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Biofilms are cell assemblies embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix formed by microorganisms of a single or many different species. This matrix in which they are embedded protects the bacteria from external influences and antimicrobial effects. The biofilm structure that microorganisms form to protect themselves from harsh environmental conditions and survive is found in nature in many different environments. These environments where biofilm formation occurs have in common that they are in contact with fluids. The gene expression of bacteria in complex biofilm differs from that of bacteria in the planktonic state. The differences in biofilm cell expression are one of the effects of community life. Means of quorum sensing, bacteria can act in coordination with each other. At the same time, while biofilm formation provides many benefits to bacteria, it has positive and negative effects in many different areas. Depending on where they occur, biofilms can cause serious health problems, contamination risks, corrosion, and heat and efficiency losses. However, they can also be used in water treatment plants, bioremediation, and energy production with microbial fuel cells. In this review, the basic steps of biofilm formation and biofilm regulation in the model organism Escherichia coli were discussed. Finally, the methods by which biofilm formation can be detected and monitored were briefly discussed.

Graphical symbols have become frequently used as a universal coding system in order to inform, direct or give instructions to people of all languages and cultures on public places and manufactured products. However, despite its widespread use, different names are given to this coding system. In addition, there are inconsistencies between the meanings of these names. For this reason, it is aimed to determine the meaning boundaries of the concept in question by determining the preferred terms to represent the graphical symbol concept and the meanings attributed to this concept. In this study, which is a qualitative research, document analysis method was used. In this context, academic publications were reached as a result of scanning in various databases and these sources were examined in terms of the meaning attributed to the ‘graphical symbol’ concept via ‘pictogram, pictograph, graphical symbol, symbol, sign, safety sign’ labels. In the light of the data obtained in accordance with the descriptive analysis approach, the meaning limits of the concept have been determined and it has been suggested that this term should be used by explaining why the term ‘graphic symbol’ is appropriate., Halka açık alanlarda ve imal edilmiş ürünler üzerinde her dilden ve kültürden insanı bilgilendirmek, yönlendirmek veya onlara yönerge vermek amacıyla grafik simgeler evrensel bir kodlama sistemi olarak sıkça kullanılır duruma gelmiştir. Ancak yaygın kullanımına rağmen bu kodlama sistemine birbirinden farklı adlar verilmektedir. Ayrıca bu adların gönderimde bulundukları anlamlar arasında tutarsızlıklar mevcuttur. Bu nedenle araştırmayla, grafik simge kavramını temsil etmek üzere tercih edilen terimlerin ve bu kavrama yüklenen anlamların belirlenerek söz konusu kavramın anlam sınırlarının çizilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Model bakımından nitel bir araştırma olan bu çalışmada doküman incelemesi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Betimsel analiz yaklaşımına uygun olarak elde edilen veriler ışığında, kavramın anlam sınırları belirlenmiş ve niçin grafik simge teriminin uygun görüldüğü açıklanarak bu terimin kullanılması gerektiği önerisinde bulunulmuştur.

Ana dili eğitimi, eğitim ve öğretim faaliyetlerinin temelidir. Türkiye Yeterlilikler Çerçevesi’ne göre öğrencilerin kazanmaları beklenen temel yetkinliklerin ilki ana dili ile iletişim kurabilmedir. Türkiye’de bu süreç zorunlu eğitim kapsamında, temel eğitim kademesinde Türkçe dersleri yoluyla başlatılmaktadır. Örgün eğitim hayatına dâhil olan öğrencilerin Türkçe sevgisi ve şuuru kazanarak temel dil becerilerinde yetkinleşmeleri ve etkili iletişim kurabilen bireyler hâline gelmeleri bu dersin hedeflerindendir. Bu hedeflere ulaşmak adına Türkçe kullanımının en güzel örnekleri ile öğrencileri buluşturarak onlarda estetik haz uyandırmak gerekmektedir. Onların bu yöndeki gelişimlerine rehberlik edecek olan Türkçe öğretmenlerine lisans eğitimleri boyunca Türk edebiyatının değişik dönemleri hakkında bilgiler vermeyi ve beceriler kazandırmayı amaçlayan dersler bulunmaktadır. Eski Türk Edebiyatı bunlardan biri olup iki dönem hâlinde verilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türk kültür ve sanat hayatının uzun bir dilimini kapsayan ve “Divan Edebiyatı”, “Klasik Türk Edebiyatı” gibi ifadelerle de adlandırılan bir edebiyat döneminin kaside üstadı olarak bilinen Nef’î’nin gazel alanında da kaleminin kuvvetli olduğuna dikkat çekmek adına, üzerine hiç şerh çalışması yapılmamış olan “derler” redifli gazeli şerh edilmiş; ardından Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarına yönelik okutulan Eski Türk Edebiyatı dersi bünyesinde işlenebilecek bir ders işleniş süreci tasarımı sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın, ilgili öğretim elemanlarına, ders kitabı yazarlarına ve alan araştırmacılarına katkı sunacağı düşünülmektedir.

