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Sonoran Solar is proposing to construct, operate, and decommission a solar-powered electrical generation facility in Maricopa County, Arizona. The Sonoran Solar Energy Project was originally proposed as a 375-megawatt dry-cooled Concentrated Solar Thermal energy generation plant located on 3,620 acres of BLM-managed lands in Maricopa County, Arizona. Because the proposed project was on federal land, the BLM completed a Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) and issued a Record of Decision in 2011. The BLM selected Sub-alternative A1: Photovoltaic as the agency-preferred alternative over the Proposed Action because it needed less infrastructure, needed only two wells, and avoided most major issues with travel corridors, floodplains, and some of the need for wildlife and vegetation removal. Right-of-way (ROW) grants were issued by the BLM in 2012. Sonoran Solar is proposing to update the selected Sub-alternative A1 while pursuing the final project approvals/Notice to Proceed from the BLM and other federal, state, and local regulatory agencies for development of the Sonoran Solar Energy Project. The current BLM ROW grant covers 2,335.6 acres within the FEIS analysis area; Sonoran Solar’s current plans cover a total of 3,281 acres of BLM land. In compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, a cultural resources survey of the entire FEIS analysis area and beyond was conducted by Environmental Planning Group (EPG) (Swanson et al. 2009). EPG surveyed a total of 8,646 acres (8,628.6 acres of BLM land and 17.1 acres of ASLD land); however, 73.92 additional acres outside EPG’s survey area are now needed because the area of potential effects (APE) extends beyond the area surveyed by EPG: 50.40 acres of BLM-administered land, 2.06 acres of ASLD land in an existing ROW for an access road, and 21.46 acres of private land. The 2.06 acres of ASLD land are in an existing ROW; however, it was unclear from EPGs report exactly how much of the ROW was surveyed, so a survey was deemed prudent at this time. The approximately 21 acres of private land is to accommodate pulling sites for a Gen-tie transmission line. The current route of the Gen-tie line was within the area previously surveyed by EPG; however, additional pulling areas will be needed for the construction of the transmission line. The BLM is a federal agency; therefore, the Sonoran Solar Energy Project is subject to review under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, which requires federal agencies to assess the effects of a proposed undertaking on historic properties (i.e., archaeological sites, buildings, structures, objects, or districts listed in or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places [NRHP]). The access road on ASLD land is subject to the Arizona State Historic Preservation Act (ARS 41-861 et seq.), which assigns the chief administrator of each state agency responsibility for the preservation of historic properties owned or controlled by the agency. Sonoran Solar contracted SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) to conduct a cultural resources survey of anticipated additional project area required for the project. The survey was intended to identify any historic properties in the additional project area and therefore support cultural resources review by the BLM and ASLD.

SRP requested that Logan Simpson conduct an intensive cultural resources survey of a 72.4-mile-long and 200-ft-wide (1,755-acre) segment of the SRP Coronado to Silverking 500-kV transmission line within the TNF and private land. This survey was requested for general inventory purposes and also in advance of proposed vegetation-maintenance activities within the project corridor. In addition, SRP may conduct maintenance or construction projects within the limits of the project corridor. Vegetation maintenance will be performed with mechanical mowing equipment, mounted on a track hoe or a rubber-tired frontend loader, and by hand-cutting using chain saws. All vegetation removal activities will be confined to the 200-ft-wide corridor with the exception of possible hazard tree removal, which would be accomplished using hand-cutting with chain saws only. Any disturbances that cannot be confined to the project corridor would be covered by a separate cultural resources survey once such areas are identified.

At the request of the Bureau of Reclamation-Phoenix Area Office, ACS conducted Phase 2 data recovery at the Lake Pleasant Rockshelter site (AZ T:4:150[ASM]), Yavapai County, Arizona. Based on the results of Phase 1 investigations conducted at the site (Pinter et al. 2009), Reclamation determined that potentially significant subsurface cultural deposits were present that could provide important new data on prehistoric, protohistoric, and historic Native American and Euroamerican occupation of the general area. The proposed work plan for Phase 2 (Pinter et al. 2009) was accepted by Reclamation, and was implemented in two sessions due to inclement weather and rising lake levels. The first session occurred in January 2010, followed by a hiatus to allow the lake level to drop and the weather to cool; the second and final session occurred in late September 2010.

