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This study investigates pre-service teachers' twenty-first-century skills using a quantitative survey design. Four hundred and two senior pre-service teachers studying at a state university in Turkey participated in the study. Their twenty-first-century skills were explored through different variables such as the pre-service teacher education programme, gender, cumulative grade point, and foreign language level. The major results indicated that pre-service teachers' scores on twenty-first-century skills were high and that only foreign language level had a significant effect, to the benefit of pre-service teachers with advanced level of foreign language proficiency. Implications for teacher education are presented.

Abstract: We present a 57-year-old man with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and significant dorsal lumbar dural ectasia (diverticulum). An L5 nerve root monoradiculopathy associated with AS has not been previously reported. The quantity and extent of such ectasia is variable but may be related to cauda equina syndrome. Long-term follow-up of these cases may reveal whether or not solitary nerve lesions gradually lead to cauda equina syndrome. We recommend that asymptomatic or symptomatic patients with dural ectasia should be closely observed without need for immediate surgical intervention. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]