Gadolinium Gallium Garnet nanophosphors with Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+ triply-doped ions were synthesized via the Solgel Pechini method and annealed at different temperatures ranging from 800 to 1200 degrees C. The approximate average crystallite sizes were determined within the range of 26-56 nm by using X-ray diffraction analysis. Color-tunable up-conversion emission was explored in nanomaterials by varying excitation power under 975 nm excitation wavelength by varying excitation power and Tm3+ concentration for white light emission. Bright white light up-conversion luminescence from Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+ tridoped Gd3Ga5O12 was recorded. The color quality coordinates for Gd3Ga5O12:2%Yb3+/1%Er3+/1.5%Tm3+ nanophosphors annealed at 1000 degrees C were found to be x = 0.3244, y = 0.3297 at room temperature under 975 nm infrared excitation, which falls within the white zone of the 1931 International Commission on Illumination diagram. Nanophosphors show extreme near-infrared radiation at 800 nm, which is also beneficial to deeper tissue penetration and promotes plants' growth., Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department [14-FEN-027], This work was supported by project number 14-FEN-027 from Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department.

Respiratory electron transport complexes are organized as individual entities or combined as large supercomplexes (SC). Gram-negative bacteria deploy a mitochondrial-like cytochrome (cyt) bc1 (Complex III, CIII2), and may have specific cbb3-type cyt c oxidases (Complex IV, CIV) instead of the canonical aa3-type CIV. Electron transfer between these complexes is mediated by soluble (c2) and membrane-anchored (cy) cyts. Here, we report the structure of an engineered bc1-cbb3 type SC (CIII2CIV, 5.2 Å resolution) and three conformers of native CIII2 (3.3 Å resolution). The SC is active in vivo and in vitro, contains all catalytic subunits and cofactors, and two extra transmembrane helices attributed to cyt cy and the assembly factor CcoH. The cyt cy is integral to SC, its cyt domain is mobile and it conveys electrons to CIV differently than cyt c2. The successful production of a native-like functional SC and determination of its structure illustrate the characteristics of membrane-confined and membrane-external respiratory electron transport pathways in Gram-negative bacteria.

Resonance frequency of a circular piezoelectric microphone was measured by two types of methods which were named as photoacoustic and speckle method. In the photoacoustic method; acoustic waves were obtained due to the optical excitation and resulting thermally induced mechanical distortion was measured by the piezoelectric layer of microphone. Photoacoustic effect is a type of optical excitation, which creates an acoustic wave due to the absorbed light energy which causes thermal expansion of material. In contrast to the photoacoustic method, speckle method was conducted by electrical excitation of the piezoelectric layer which results in mechanical distortion and this distortion was detected by using changes in laser speckle pattern. Measurements were taken from 6 different piezo microphones in 3 different diameters of 15 mm, 35 mm, and 50 mm and the same thickness of brass plate in the frequency range of 0-11 kHz. As a conclusion, it is found that the resonance frequencies of same diameter microphones determined by the photoacoustic method are close but different with the results of the speckle method. It is believed that the differences in the results are caused by differences of excitation/detection mechanism for same microphones and shape, material parameter differences between microphones for different microphones.

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for all living organisms and used as cofactor in key enzymes of important biological processes, such as aerobic respiration or superoxide dismutation. However, due to its toxicity, cells have developed elaborate mechanisms for Cu homeostasis, which balance Cu supply for cuproprotein biogenesis with the need to remove excess Cu. This review summarizes our current knowledge on bacterial Cu homeostasis with a focus on Gram-negative bacteria and describes the multiple strategies that bacteria use for uptake, storage and export of Cu. We furthermore describe general mechanistic principles that aid the bacterial response to toxic Cu concentrations and illustrate dedicated Cu relay systems that facilitate Cu delivery for cuproenzyme biogenesis. Progress in understanding how bacteria avoid Cu poisoning while maintaining a certain Cu quota for cell proliferation is of particular importance for microbial pathogens because Cu is utilized by the host immune system for attenuating pathogen survival in host cells.