ACS conducted Phase 2 data recovery at the Lake Pleasant Rockshelter site (AZ T:4:150[ASM]) in 2010 at the request of the Bureau of Reclamation, Phoenix Area Office. The proposed work plan for Phase 2 (Pinter et al. 2009) was accepted by Reclamation, and was implemented in two sessions due to inclement weather and rising lake levels. The first session occurred in January 2010, followed by a hiatus to allow the lake level to drop and the weather to cool; the second and final session occurred in late September 2010. The results of Phase 2 data recovery, which completely excavated the interior of the shelter, documented the long history of use of the site and provided substantial new evidence of subsistence and tool use practices among the Yavapai. This document is the photo log for a series of photos taken during excavation. The photos can be found at tDAR ID: 391285. The report can be found at tDAR ID: 391218.

Western Apache history, as it relates to the State Route 260 (SR 260) Payson-to-Heber project implemented by Desert Archaeology, Inc., is summarized in this report. This project was conducted to mitigate the impact of highway realignment and improvement on cultural resources along a 74-km- (46-mile-) long stretch of right-of-way between Payson and Heber (Milepost 256 to Milepost 302) (Herr 1999). Ethnohistoric research included preliminary fieldwork in 2000 (Ferguson and Anyon 2000), followed by more intensive work to identify Western Apache cultural sites and historic places in and near the right-of-way. Fieldwork involved consultants from the San Carlos Apache Tribe, White Mountain Apache Tribe, and Yavapai-Apache Nation. To complement the 2000 fieldwork, KenCairn conducted a literature review of Western Apache history and culture, as well as a series of interviews with consultants from the White Mountain Apache Tribe and the Yavapai-Apache Nation. Individuals were chosen for their specific knowledge of the study area. Three goals guided the research with Apache cultural advisors: (1) documentation of the Apache cultural landscapes in and around the project area (2) explanation of how the project area is part of the Western Apache homelands; and (3) inspection of archaeological sites, maps, and artifacts by Western Apache cultural advisors to determine how they are related to Apache use of the study area. Data recovery at three archaeological sites exhibited recognizable Apache or Yavapai remains. These include a possible ramada at the McGoonie site, AZ 0:12:25/AR-03-12-04-743 (ASM/TNF); an Apache occupation component at the Plymouth Landing site, AZ 0:12:89/ AR-03-12-04-1411 (ASM/ TNF); and a roasting pit at the Ponderosa Campground site, AZ 0:12:19/AR-03-12-04-1159 (ASM/ TNF). Ethnographic fieldwork also revealed important Apache cultural and historical sites, including an Apache camp near Milepost 259, an Apache trail up See Canyon near Christopher Creek, an Apache camp at Indian Garden/Kohl's Ranch, and an Apache ceremonial ground near the present intersection of SR 260 and Forest Service (FS) 512, the road to Young, Arizona. In this study, ethnohistoric interpretations are blended with archaeological investigations to better understand the nature of Apache archaeology.

In the mid-1990s, the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) completed a survey of Lake Pleasant Regional Park. The survey was undertaken to identify all cultural resources within the Park, which was acquired by Reclamation as part of construction of New Waddell Dam. In the intervening years, the Park has seen continued and increasing recreational use. In the 11 years since it completed the survey of the Park, Reclamation has monitored activity at nine of the 183 sites in the Park with the assistance of the Arizona State Parks Site Steward Program. There has been no opportunity to assess the condition of the remaining prehistoric and historic sites in the Park until recently. In late 2006, Reclamation requested that Archaeological Consulting Services (ACS) assess the condition of 13 previously identified archaeological sites located in the northeast, north, and northwest portions of the Park. This report documents ACS' assessment of the 13 sites and provides recommendations for future site treatment.

In the mid-1990s, the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) completed a survey of Lake Pleasant Regional Park. The survey was undertaken to identify all cultural resources within the Park, which was acquired by Reclamation as part of construction of New Waddell Dam. In the intervening years, the Park has seen continued and increasing recreational use. In the 11 years since it completed the survey of the Park, Reclamation has monitored activity at nine of the 183 sites in the Park with the assistance of the Arizona State Parks Site Steward Program. There has been no opportunity to assess the condition of the remaining prehistoric and historic sites in the Park until recently. In late 2006, Reclamation requested that Archaeological Consulting Services (ACS) assess the condition of 13 previously identified archaeological sites located in the northeast, north, and northwest portions of the Park. This document is the photo log for a series of photos taken during ACS' assessment work. Please see the selected images here: https://core.tdar.org/image/391342.

