMN (social media networks) during the COVID-19 pandemic were examined. In this context, a field study was carried out by applying face-to-face survey technique with 417 students studying at Selcuk University. Individuals who became lonely during quarantine-restriction days started to use SMA more frequently use and spend time. Accordingly, self-expression behaviors have changed in these networks. As a result of the study, an increase was found in the duration of SMA use of university students. The increase in the amount of time university students spend on SMA is also reflected in their self-expression behaviors. The average level of self-expression of the participants in SMA was determined as 72.18, and it was determined that they exhibited self-expression behaviors above the average. According to the descriptive statistical results made to determine the self-expression behaviors according to gender, the level of self-expression in social media is higher for women than for men. Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted to determine the participants' self-expression behaviors and sub-dimensions in social media networks, and 5 sub-dimensions representing self-expression behaviors were determined. These are respectively; Quantity, Intention, Honesty, Positivity, and Control., Bu çalışmada, COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya ağlarında kendini ifade etme düzeyi ve boyutları incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda Selçuk Üniversitesi’nde eğitim gören 417 öğrenciyle yüz yüze anket tekniği uygulanarak bir saha araştırması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Karantina-kısıtlama günlerinde yalnızlaşan bireyler, sosyal medya ağlarını daha sık kullanmaya ve vakit geçirmeye başlamıştır. Buna bağlı olarak bu ağlarda kendini ifade etme davranışları değişmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanım sürelerinde artış tespit edilmiştir. Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya ağlarında vakit geçirdiği sürenin artışı, kendini ifade etme davranışlarına da yansımıştır. Katılımcıların sosyal medya ağlarında ortanın üzerinde kendini ifade etme davranışları sergilediği belirlenmiştir. Cinsiyete göre kendini ifade etme davranışlarını belirlemek için yapılan Betimleyici istatistik sonuçlarına göre kadınların erkeklere göre, sosyal medyada kendini ifade etme düzeyi daha yüksektir. Katılımcıların sosyal medya ağlarında kendini ifade etme davranışlarını ve alt boyutlarını tespit etmek için Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi yapılmış ve kendini ifade etme davranışlarını temsil eden 5 alt boyut tespit edilmiştir. Bunlar sırasıyla; Miktar, Niyet, Dürüstlük, Olumluluk ve Kontrol’dür.

The aim of this study was to determine cross-stress tolerance in plants have different seed nutrient content (maize, bean and wheat). For this purpose, salt (50 and 100 mM NaCI) and cold stress (12/7oC) separately or in combinations (cross stress) were applied and studied the alterations of root and stem growth, total soluble protein content and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) associated with induction of cold hardiness by salt stress. Salt and cold stress and its combinations caused inhibition of root and stem growth and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, POD and APX) were significantly increased or decreased due to both salt, cold stress and its combinations. The soluble protein content increased in maize and wheat while decreased in bean in all applications. Cross-stress, on the other hand, decreased the soluble protein content according to alone salt or cold stress in all plants. As a result, there is not determined any relationship among cross-stress tolerance and growth, soluble protein content, antioxidant enzyme activities or plants have different energy sources. For example; while the highest increase in SOD, CAT, POD and APX activities were observed in maize, root-stem growth was most decreased in maize.

Difficulty in the clinical practice of stem cell therapy is often experienced in achieving desired target tissue cell differentiation and migration of stem cells to other tissue compartments where they are destroyed or die. This study was performed to evaluate if mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may differentiate into desired cell types when injected after combined with an injectable cryogel scaffold and to investigate if this scaffold may help in preventing cells from passing into different tissue compartments. MSCs were obtained from fat tissue of the rabbits as autografts and nuclei and cytoplasms of these cells were labeled with BrdU and PKH26. In Group 1, only-scaffold; in Group 2, only-MSCs; and in Group 3, combined stem cell/scaffold were injected to the right malar area of the rabbits. At postoperative 3 weeks, volumes of the injected areas were calculated by computer-tomography scans and histopathological evaluation was performed. The increase in the volume of the right malar areas was more in Group 3. In histopathological evaluation, chitosan cryogel microspheres were observed microscopically within the tissue and the scaffold was only partially degraded. Normal tissue form was seen in Group 2. Cells differentiated morphologically into fat cells were detected in Groups 2 and 3. Injectable chitosan cryogel microspheres were used in vivo for the first time in this study. As it was demonstrated to be useful in carrying MSCs to the reconstructed area, help cell differentiation to desired cells and prevent migration to other tissue compartments, it may be used for reconstructive purposes in the future.