In this study, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) solution effect on the Purcell factor of an electric dipole antenna was analyzed. Any antenna tuned to a resonance can be described as a radiator, and the effect of the environment on its radiation can be defined as Purcell factor. It is possible to determine the Purcell factor in terms of the real part of the antenna input impedance. Therefore, the Purcell factor of an antenna in the presence of pure water and DNA solution was calculated through measuring the input impedance of a dipole antenna with resonance frequency of 9.6-11.6 GHz. The Purcell factor of the antenna was measured and analyzed in the frequency range 5-16 GHz for the samples placed at 5 mm to 20 mm from the antenna. The frequency bands where the maximum DNA sensitivity of Purcell factor occurs were determined.

The respiratory electron transport complexes convey electrons from nutrients to oxygen and generate a proton-motive force used for energy (ATP) production in cells. These enzymes are conserved among organisms, and organized as individual complexes or combined forming large super-complexes (SC). Bacterial electron transport pathways are more branched than those of mitochondria and contain multiple variants of such complexes depending on their growth modes. The Gram-negative species deploy a mitochondrial-like cytochromebc1(Complex III, CIII2), and may have bacteria-specificcbb3-type cytochromecoxidases (Complex IV, CIV) in addition to, or instead of, the canonicalaa3-type CIV. Electron transfer between these complexes is mediated by two different carriers: the soluble cytochromec2which is similar to mitochondrial cytochromecand the membrane-anchored cytochromecywhich is unique to bacteria. Here, we report the first cryo-EM structure of a respiratorybc1-cbb3type SC (CIII2CIV, 5.2Å resolution) and several conformers of native CIII2(3.3Å resolution) from the Gram-negative bacteriumRhodobacter capsulatus. The SC contains all catalytic subunits and cofactors of CIII2and CIV, as well as two extra transmembrane helices attributed to cytochromecyand the assembly factor CcoH. Remarkably, some of the native CIII2are structural heterodimers with different conformations of their [2Fe-2S] cluster-bearing domains. The unresolved cytochromecdomain ofcysuggests that it is mobile, and it interacts with CIII2CIV differently than cytochromec2. Distance requirements for electron transfer suggest that cytochromecyand cytochromec2donate electrons to hemecp1and hemecp2of CIV, respectively. For the first time, the CIII2CIV architecture and its electronic connections establish the structural features of two separate respiratory electron transport pathways (membrane-confined and membrane-external) between its partners in Gram-negative bacteria.

Copper (Cu) is an essential, but toxic, micronutrient for living organisms and cells have developed sophisticated response mechanisms towards both the lack and the excess of Cu in their environments. In this study, we achieved a global view of Cu-responsive changes in the prokaryotic model organism Rhodobacter capsulatus using label-free quantitative differential proteomics. Semi-aerobically grown cells under heterotrophic conditions in minimal medium (∼0.3 μM Cu) were compared with cells supplemented with either 5 μM Cu or with 5 mM of the Cu-chelator bathocuproine sulfonate. Mass spectrometry based bottom-up proteomics of unfractionated cell lysates identified 2430 of the 3632 putative proteins encoded by the genome, producing a robust proteome dataset for R. capsulatus. Use of biological and technical replicates for each growth condition yielded high reproducibility and reliable quantification for 1926 of the identified proteins. Comparison of cells grown under Cu-excess or Cu-depleted conditions to those grown under minimal Cu-sufficient conditions revealed that 75 proteins exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.05) abundance changes, ranging from 2- to 300-fold. A subset of the highly Cu-responsive proteins was orthogonally probed using molecular genetics, validating that several of them were indeed involved in cellular Cu homeostasis.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a joining process in the solid state, which eliminates problems associated with the material melting and solidification, such as cracks, residual stresses and distortions generated during conventional welding. Among the most important advantages of FSW are; easy automation, less distortion, lower residual stress and good mechanical properties in the joining region. FSW is a recent approach to metal joining and although originally intended for aluminum alloys, it is investigated in a variety of metallic materials. The basic concept of FSW is a rotating tool, made of non-consumable material, specially designed with a geometry consisting of a pin and a recess (shoulder). This tool is inserted as spinning on its axis at the adjoining edges of two sheets or plates to be joined and then it travels along the joining path line. The tool rotation axis defines an angle of inclination with which the components to be welded. This angle is used for receiving the material to be processed at the tool base and to promote the gradual forge effect imposed by the shoulder during the passage of the tool. This prevents the material plastic flow at the tool lateral, ensuring weld closure on the back of the pin. In this study, two 4 mm Kevlar® plates which were produced with the Kevlar® fabrics, are analyzed with COMSOL Multiphysics in order to investigate the weldability via FSW. Thereafter, some experimental investigation is done with an appropriate workbench in order to compare them with the analysis results.