Lake Pleasant Regional Park (LPRP or the Park) was in an undeveloped portion of Maricopa County, Arizona. However, population growth exploded in the Phoenix area in the past 30 years and new housing developments expanded and are still expanding ever northward. It is just a matter of time before the Park becomes part of the Valley of the Sun's crowded urban landscape. With an expansion in population will come an increase in land use demands and resource impacts. The purpose of the Cultural Resources Management Plan is to provide the County and Reclamation with a long-term management strategy to preserve and protect the significant cultural resources of the park.

In the summers of 1979 and 1980, Arizona State University (ASU) conducted a cultural resources survey of Lake Pleasant Regional Park (LPRP) (Rice and Bostwick 1986). The completion of New Waddell Dam in 1993, increasing recreational development, and new park boundaries spurred the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) to survey the park. Reclamation performed the new survey on their land to fulfill their Section 110 requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act. Upon completion of the fieldwork in July 1995, Reclamation archaeologists, under the supervision of Carol Telles, had identified 65 new sites, 19 isolated petroglyphs, and 308 isolated artifacts. A recent records search by ACS also revealed 87 previously recorded sites. Only two had been field-checked by the Reclamation crew. In addition to the survey and literature review, Reclamation undertook a separate rock art study that detailed each petroglyph panel and element identified during the survey. Once the fieldwork was finished, report preparation began, but personnel changes made it difficult to complete in-house. Therefore, Reclamation requested that Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS), revise and complete the draft under ACS’s on-call contract for cultural resources Class III survey and testing (Contract No. 1425-97-CS-32-028105).ACS performed the work based on existing documentation that Reclamation crews collected during their fieldwork and the cooperative recollections of Carol Telles and Dave Gifford. No field checking was involved. In total, this research identified 183 historic and prehistoric sites (104 previously known/79 newly identified) and 306 isolated artifacts.

APS proposes to construct (1) two parallel 500 kilovolt (kV) transmission lines within a 450-foot-wide right-of-way, (2) an 80-acre 500kV switchyard, and (3) a 230kV interconnection line in Maricopa County. The project will provide transmission interconnection for the Panda Gila River generating station to the Western Systems Coordinating Council transmission grid.

In May and June, 1992, Statistical Research conducted a cultural resource survey of approximately 1,260 acres of land owned by the U.S. Army, in Bellemont, Arizona. The survey was performed for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District. The project areas are used by the military as training/bivouac sites and were not randomly selected for survey. The survey was conducted on two separate occasions by a crew of 4-5 including the project director. The field work documented four prehistoric sites, 11 historic sites, and nine isolated finds. The prehistoric sites consisted of stationary grinding features and artifact scatters. Historic sites consisted of lumber camps, fencelines, trash scatters, rock features, and villages. Ethnographic models of Yavapai subsistence and settlement, were employed to form hypotheses concerning the location and function of the documented prehistoric sites. The hypotheses were then refuted or supported by the site sample from the project area. Historic land use patterns were identified and classified into sites relating to the Overland Road, ranching, lumbering, and military activities. The data collected during the field work were evaluated according to a research design testing hypotheses of regional subsistence-settlement behavior and historic land use patterns, while taking into account the existing database of archaeological and environmental knowledge and the limited nature of the survey. The results permitted the elaboration of existing models of socioeconomic adaptive processes for this portion of north-central Arizona. All sites are considered potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion d, based on their potential to address important regional research issues.