The main purpose of this research is to determine how conventional and digital sports content producers in Turkey present women’s sports news on Twitter, as well as “how much, where, how, why, and when” these stories are shared, as well as “who” the Twitter users are and “what” are they saying in their comments. Between June 25 and July 31, 2022, a sample of Twitter accounts and tweets were reviewed. It was found that 3.41% ( n = 612) of the 17,932 sports news items examined were reserved for women’s sports news. It was discovered that the gatekeepers in the news employed language that highlight failure, sexism, and personal life as well as instructive and successful expressions in women’s sports news. Additionally, 85.54% ( n = 888) of the comments included comments about women’s bodies, sexist stereotypes, and compared negative expressions. The majority of the comments ( n = 1038) on female sports news studied on Twitter were posted by male users ( n = 962). The language users use in their comments on sports news on Twitter, presented by traditional and digital sports content producers, support the patriarchal and dominant structure in the world of sports and sports media.

Although the presidential election in the United States of America (USA) in November 2020 took place under the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become one of the important points in terms of digitalization and the agenda. Donald Trump, who lost the election to Joe Biden, challenged the results, and even refused to concede for some time. Joe Biden, who based his election campaign on democracy and diversity, took the oath of office as the 46th President of the United States on January 20, 2021. His inauguration ceremony was marked by a call for “unity”. The ceremony became the agenda of social media as well as traditional media, and users simultaneously shared posts reflecting their views and attitudes on social media platforms. Most of these posts (on Twitter) were made using the hashtags #DonaldTrump and #inaugurationday. The discussion and political polarization that started during the election process continued after the election through social networks. In the study, the role of Twitter in digital democracy as well as its potential to serve as a public space were examined through the network and its features, interactions, and factions that were formed within the framework of the related hashtags on the inauguration day (January 20, 2021). Methodologically, social network analysis was utilized. The results indicate that the political agenda-setters on Twitter are dominating and resonate with users in terms of interaction.

Individuals who are active in terms of social relations in social life and who have a wide circle of friends; they are more happy than asocial people because they can spend their days more active and fun and motivate themselves with different activities. At this point, social media has begun to become one of the important elements of our life; It is a vehicle that enables individuals to socialize, have fun, communicate with people, express themselves, get lonely, have different activities, and be happy after all. Here is the research; Aims to reveal the relationship between social media usage habits and happiness levels of students who continue their education at Selçuk University. In the field survey method, data were collected from 452 students by face to face interviewing questionnaire. Research findings; like the university students, indicate that the younger segment of society uses social media intensively. University students spend about 42 minutes in a session against social media. Most university students responding to research questions say they use regular social media every day. About 84 percent of participants also use social media for a period of five years or more. Most of the researchers prefer mobile phone as a means of connecting to social networks. As a result of the research, there was a positive relationship between the level of social media usage and the level of happiness. There is also a positive relationship between social media usage and happiness level.

Günümüzde spor ve basın kavramları, günlük hayatın önemli birer parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Bu iki kavramının bir araya gelmesiyle oluşan spor basını ise başlı başına bir kurum haline gelmiştir. Spor basınıyla birlikte, spor basını okuyucusu da önem kazanmıştır. Spor basını okuyucusu sadece kendisine sunulan içerikleri alan pasif izleyiciler olmaktan çıkıp, içerikleri yorumlayan, anlamlandıran ve bu çerçevede değerlendiren aktif katılımcılar haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmayla, Kullanımlar ve Tatminler Kuramı çerçevesinde Konya’daki spor basını okurunun, okuma motivasyonları ve tatminlerini belirlemeye çalışılmıştır. Spor basını okurunun ne gibi motivasyonlarla spor gazetesi okuduğu, ne gibi ihtiyaçlarını giderdiği ve tatmine ulaştırdığı, okudukları spor gazetelerine duydukları güven belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Söz konusu düşünceyle gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada, spor basını okurlarının düşüncelerini saha araştırmasıyla ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır.Araştırmada elde edilen veriler, Konya’nın merkez ilçelerinde yaşayan 405 kişiyle yüz yüze görüşmeye dayalı anket tekniği ile toplanmıştır.Bu çalışmada faktör analizi yöntemiyle, örneklem kapsamında ulaşılan deneklerin spor gazetesi okumaktan elde ettiği doyumlara ilişkin maddeler gruplanmıştır.Saha araştırması sonuçlarına göre; katılımcıların spor gazetesi okumasında etkili olan 3 faktör ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu faktörler önem sırasına göre merak/ayrıntı, eğlence/rahatlama ve bilgilenmedir.