Bu araştırmayla Türkiye'deki kamusal alan ve ürünlerde yer alan grafik simgelerin standartlara uygunluk durumu ve vatandaşların bu kodlama sistemini anlayabilme düzeyi tespit edildikten sonra ihtiyaç duyulan grafik simgelerin geliştirilip okul öncesi dönemden başlayarak ortaokulun sonuna kadar öğrencilerin hayat boyunca karşılaşabilecekleri simgelerin öğretimine yönelik kazanım listesinin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada araştırma modeli olarak betimsel model benimsenmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma alanı, 7 kamusal alan (alışveriş merkezi, hastane, havalimanı, lise, ortaokul, otogar ve park) ve 7 farklı kategorideki (elektronik, gıda, giyim, kırtasiye-oyuncak, kozmetik, temizlik ve züccaciye) ürünlerde bulunan grafik simgelerden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu ise anketin uygulandığı anda gönüllü olarak veri sağlayan ve kamusal alanlarda seçkisiz olarak belirlenmiş 387 katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Betimsel araştırmanın doğasına uygun olarak hem nitel hem de nicel verilerin toplandığı bu araştırmada, Türkiye'deki kamusal alanlar ile ürünlerin ambalaj, etiket veya bizzat üzerinde yer alan mesajların iletim biçimi ile grafik simgelerin standartlara uygunluk durumu fotoğraflama; bireylerin standart grafik simgeleri bilme düzeylerinin yanında varsa grafik simgesine ihtiyaç duyabilecekleri mesajlar eşleştirme soruları ve bir açık uçlu sorudan oluşan anket formları yoluyla elde edilmiştir. Kamusal alanlar ile ürünlerin ambalaj, etiket veya üzerinde yer alan mesajların iletim biçimine ilişkin veriler `görsel`, `yazılı` ve `her ikisiyle` şeklinde gruplara ayrılarak çözümlendikten sonra bu verilere ilişkin yüzdelik ve frekanslar sunulmuştur. Grafik simgelerin standartlara uygunluğunu ortaya koymak adına toplanan veriler, yayımlanmış standart, yönetmelik veya genelgelerde yer alan grafik simgelerle karşılaştırıldıktan sonra ilgili standartlara uyan veya uymayan grafik simgelerin sayısal oranları ile herhangi bir mesajı (örneğin `tuvalet`) iletmek üzere kaç farklı grafik simgenin kullanılmakta olduğu belirtilmiştir. Araştırmada gönüllü olarak yer alan katılımcıların standart grafik simgeleri anlama düzeyleri, anketlerde yer alan eşleştirme sorularına verdikleri cevapların IBM SPSS Statistics 25 paket programında ististiksel analize tabi tutulması yoluyla tespit edilip yüzdelik hâlinde sunulmuştur. Yine aynı katılımcıların, grafik simgesine ihtiyaç duydukları mesajlara ilişkin anketlerde bulunan açık uçlu soruya verdikleri cevaplara ise içerik analizi uygulanmış; fotoğraflanan grafik simgelerin de incelenmesiyle birlikte simgesi eksik olan mesajlar belirlenmiştir. Bu süreçlerin sonunda ihtiyaç duyulan ve henüz standartlarda karşılığı bulunmayan mesajlara yönelik öneri niteliğindeki grafik simgeler, uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda, alan uzmanı ekiplerle birlikte tasarlanmıştır. Geleceğin bireyleri çocukların, okul öncesi dönemden itibaren ortaokulun bitimine kadar grafik simgelerin ilettikleri mesajları doğru anlayabilmeleri adına sınıf seviyelerine göre hazırlanmış bir kazanım listesi öneri olarak sunulmaktadır. Araştırmanın, iletişim, grafik tasarım ve görsel okuma alanlarında faaliyet gösteren araştırmacılar, grafik simgelerin standartlaştırılması yolunda çalışmalar yürüten kuruluşlar ve başta etkili iletişim kurabilen bireyler yetiştirmeyi amaçlayan Türkçe öğretmenleri olmak üzere diğer disiplinlerdeki öğretmenlere veriler sunacağı düşünülmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Grafik simge, Görsel iletişim, Görsel okuma, Türkçe eğitimi It is aimed to develop acquisitions list for teaching graphical symbols with which students can encounter in their life via designing necessary graphical symbols after determining the conformity of graphical symbols in public places of Turkey to standards and peoples' level of comprehending this coding system with this research. Descriptive model was chosen for this study. Study field of this research consisted of seven public places (a shopping mall, hospital, airport, highschool, secondary school, bus terminal and park) and products in seven categories (electronic, food, clothing, stationery-toy, cosmetic, cleaning and glassware). 