In April and November, 1989, Statistical Research conducted a cultural resource survey of nearly 4,000 acres of land owned by the State of Arizona in Mohave, Yavapai and La Paz counties. The field reconnaissance documented 16 archaeological sites consisting of artifact scatters, trails, rock features, rock art and stationary grinding-features. The non-random survey strategy was based on a stratified sample of 640 acre-study units in the Hualapai and Aquarius Mountains, the Big Sandy Valley and the Date Creek Basin. Ethnographic models of Walapai and Yavapai subsistence strategies were employed to form hypotheses concerning the location, function, variability, cultural affliation and chronology of the data base sample. The hypotheses were then refuted or supported by the site sample from the project area. Results support the findings of previous surveys in the region reporting a paucity of sites in the eastern Hualapai Mountains and high site density and diversity for the Aquarius-Mohon Mountain-Goodwin Mesa areas. Support for statistical-based models of site distribution and function is present at sites concentrated in upper bajada and up!and areas of Study Unit I. Study Unit II displayed site distributions representative of Western Yavapai settlement systems primarily concentrated on desert ecosystems and numerous temporary camps. Obsidian, was acquired from local sources and possibly traded to the Aquarius Mountain groups from the Upper Date Creek Basin. Diagnostic artifacts ranging from, the Middle Archaic Period to Historical times suggest a long period of occupation in the Date Creek Basin and areas to the east of the Big Sandy Valley. All sites except AZ M:2:3 are considered eligible for inclusion into the National Register under criterion "D" based on their ability to address important regional-research issues. AZ M:2:3 14 has been severely impacted by erosion and lacks integrity. Sections within this document include an introduction, environmental characteristics, research and culture history, research design, methods and site descriptions, evaluation of project results, and recommendations. Appendices include the project site form, isolated finds, and an obsidian sourcing analysis contributed by Paul Bouey.

Under contract with the Bureau of Reclamation, the Office of Cultural Resource Management (OCRM), Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, completed a general research design for completion of archaeological survey and mitigation of cultural resources that would be impacted by the construction of the Granite Reef Aqueduct for the Central Arizona Project. Because it was not possible to specify the extent of the work to be completed at the initiation of the project, general guidelines were set up for the scheduling of individual cultural resource study tasks which corresponded to specific construction units or reaches. Each task was a self contained subunit of the overall project, initiated by the approval of a budget and scheduling proposal and summarized in an interim report. The subdivided structure of the "on-call" cultural resource study facilitated a multistage approach to the investigation. The investigations culminated in the identification of a pattern of secondary resource zone exploitation in the desert areas between the river valleys. Researchers defined and described a secondary resource zone as an area which did not support a permanent population, but was utilized intermittently, probably on a seasonal basis, in the exploitation of wild plant and animal food resources by people whose primary subsistence was derived from a different zone.

Under contract with the Bureau of Reclamation, the Office of Cultural Resource Management (OCRM), Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, recently undertook the investigation of two sites located within a borrow area along Reach 5 of the Granite Reef Aqueduct. The sites were initially located and recorded during an archaeological clearance survey that OCRM archaeologists conducted in February, 1976 (Brown 1976a) (see https://core.tdar.org/document/393057). The fieldwork was completed in 1.25 worker days on June 7, 1976. This report describes the results of the archaeological data recovery along Reach 5 of the Granite Reef Aqueduct. The ceramics recovered from the borrow area indicate that Hohokam, River Yuman, and Upland Yuman groups used the area between A.D. 1150 and the Historic period. It is probable that these sites represent the remnants of a trade route, which was likely established between the mountains and the lower Gila at a prehistoric date and was perhaps maintained by historic groups. The presence of sherds in the project area can be generally attributed to trail breakage. The recovery and interpretation of these data ultimately resulted in a determination of "no adverse effect" due to proposed disturbance within the borrow area.

The Fort McDowell Indian Reservation is rich in historic and prehistoric archaeological resources. Systematic surface searches have located and recorded over 100 archaeological sites within the 40 square mile reservation. Such sites show that many groups have used the area, including the prehistoric Hohokam, the Yavapai, Anglo-Americans, and Mexican-Americans. Prior to 1984, however, only four sites at Fort McDowell had been excavated or tested. Two of the sites were prehistoric, consisting of Hohokam habitation sites, and two were historic, consisting of a beer bottle sidewalk at the old military fort and a 1900s trash scatter with a 1950s adobe-making facility. In 1984, plans by the Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Indian Community to develop Phase I of an irrigation betterment project afforded an opportunity to undertake the most detailed study, to date, of archaeological remains on the reservation. Because federal funds would be necessary to carry out the project, federal law required that sites potentially important enough to be added to the National Register of Historic Places be identified, and that plans be made to lessen the damage to them from the proposed construction. To lessen the damage archaeological and historical information about the sites had to be collected. Knowledgeable informants who knew the history of these sites also had to be contacted. The project area contained 20 historically important sites, 11 of which could be avoided by construction. The Indian Community contracted with Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (ARS) to collect information at the nine sites which could not be avoided by the project. Please note that page 4 of this report is missing.