Bu araştırmanın amacı Fen Lisesi ve Anadolu Liseleri’nde öğrenim gören 12. sınıf öğrencilerinin çoktan seçmeli Biyoloji sorularını doğru yanıtlayanların kullandıkları bilişsel ve üstbilişsel stratejileri belirlemektir Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan durum çalışması kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 1 Fen Lisesi ve 6 Anadolu Lisesi’nden toplam 14 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Her bir öğrencinin çoktan seçmeli soruları çözüm süreçlerine ait gözlem kayıtları ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerden elde edilen verilerin transkriptleri yapılmış ve analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda soruları doğru yanıtlayan öğrencilerin soruları yanlış yanıtlayan öğrencilerden farklı olarak zihinde canlandırma, orantı kurma, kelimeleri kalemi ya da parmağıyla takip ederek okuma, kendine soru sorma gibi bilişsel stratejiler ile ipuçlarının altını çizme ya da yuvarlak içerisine alma, seçeneklere işaret koyma, tekrar okuma, önemli noktaları tekrarlama, soru metnindeki şekil, tablo ya da grafikleri tekrar inceleme gibi üstbilişsel stratejiler kullandıkları tespit edilmiştir.

AIM To compare the complications and surgical outcomes between bilateral rotation flaps and dorsal intercostal artery perforator (DICAP) flaps in the soft tissue reconstruction of myelomeningocele defects. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between January 2005 and February 2017, we studied 47 patients who underwent reconstruction of myelomeningocele defects. Patient demographics, operative data, and postoperative data were reviewed retrospectively and are included in the study. RESULTS We found no statistically significant differences in patient demographics and surgical complications between these two groups; this may be due to small sample size. With regard to complications-partial flap necrosis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, necessity for reoperation, and wound infection-DICAP propeller flaps were clinically superior to rotation flaps. Partial flap necrosis was associated with CSF leakage and wound infection, and CSF leakage was associated with wound dehiscence. CONCLUSION Although surgical outcomes obtained with DICAP propeller flaps were clinically superior to those obtained with rotation flaps, there was no statistically significant difference between the two patient groups. A well-designed comparative study with adequate sample size is needed. Nonetheless, we suggest using DICAP propeller flaps for reconstruction of large myelomeningocele defects.

Lower lip tumours are the most common among the oral cavity tumours. The purpose of this article is to analyse neck metastasis rates of early stage lower lip carcinomas and to evaluate possible related histological parameters with neck metastasis. The dissection types, preoperative detection of lymphadenopathy by palpation or computed tomography (CT), tumour sizes and tumour histological differentiation degrees of 37 patients were reviewed retrospectively. In addition, an experienced pathologist re-evaluated the specimens and examined tumour depth and muscle invasion. Types of neck dissection were bilateral supraomohyoid in 20, unilateral supraomohyoid in 8, bilateral suprahyoid in 5 and unilateral suprahyoid in 1 patients. All the carcinomas were squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and T stages were T1 in 32 and T2 in 5. Preoperatively, 4 patients had palpable lymph nodes and 9 patients had lymph nodes in CT scan, but it was found out that none of these patients had histological positive lymph node metastasis. Histological node metastasis was found only in 1 patient who had stage T1 tumour, no palpable or detected lymph node, no muscular invasion and very limited tumour depth.Tumour size, differentiation degree, tumour depth and muscle invasion seems insensitive for predicting lymph node metastasis in early stage lower lip carcinomas. The necessity of neck dissection in early stage lower lip carcinomas should be reconsidered in large series of patients. [Med-Science 2016; 5(4.000): 933-6]

In this article, some instructional activities that were implemented to facilitate 9th-grade students’ conceptual understanding of diffusion and osmosis are presented to guide researchers and teachers in the design and implementation of a conceptual change-based instructional strategy. In this context, the study also elaborates the component analysis of conceptual change process. Cooperative Predict-Observe-Explain (POE) tasks were applied in the conceptual change instructional strategy. The POE tasks related to the process of diffusion (examples of diffusion of solids, liquids, and gases), the diffusion process between two solutions separated with a selectively permeable membrane, some factors affecting diffusion rate (temperature and molecular weight), the osmosis process in plant tissues (potato and onion tissues), and the osmosis process between two solutions separated with a selectively permeable membrane. The results of the study suggest that POE tasks can be used to design effective concep...