387 participants selected randomly from public places mentioned above and submitted data voluntarily forms the study group. In this research that contained both qualitative and quantitative data according to the nature of descriptive research model, the type of message transmission in public places and on product packages, labels or themselves and the conformity situation of graphical symbols to standards in Turkey was determined with photographing. Data on participants' level of knowing the meanings of standard graphic symbols and messages that participants need for graphical symbols were obtained by surveys that contains matching and open-ended questions. Data about messages located in public places and on product packages, labels or themselves was presented via grouping as `visual`, `written` and `both of them`. After that percentages and frequences were given. To reveal the conformity of graphical symbols' to standards, obtained graphical symbols were compared with graphical symbols that were publiced in standards, regulations or circulars. After these process, how many different graphical symbols were used for transmitting any messages (e.g., `toilets` message) as well as ratios of graphical symbols that were standards-compliant or non-compliant were determined. The level of comprehending graphical symbols of participants were determined by subjecting their answers which were given for matching questions to statistical analysis with IBM SPSS Statistics 25 program and presented as percentages. Content analysis applied to their answers to open-ended question located in surveys about graphical symbols for messages they need. Thus, messages that don't have any graphical symbols in standards are determined with reviewing of photographed graphical sylbols before. At the end of these processes, recommendatory graphical symbols intended for messages not yet in standards and needed were designed with field expert team, according to learned opinions. An acquasitions list which had been prepared according to the class levels for children to comprehend accordingly the graphical symbols' messages from pre-school to the end of middle school was presented as proposal. It is believed that this study would present data for researchers who study in visual communication and visual reading, organizations that works for standardizing graphical symbols, especially Turkish teachers that aims to raise individuals who communicate effectively and teachers of the other disciplines.Key Words: Gaphical symbol, Visual communication, Visual reading, Turkish education 614

Bu tez çalışmasında küçük ölçekli kentsel ekonomi ve kentsel biçim ilişkisi incelenmektedir. Kentte bloğun özel mekanı 'konut' ve kentsel kamusal mekanlar arasındaki geçişte varlıkları ile kentte önemli çeşitlilik üreticilerinden olan küçük ölçekli ekonomik aktiviteler, kentlerin kamusallığını olumlu yönde etkileyerek, yaşanabilir, sürdürülebilir ve nitelikli kentsel çevreler üretilmesine katkıda bulunurlar. Ancak son yıllarda kentlerimizde gerçekleşen büyük yapım operasyonları sonucunda üretilen fiziksel çevre incelendiğinde, üst ölçekli bütünsellikten yoksun bir şekilde, salt niceliksel ölçütler bağlamında ele alınan ve farklı kentsel kullanımları dışlayan blokların kendi içlerinde kapalı bir sistem olarak örgütlendikleri ve kentin zemin kotunda çeşitliliğin ve ekonomik aktivitenin mekanı olan kamusal alanların yerini büyük tanımsız yeşil alanların aldığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle kentsel blok, küçük ölçekli ekonomik aktivite ve kamusal alan ilişkisinin vurgulanması, nitelikli kentsel çevreler üretiminde yol gösterici olması açısından önemli bir noktadır.Çalışmanın amacı, küçük ölçekli kentsel ekonomi ve kentsel biçim ilişkisinin parsel ölçeğinden kent ölçeğine kadar kentin fiziksel yapısına etkisini anlamaya çalışmaktır. Bu kapsamda, çalışma literatür taranması ve alan çalışması yöntemiyle elde edilen veriyi yeniden değerlendirerek, kentsel biçim ve küçük ölçekli ekonomi ilişkisinin kurulmasında gerekli olan ilkelerin ortaya konmasını hedeflemiştir. Çalışma kapsamında öncelikle küçük ölçekli kentsel ekonomi ve kentsel biçim ilişkisi ele alınmıştır. Çağdaş kent söyleminde önemli bir yer tutan kentsellik kavramı, kentsel mekanın biçimlenmesine ilişkin temel öğelerin fiziksel yapıları ve küçük ölçekli kentsel ekonomiler ve kentsel mekan ilişkisi incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise farklı yapılaşma düzenine sahip yerleşim alanları ele alınarak, küçük ölçekli ekonomik aktivite ve kentsel biçim ilişkileri analiz edilecektir. Bu alanlar Kadıköy ilçe sınırları içerisinde yer alan Caferağa ve Ataşehir ilçesinin batısında yer alan Batı Ataşehir olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde ise literatür taranması ve alan çalışması yöntemiyle elde edilen veriler yeniden değerlendirilerek, küçük ölçekli kentsel ekonomi ve kentsel biçim ilişkisinin kurulmasında gerekli ilkeler ortaya konmuştur.Çalışmada küçük ölçekli kentsel ekonomi ve kentsel biçim ilişkisinin parsel ölçeğinden kent ölçeğine kadar kentin fiziksel yapısına etkisini anlamaya çalışmaktır. Bu kapsamda, çalışma literatür taranması ve alan çalışması yöntemiyle edilen veriyi yeniden değerlendirerek, kentsel biçim ve küçük ölçekli ekonomi ilişkisinin kurulmasında gerekli olan ilkelerin ortaya konmasını hedeflemiştir.Jane Jacobs kentin fiziksel yapısı ve kentsel ekonomi arasındaki ilişkiden bahseden ilk yazarlardan biridir. 