This report is a statement concerning the assessed impact of the proposed Orme Reservoir on the archaeological resources. The Orme Reservoir is one phase of the Bureau of Reclamation's Central Arizona Project plan to impound and distribute water from the Colorado River to central and southern Arizona. To be located at the confluence of the Salt and Verde rivers, the Orme Reservoir will flood approximately 24,000 acres of bottomland along both rivers. Previous archaeological data from the area indicated that the proposed dam and reservoir would affect archaeological and historical remains. The Western Regional Office of the National Park Service, therefore, contracted with the Arizona State Museum to do an intensive evaluative survey of the archaeological resources in the area for the Bureau of Reclamation. This study consisted of four phases. Phase I involved a survey of the Salt arm of the Orme Reservoir. Phase II was a survey of the Verde arm. The data from an ancillary survey of a small region below the proposed dam slated for use in aqueduct construction, the Orme Reservoir extension, composed Phase Ia. At the end of each phase, a preliminary report describing the archaeological resources located was prepared. Phase III resulted in the completion of this report, a detailed study and evaluation of the potentially affected archaeological resource base. The report discusses the cultural inventory in terms of an ecological framework emphasizing differential adaptation as reflected in various types of sites. Archaeological data are organized with the community as the unit of analysis, although inter-site as well as intra-site relationships are made explicit. The logistics of field work and analysis are included, as well as a brief summary of environmental considerations, and an assessment of the archaeological significance of the region. The study of significance includes a comprehensive analysis of inter-regional and intra-regional archaeological data, a summary of unavoidable adverse effects of the dam on the archaeology, a description of alternatives to the proposed reservoir, recommended action with regard to the archaeologically deleterious results of reservoir construction, and an evaluation of total resource study versus mitigation costs in terms of recovering the archaeological information.

This document contains the management direction for the cultural resources of the Tonto National Forest during the planning period FY89 through FY92. The objectives of this assessment are to provide a framework for active cultural resources management on the Forest, to schedule specific management activities, and to update, refine, and implement the cultural resources elements of the Forest Land Management Plan. The assessment summarizes the current status and management of the Forest's resources and identifies priorities for future inventory, evaluation, and allocation. This planning assessment addresses the items specified in 36 CFR 219.24, in the Settlement Order and Agreement dated September 9, 1986 (hereafter referred to as the Settlement), and in the Region 3 guidelines which provide direction for the preparation of such assessment plans. At the end of the first planning period, it will be reviewed and revised as necessary to provide updated management data and direction for the next planning period.

Under contract with the United States Bureau of Reclamation, the Office of Cultural Resource Management (OCRM), Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University conducted an archaeological survey of a borrow area along Reach 5 of the Granite Reef Aqueduct. The objectives of this survey were to 1) locate and record any archaeological remains within the project boundaries; 2) characterize and evaluate those remains in order to place them within a regional context; and 3) recommend further investigation of those sites that would be directly or secondarily impacted by proposed disturbance. Fieldwork required a total 7.5 worker days, and was completed from February 10 and 11, 1976. This report describes the results of the archaeological survey along Reach 5 of the Granite Reef Aqueduct. The survey identified two sites, both of which were small sherd scatters.

Each year thousands of people come to the Salt River Valley, some to visit and some to live. They see a thriving, growing community. But like many who have spent most, or all, of their lives there, they don't know much about the Valley's origins or how it developed. The men and women who built the Valley were like today's people. They were trying to improve their own condition. In doing that, they contributed to the well-being of one another. Jack Swilling was one of them. Swilling organized the first modern irrigating canal company more than a century ago. Water was then, and is today, the essential element around which everything in the Valley is built. Yet, many important decisions about water remain to be made today and will need to be made in the future. Knowing something about how we got where we are today may contribute to making the right decisions tomorrow. Earl Zarbin's interest in the water history of the Salt River Valley and his research into the subject led to the articles in this booklet. They were first published in The Arizona Republic, where he worked for 30 years before early retirement at the end of 1988.