The effects of long-term drought stress on chlorophyll, proline, protein and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, malondialdehyde (MDA) in terms of lipid peroxidation and on the changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and peroxidase (POX; EC 1.11.1.7) in the leaves of pea ( Pisum sativum L.) were studied in field conditions. Chlorophyll and protein contents in leaves decreased significantly with increased drought stress. The proline content increased markedly under water deficit. MDA amounts were elevated as a result of water shortage, whereas H2O2 content changed slightly in pea leaves exposed to drought stress. Drought stress markedly enhanced the activities of SOD, CAT and POX but slightly changed the activity of APX. We conclude that in field conditions, long-term water shortage increased the susceptibility to drought in peas.

Due to its unique composition, the reconstruction of scrotal skin defects is a major clinical challenge. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of scrotal reconstruction, using skin grafts and skin flaps, on spermatogenesis. In Group 1, the rats did not undergo surgery and were used as controls. In Group 2, after removal of all of the scrotal skin to expose the testicles, the defect was repaired using a skin flap from the right groin region. In Group 3, the reconstruction was achieved using skin grafts. All the rats were killed at 2 months postoperatively and evaluated. The mean wet weights of the testicles in the control group were significantly higher compared with that of the graft group. The mean height of the germinal epithelium was significantly greater in the control and flap groups compared with that of the graft group. The Johnsen score for spermatogenesis in the control group was higher than that in the graft group. The use of flaps resulted in testicular function that was comparable to that of the control group, whereas the use of grafts resulted in diminished testicular function. Therefore, we suggest that flaps may be the first choice for scrotal reconstruction.

The main goal in syndactyly surgery is to create a normal web space; however, it is difficult to achieve the best clinical results in older and complex cases with bony fusions and joint deformities requiring osteotomies. In these complex cases, proper postoperative wound care is difficult to achieve due to the web contractures and deformities. In our report, we introduce a new technique using a frame that we called the "Hittite Sun," which helps in proper wound management to reduce wound healing problems that lead to web creep. Between 2002 and 2006, this frame was used in operations for 46 webs, and the results were compared with those of 30 operated webs in which conventional wound management technique was used. It was found that significantly lower complication rate and lesser web creep formation was seen in these patients, which were managed using the frame, compared with the cases with conventional wound care. The frame was found to be effective for prevention of severe web creep especially in complex synpolydactyly surgery.

In this study, we investigated the potential of using a detubulized flat epineural sheath for bridging nerve gaps as an alternative to nerve autografting. Nerve gaps were created by removing a 1.2-cm segment of sciatic nerves. Later, the epineurium was incised longitudinally, and after fascicle removal, a flat rectangular epineural sheath was created. Five experimental groups (6 rats each) included: autograft and no treatment controls and epineural sheath groups repaired with 1 strip, 2-strip, and full epineural sheath grafts. Assessments performed at 3, 6, and 12 weeks included functional (pinprick, toe-spread), neurosensory (somatosensory-evoked potentials), and histomorphometric evaluations. The functional results of toe-spread, somatosensory-evoked potentials, and histomorphometric data revealed comparable outcomes between autograft, 2-strip, and full sheath grafts, indicating adequate nerve regeneration. Thus, the new epineural sheath graft technique introduced in this study can be considered as an alternative method to standard nerve autografting technique.

In this study, Na+, Cl–, K+, Ca2+, chlorophyll and proline levels and the rate of lipid peroxidation level in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA), were investigated in tissues of 15 different tomato cultivars in salt tolerance. As a material, 15 different tomato genotypes were used during a 28-day period and 150 mmol NaCl was applied in sand culture. While one of tomato genotypes was a wild type belonging to Lycopersicum peruvianum, the others were local genotypes belonging to Lycopersicum esculentum L. Better NaCl-stress tolerance in salt-tolerant cultivars as compared to salt-sensitive cultivars observed during the present investigation might be due to restriction of Na+ accumulation and ability to maintain high K+/Na+ ratio in tissue. The chlorophyll level decreased more in salt-sensitive than in salt-resistant cultivars, whereas proline level increased more in salt-sensitive than in salt-resistant cultivars. The exposure to NaCl induced a significant increase in MDA level in both salt-resistant and salt-sensitive cultivars; yet, MDA level was higher in salt-sensitive cultivars. As a result, exclusion or inclusion of Na+, Cl–, K+ and Ca2+ MDA levels, chlorophyll and proline levels may play a key protective role against stress and these features can be used as identifiers for tolerance to salt.