1969 yılında yazdığı 'Kentlerin Ekonomisi' adlı kitapta asıl şehri, ekonomik yeniliklerin yeri ve itici gücü olarak tarif eder ve şehirlerin (köyler, kasabalar ve çiftliklere karşı) kırsal gelişme dahil olmak üzere ekonomik gelişme ve yayılma için birincil gereklilik olduğunu belirtir. Şehrin organize edilme şekli hakkında; 'Şehirlerin elverişsiz ve pratik olmayışına rağmen ekomik değeri olduğunu kastetmiyorum; bilakis onlar elverişsiz ve pratik değil.' diyerek bir taraftan 1960'lı yıllarda geçerli olan ve hedef odaklı, kolayca uygulanabilir politikalarını gerçekleştirmek amacı ile çalışma, yaşama, trafik, rekreasyon fonksiyonlarının ayrımını savunan genel kentsel planlama fikirlerini eleştirir.20. yüzyılda güncel kentsel meselelere yanıt olarak yalnızca sosyal, kültürel ve hijyenik meselelerin ele alınmasıyla birlikte geliştirilen modernist kentsel modeller incelendiğinde, kentsel bir doku oluşturmaktan uzak ve kentsel açık alanları tanımlama kabiliyetinden yoksun, tekrara dayalı bir blok tipolojisi ile karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu dönemde üretilen kentsel çevreler incelendiğinde, kentsel mekanın sosyal ve fiziksel niteliğine zarar verdiği düşünülen küçük ölçekli kentsel ekonominin konut yerleşimlerinin temel elemanı kentsel bloğu biçimlendiren eleman olan bloktan uzaklaştığı görülmektedir. Farklı kentsel kullanımları dışlayan konut bloklarının kendi içlerinde kapalı bir sistem olarak örüntülü ve örüntüsüz örgütlenmeleri, kentin zemin kotunda çeşitliliğin ve ekonomik aktivitenin mekanı olan kamusal alanların yerini büyük tanımsız yeşil alanların almasına yol açmıştır. Oysa göz hizasında kentte bloğun özel mekanı 'konut' ve kentsel kamusal mekanlar arasındaki geçişte varlıkları ile kentte önemli çeşitlilik üreticilerinden olan küçük ölçekli ekonomik aktiviteler, kentlerin kamusallığını olumlu yönde etkileyerek, yaşanabilir, sürdürülebilir ve nitelikli kentsel çevreler üretilmesine katkıda bulunurlar.Çalışmanın temel hedefi küçük ölçekli kentsel ekonomi ve kentsel biçim ilişkisinin parsel ölçeğinden kent ölçeğine kadar kentin fiziksel yapısına etkisini anlamaya çalışmaktır. Bu kapsamda, çalışma literatür taranması ve alan çalışması yöntemiyle edilen veriyi yeniden değerlendirerek, kentsel biçim ve küçük ölçekli ekonomi ilişkisinin kurulmasında gerekli olan ilkelerin ortaya konmasını hedeflemiştir. In this thesis, small scale urban economy and urban form relation are studied. In the transition between urban block's special place `building` and urban public place, small scaled economic activities are important variety producer with their existence, by affecting urban publicity positively, they contribute to production of liveable, sustainable and qualified urban environment. However, In recent years, when physical environment is examined, produced in consequence of big production operation realised in cities, lack of upper scale totality, as part of only quantitive criteria considered and organised different urban blocks exclusive use as a closed system themselves and diversity in the city's ground level and economic activity in the public sphere takes place on the big undefined green field place. For this reason, urban block, emphasising the small-scale economic activities and public relations is important point in terms of guideway in production of quality urban environment.Purpose of the work is try to understand the effect of small scale urban economy and urban form relation from plot scale to urban plot on urban's physical structure. In this context, by reestimating the data obtained with proses of scanning literature work and case study, it is aimed revealing necessary principles setting relation about urban form and small scale economy. As part of work, primarily small scale urban economy and urban economy relation is determined. Urban concept that take an important place in modern urban discourse, the physical structure of the basic elements related to urban space formation, small scale urban economy and urban form relation is determined. In second part, settlements have been examined with different construction order, small scale economic activity and urban form relation will be analysed. Batı Ataşehir was determined for these areas west of Caferağa and Ataşehir in Kadıköy. In third part, by reestimating the data obtained with proses of scanning literature work and case study, the necessary principles setting small scale urban economy and urban form relation is revealed.In the study, the relation between small-scale urban economy and urban form will be examined. In this context, the concept of urbanism and the criteria determining the urbanity of a place, the the urban form and the small-scale urban economy will be examined.Jane Jacobs is one of the first writers to talk about the relationship between the city's physical structure and the urban economy. In his book named The Economy of the Cities, written in 1969, he describe the actual city as the place of economic innovations and its driving force and he states that the cities (against peasants, towns and farms) are the primary requirement for economic development and expansion including rural development. In the matter of the way the city is organized; by saying `although cities are not unfit and not practical, they do not have economic value`, on the one hand he critise general urban planning ideas that are valid in the 1960s and target oriented and easily applicable policies, they defend distinguishing between working, living, traffic, and recreational functions.In the 20th century, in response to contemporary urban issues when a modernist urban model developed only with the consideration of social, cultural and hygienic issues is examined, a block typology based on a recurrence is encountered far from creating an urban texture and lack of the ability to identify urban open spaces. When the urban environments produced in this period are examined, it seems that the basic element of the residential settlements of the small-scale urban economy, which is thought to damage the social and physical quality of the urban space, has moved away from the block which is the element of shaping the urban block. The patterned and unplanned organization of housing blocks that exclude different urban uses as a closed system within themselves has led to large undefined green spaces taking up public spaces which are the diversity of the city in the ground level and the location of economic activity. However, in the eye alignment, small scale economic activities which are important diversity producer in the transition the special place of block 'housing' in the city and urban public spaces, contribute to the production of livable, sustainable and qualified urban environments by positively affecting the publicity of the cities.The main purpose of the study is to try to understand the effect of the small scale urban economy and urban form relation on the physical structure of the city from the parcel scale to city scale. In this context, by re-evaluating the data obtained by literature survey and field study method, the study aim to reveal the principles necessary to establish the urban form and small-scale economy relation.The urban block which is basic element of determining the physical structure of the urban form has a typology that holds small-scale economies up to architectural models developed in the 20th century and it is the most important components of living urban environments. In the 20th century, when the urban model developed in an environment where only quantitative criteria are determinative are determined it is seen that architecture model of the block has been transformed so that it can not accommodate different urban uses. The urban block, the emphasis on small-scale economic activity and public-space relations, is an important point in terms of guiding the production of qualified urban environments. In the study, small-scale economic activities, which are important diversity producers in the city in the eye; categorized as a shops, restaurants and creative industries.The study consists of three main parts. In the first chapter, which deals with small-scale urban economy and urban form relations, primarly the concept of urbanism and the criteria determining the urbanity of a place, the physical structure of the basic elements related to the shaping of the urban space and the relation between small-scale urban economy and urban space will be conveyed. In the second part, small scale economic activity, public space and urban block relation will be analyzed by examining different settlement areas. West Ataşehir were determined in the west of the Caferağa and Ataşehir districts within the Kadıköy district borders. The difference in the structure of the settlements in these regions has been effective in terms of selection of these areas as a review area. In the third part of the study, the necesarry principles for establishing the small-scale urban economy and urban form relation will be revealed so as to guide the production of qualified and sustainable urban environments by re-evaluating data obtained by the literature survey and field study method.In the study, Panerai, Depaule and Castex's work named 'URBAN FORMS, The