We investigated the efficacy of amniotic fluid as a substance in which to store grafts; it is rich in nutrients, proteins, and growth factors, and has well-known antimicrobial features. We compared it with the widely-used and practical saline. Split-thickness grafts 4 × 4 cm were prepared from the back of 20 rats and divided into four groups (n = 5 each). The rolled grafts were wrapped in gauze dampened with saline or amniotic fluid and placed into refrigerators in sterile containers for storage. On days 7, 14, 21, and 28, histological examinations were made. A semiquantitative evaluation of the histological damage to the skin was made by scoring its degree of severity. Compared with saline, histological scores in the grafts stored in amniotic fluid were found to be significantly lower on the 14th, 21st, and 28th days (p values on days 14, 21, and 28; cell swelling: 0.014, 0.006, and 0.005, respectively; nuclear swelling: 0.003, 0.006, and 0.007, respectively; nuclear pleomorphism: 0.004, 0.005, and 0.003, respectively; nuclear haloes: 0.015, 0.005, and 0.005, respectively; nuclear pyknosis: 0.003, 0.005, and 0.003, respectively; dermo-epidermal clefting: 0.005, 0.003, and 0.003, respectively; eosinophilia and mitosis: 0.003, 0.006, and 0.004, respectively; dermal collagen: 0.003, 0.003, and 0.003, respectively). Amniotic fluid maintained preservation better for skin grafts than saline. Comparison with other modern storage media would be beneficial.

Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, and proline contents, the rate of lipid peroxidation level in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) and chlorophyll content, and the changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD: EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT: EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX: EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR: EC 1.6.4.2), in tissues of five tomato cultivars in salt tolerance were investigated in a callus culture. The selection of effective parameters used in these tomato genotypes and to find out the use of "in vitro" tests in place of "in vivo" salt tolerance tests were investigated. As a material, five different tomato genotypes during a 10-day time period were used, and 150 mM NaCl was applied at callus plant tissue. The exposure to NaCl induced a significant increase in MDA content in both salt-resistant and salt-sensitive cultivars. But the MDA content was higher in salt-sensitive cultivars. The chlorophyll content was more decreased in saltsensitive than in salt-resistant ones. The proline amount was more increased in salt-sensitive than in salt-resistant ones. It has been reported that salt-tolerant plants, besides being able to regulate the ion and water movements, also exhibit a strong antioxidative enzyme system for effective removal of ROS. The degree of damage depends on the balance between the formation of ROS and its removal by the antioxidative scavenging system that protects against them. Exclusion or inclusion of Na+, Cl-, K+, and Ca2+ , antioxidant enzymes and MDA concentration play a key protective role against stress, and this feature at the callus plant tissue used as an identifier for tolerance to salt proved to be an effective criterion.

Aim: A few previous studies reported contradictory results about the effects of reduction mammaplasty on pulmonary function tests. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of breast size on pulmonary functions in volunteer healthy adult women that, to the best of our knowledge, was not reported before. Method: Ages, body mass indices, and underband and overbust measurements for breast sizes of 100 adult female volunteers without any known lung disease subjects were recorded. Differences between the overbust and underband measurements gave the cup sizes. Four groups were formed according to the cup sizes as: 19.5 cm (cup size D). Pulmonary function tests were performed to each subject Result: Pulmonary function tests did not show significant difference between groups. Difference of body mass index was significant between groups. Age, body mass index, and cup size were found in positive correlation with each other. Body mass index was negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second / forced vital capacity. Conclusion: Breast size had no correlation with lung function in healthy volunteer women. Body mass index seems as the main factor affecting the lung function.

Background : Expression of Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) has been demonstrated in a variety of cancers previously. To the best of our knowledge, there is only one report about the IRF-1 expression in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) specimens, which has demonstrated increased expression of the IRF-1 gene in BCC versus normal skin. Furthermore, IRF-1 expression has not been compared between aggressive and nonaggressive subtypes of BCC before. Aims : Our aim is to examine the relation between IRF-1 staining patterns of aggressive and nonaggressive histological subtypes of BCC. Materials and Methods : Thirty-seven archival tissue specimens from 33 BCC patients were stained for cytoplasmic and nuclear IRF-1. Twenty-five tumors were grouped as nonaggressive and 12 were grouped as aggressive histological variants, according to the established criteria. Results : IRF-1 was not only expressed in tumor cells, but also in some surrounding inflammatory cells. There was no significant difference between the groups for cytoplasmic or nuclear IRF-1 staining. Aggressive or nonaggressive histological subtypes did not show any statistical difference for gender, relapse, treatment method, or localization. When staining was compared with gender, relapse, treatment method, localization, and tumor grades, no significant difference was found. Conclusions : Interferon seems to be expressed in BCCs with both aggressive and non aggressive histology. Further studies are needed to elaborate the precise diagnostic and prognostic roles and utility of interferon in the treatment of BCC.

Chondromas are classified according to their locations as enchondroma, periosteal chondroma, and the extraskeletal soft tissue chondroma. Multiple chondromas are well known as part of some disease entities like enchondromatoses and synovial chondromatosis. Many authors reported multiple chondromas previously; however, we have not encountered any instance of coexistence of soft tissue and periosteal chondromas in the English literature. We present a case with concurrent soft tissue and periosteal chondromas appeared five years after hand trauma with clinical, radiological and histological features.

Aim: To determine if the prevalence of systemic joint hypermobility and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is higher during pregnancy or not and also to confirm a correlation between systemic joint hypermobility and TMD. Methods: 70 pregnant and 40 age-matched non pregnant women were enrolled in the study. 30% of the pregnant women were in the first trimester of gestation, 34.3% of them were in the second, and 35.7% of them were in the third trimester. All of the subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire, and underwent a standardized clinical examination using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD). Hypermobility was determined according to the criteria of Beighton et al. Results: 7.1% of the pregnant women and 7.5% of the non-pregnant women received an RDC/TMD Axis I diagnosis (p> 0.05). 31.4% of the pregnant women and 40% of the non-pregnant women had systemic joint hypermobility (p> 0.05). Among all subjects who received a RDC/TMD Axis I diagnosis, 35.3% had systemic joint hypermobility and among all subjects who did not meet criteria to receive a RDC/TMD Axis I diagnosis, 25% had systemic joint hypermobility (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of TMD and systemic joint hypermobility were not high among pregnant women compared to age matched non-pregnant women. And we were not able to confirm a correlation between systemic joint hypermobility and TMD.

Traumas are among important causes of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric group. Our aim was to evaluate the predicting effects of general trauma scores on mortality and morbidity rates.The files of 74 patients, who were admitted to our hospital with trauma between the years 2006 and 2008, were retrospectively investigated. Patients' ages, sex, types of trauma, the time between the trauma and entrance to the hospital, vital and laboratory findings, length of hospital stay, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, surgical interventions, the organs affected by the trauma, morbidity, and mortality rates were recorded., glasgow coma scale (GCS), abbreviated injury scale (AIS), trauma score-injury severity score (TRISS), revised trauma score (RTS), injury severity score (ISS), pediatric trauma score (PTS), specific trauma scores for lung, liver, and spleen were calculated using the data in the files.The mean age of patients was 7.0+/-4.34 (1-16) years and 50% of them were men. The types of the trauma were blunt in 66 (89.2%) patients, penetrating in 5 (6.8%) patients and injury due to gun shot in 3 (4.1%) patients. The mean time between the trauma and entrance to the emergency service was 80.40+/-36.67 (10-120) min. Emergency operation and elective surgery was performed in 13 (17%) and 20 (27%) patients, respectively. The mean length of hospitalization was 4.50+/-7.93 (1-35) days.Seven (9.5%) patients needed ICU. The morbidity and mortality rates were 60.8% (n=45) and 2.7% (n=2), respectively. AIS, ISS, TRISS and PTS were independent predictors of morbidity (p0.05). AIS and ISS were independent predictors of the length of hospital stay (p0.05). RTS, TRISS, ISS and PTS were independent predictors of the need for ICU (p0.05). Among laboratory findings, blood glucose, AST and ALT were found to be independent predictors of liver trauma.ISS was found to be more valuable than other trauma scoring systems for prognostic evaluation of pediatric trauma patients. On the other hand, blood glucose, AST, and ALT are easily available, cheap, and valuable alternative laboratory findings in prognostic evaluation.