Death and Life of the Urban Block', The Dutch architect Susanne Komossa's works named 'The Dutch Urban Block and The Public Realm: Model, Rule, Ideal', 'Towards New Architectural and Urban Models; The Dutch Urban Block, Public Domain and City Economy' and Anne Vernez Moudon' work named 'Urban Morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field' are the basic reference resources. In addition, Jane Jacobs's works named 'The Life and Death of the Great American Cities, 'The Economy Of Cities' are significant.The method followed in the study is to identify the material that will form the necessary base for a historical and theoretical investigation by scanning the relevant literature. Through the literature review, the criteria of urban performance, the physical structure of the basic elements regarding the shaping of urban space and the relationship between small-scale urban economies and urban form have conveyed. The other method used in the study is field survey. Within the scope of the field study, by examining the physical structure of surveyed areas in terms of texture, block and parcel scale, small-scale urban economies and urban form relations that they have had been probed. 115

194 ÖZET Bu çalışmada kalkınma anlayışındaki dönüşümün evrelerinden `Washington Uzlaşması` ve `Post-Washington Uzlaşması` arasındaki ilişkinin niteliğine, küreselleşme bağlamında `yönetişim` perspektifinden yaklaşılarak açıklık kazandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bunun için, yönetişimin kavramsal anatomisine yer verilmesinin ardından, kalkınma eksenine geçebilmek amacıyla `iyi yönetişim`e odaklanılmış, daha sonra da tartışma zemini olarak; Washington Uzlaşması'nın Öncesi (PreWC), Washington Uzlaşması (WC) ve Washington Uzlaşması'nın Sonrası (PostWC) tanıtılmıştır. Hipotezimiz doğrultusunda WC-PostWC arasındaki `tamamlayıcılık` ilişkisini göstermek üzere, devletin -yine devlet eliyle- yapılandırılması ve yönetişim düşüncesinin bu bağlamdaki rolü/işlevi ortaya konduktan sonra, argümanımızın Türkiye örneğinde bir tezahürü olarak değerlendirdiğimiz, `1211 Sayılı TCMB Kanunu`nda yapılan değişiklikler, mukayeseli olarak, yorumlanmıştır. 195 ABSTRACT This thesis aims to clarify the relationship between the `Washington Consensus` and the `Post-Washington Consensus`, which are the phases of transformation in the understanding of development, with a special regard to the perspective of `governance` within the scope of globalization. For this reason, after examining the conceptual anatomy of governance, it focuses on 'good governance' in order to get into the axis of development, then, as the basis of debate, Pre-Washington Consensus (PreWC), Washington Consensus (WC) and Post-Washington Consensus (PostWC) are introduced. In order to show the `complementary` relationship between WC and PostWC within the framework of our hypothesis, after examining the reconstruction of the state -by the state itself - and the role/function of the governance's idea in this respect, the changes made in the law on the Central Bank of The Republic of Turkey (1211 Sayılı TCMB Kanunu), which are considered as the reflection of our argument in Turkey, are comparatively interpreted. 199

The membrane integral ubihydroquinone (QH2): cytochrome (cyt) c oxidoreductase (or the cyt bc1 complex) and its physiological electron acceptor, the membrane-anchored cytochrome cy (cyt cy), are discrete components of photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains of purple non-sulfur, facultative phototrophic bacteria of Rhodobacter species. In Rhodobacter capsulatus, it has been observed previously that, depending on the growth condition, absence of the cyt bc1 complex is often correlated with a similar lack of cyt cy (Jenney, F. E., et al. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 2496–2502), as if these two membrane integral components form a non-transient larger structure. To probe whether such a structural super complex can exist in photosynthetic or respiratory membranes, we attempted to genetically fuse cyt cy to the cyt bc1 complex. Here, we report successful production, and initial characterization, of a functional cyt bc1-cy fusion complex that supports photosynthetic growth of an appropriate R. capsulatus mutant strain. The three-subunit cyt bc1-cy fusion complex has an unprecedented bis-heme cyt c1-cy subunit instead of the native mono-heme cyt c1, is efficiently matured and assembled, and can sustain cyclic electron transfer in situ. The remarkable ability of R. capsulatus cells to produce a cyt bc1-cy fusion complex supports the notion that structural super complexes between photosynthetic or respiratory components occur to ensure efficient cellular energy production.