Background. We aimed to evaluate the anatomic variations of supraorbital foramina/notches in living subjects using multidetector CT (MDCT) related to age, sex, and side. Methods. Computer records of 399 patients (207 men and 192 women) referred for high-resolution CT examinations were evaluated for presence, shape, width, and distance from the nasion. Results. The most common presentation was single notch. Presence of double foramen/notch was higher in the right. Bilateral notches were wider in men. Bilateral foramina and left notches were located more lateral in men. Notches were closer to nasion than foramina. Positive correlations were found between right and left sides for the diameters and distances to nasion. Widths of foramina showed negative correlation with the distances to nasion. Conclusions. This is the first study showing supraorbital foramen/notch variations in living crania. MDCT should be established in anatomical studies and may be used in preoperative evaluation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2008

Summary Introduction We aimed to evaluate the impact of gradual blood reperfusion on ischaemia–reperfusion injury and to explain the pathophysiology of reperfusion injury in a rat cremaster muscle microcirculation model. Materials and Methods Twenty-four Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 150–200g were evaluated in three groups. Cremaster muscles were prepared for microcirculatory observations. Group I ( n =8, control): no ischemia was induced. Group II ( n =8, acute reperfusion): microclamps were applied to the right external iliac vessels for 150min, then venous and arterial clamps were released at once. Group III ( n =8, gradual reperfusion): microclamps were applied to the right external iliac vessels for 150min, and then the first venous clamp was released; the arterial clamp was opened gradually by a specially designed microclamp holder (Sheey ossicle holding clamp). In all groups, following a wait of 150min blood flow velocity was measured for 15min and then the animals were reperfused freely for 1h. Next, red blood cell velocity, vessel diameters, functional capillary perfusion and endothelial oedema index were analysed, and rolling, migrating and adhesing leukocytes and lymphocytes were counted. All observations were videotaped for slow-motion replay. Muscle damage was evaluated histologically. Results In the acute clamp release group, blood velocities increased up to 600% of their pre-ischaemic values during the post-ischaemia–reperfusion period. The numbers of rolling, adhering and transmigrating leukocytes were significantly higher and histological evaluation revealed more tissue damage in the acute reperfusion group. Conclusion Depending on histological and microcirculatory findings, gradual reperfusion was confirmed to reduce the intensity of reperfusion injury.

In vivo and in vitro effects of ethephon, an ethylene-generating compound, on some oxidative enzymes; polyphenol oxidase (PPO, 1.10.3.1), peroxidase (POD, 1.11.1.7) and catalase (CAT, 1.11.1.6) in spinach leaves were investigated. The plants were grown under controlled conditions in sand culture in 60 days. Ethephon was applied as two doses at 0.1 and 1 mM. The leaves were harvested in the first and fifth days after ethephon treatment. In order to determine the effect of ethephon on the enzymes in vitro, the enzymes from leaves in control group were partially purified. In vivo, PPO activities were increased significantly at both concentrations whereas significant enhancement of POD activity was determined only at 1 mM. CAT activity was significantly reduced by ethephon through time. In vitro, POD and CAT activities increased slightly at 0.033 and 0.33 mM ethephon concentrations, as PPO activity did not increase at the same concentrations. But these activities of enzymes decreased significantly at 33.3 mM of ethephon concentration for POD and PPO and 26.6 mM for CAT. As a result, the increase of activity for PPO and POD or decrease of activity for CAT in vivo may be caused by not direct inhibition or activation of enzymes but a mechanism at transcriptional level induced by ethylene.

The antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of iris (Iris germanica L., family Iridaceae) has been evaluated in vitro using various antioxidant assays, including reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities. Both aqueous and ethanol extracts exhibit strong total antioxidant activity, showing 95.9, 88.4, 79.9% and 90.5, 78.0, 65.3% inhibition on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion in concentrations of 10, 30, and 50 µg-ml, respectively. Both extracts also possess effective reducing power and exhibit free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and metal chelating activities in concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 µg-ml. The antioxidant properties were compared to those of reference antioxidants (BHA, BHT, and α-tocopherol). In addition, the total content of phenolic compounds in both aqueous and ethanol iris extracts has been determined as gallic acid equivalent. The results indicate that iris has in vitro antioxidant properties, which can be the major factor responsible for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation.