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The aim of the article is to study both the classical and Chandler’s conceptions regarding the cost theory in the long run and determine their differences. Proceeding from the current realities of increasing the role of new technologies and their impact on the competitiveness of enterprises, the article proves the need to introduce a new type of costs – «one-time» costs. The innovative essence of these costs is disclosed, which makes it possible to consider one-time costs as those that correspond to the intensive direction of expansion of production, as well as to separate them from conditionally fixed and variable costs. The possibility of the impact of one-time costs (as costs associated with the acquisition or development of new technologies) on the scale effect is also considered. It is proved that it is the distribution of one-time costs on the volume of production that allows the enterprise to achieve a positive scale effect much faster and minimize its costs. It is shown that the synergistic effect is an important component in strategic management and business development, but it can also be negative in the case when the interaction of factors leads to a negative impact or increases undesirable consequences. The article notes the reason for the absence of a negative scale effect in the Chandler’s conception, which explains the desire of many enterprises to merge. This desire is also explained by the existence of fixed and variable costs in the long run in Chandler’s conception, in contrast to the classical theory, where there are only variable costs in the long run. The possibility of further determining and applying the optimal structure and rate of change of one-time and conditionally fixed costs per unit of production in order to improve the efficiency of production and competitiveness of enterprises is considered.

The high isomeric complexity of glycans makes them particularly difficult to analyze. While ultra-high-resolution ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) can offer rapid baseline separation of many glycan isomers, their unambiguous identification remains a challenging task. One approach to solving this problem is to identify mobility-separated isomers by measuring their highly resolved cryogenic vibrational spectra. To be able to apply this approach to complex mixtures at high throughput, we have recently developed a Hadamard transform multiplexed spectroscopic technique that allows measuring vibrational spectra of all species separated in both IMS and mass spectrometry dimensions in a single laser scan. In the current work, we further develop the multiplexing technique using ion traps incorporated directly into the IMS device based on structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM). We also show that multiplexed spectroscopy using perfect sequence matrices can outperform standard multiplexing using Simplex matrices. Lastly, we show that we can increase the measurement speed and throughput further by running multiple multiplexing schemes using several SLIM ion traps in combination with simultaneous spectroscopic measurements in the segmented cryogenic ion trap.

High-resolution ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) coupled with cryogenic infrared spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful technique for the identification of oligosaccharides. However, the need for an extensive database, combined with the scarcity of pure standards, remains a significant barrier to the broad application of this approach. To solve this issue, we demonstrate a method in which ion fragments produced by collision-induced dissociation (CID) are separated using IMS and identified using the vibrational fingerprints of only a few standards. Identification of the fragments allows us to determine the structure of the precursor molecule, the vibrational fingerprint of which is then added to our database. We then show how we can use this approach to identify the structure of mobility separated isomers found in pooled human milk.

We investigate the gas-phase structure of the neutral pentaalanine peptide. The IR spectrum in the 340-1820 cm -1 frequency range is obtained by employing supersonic jet cooling, infrared multiphoton dissociation, and vacuum-ultraviolet action spectroscopy. Comparison with quantum chemical spectral calculations suggests that the molecule assumes multiple stable conformations, mainly of two structure types. In the most stable conformation theoretically found, the N-terminus forms a C5 ring and the backbone resembles that of an 3 10 -helix with two β-turns. Additionally, the conformational preferences of pentaalanine have been evaluated using Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics, showing that a nonzero simulation time step causes a systematic frequency shift.

Coupling vibrational ion spectroscopy with high-resolution ion mobility separation offers a promising approach for detailed analysis of biomolecules in the gas phase. Improvements in the ion mobility technology have made it possible to separate isomers with minor structural differences, and their interrogation with a tunable infrared laser provides vibrational fingerprints for unambiguous database-enabled identification. Nevertheless, wide analytical application of this technique requires high-throughput approaches for acquisition of vibrational spectra of all species present in complex mixtures. In this work, we present a novel multiplexed approach and demonstrate its utility for cryogenic ion spectroscopy of peptides and glycans in mixtures. Since the method is based on Hadamard transform multiplexing, it yields infrared spectra with an increased signal-to-noise ratio compared to a conventional signal averaging approach.

The analysis of glycans presents a significant challenge that arises from their isomeric heterogeneity. While high-resolution ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has shown the ability to resolve subtly different glycan isomers, their unambiguous assignment remains difficult. Here, we demonstrate an infrared (IR) spectroscopic approach for identifying isomers in a glycan mixture. To display the feasibility of this approach, we have constructed a small database of cryogenic spectra of five lacto- N -fucopentaose (LNFP) and six disaccharide isomers and demonstrated that in the cases where they cannot be separated by IMS, we can use a cryogenic IR spectrum to identify the isomeric components of a mixture.

Glycosylation patterns in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can vary significantly between different host cell types, and these differences may affect mAbs safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity. Recent studies have demonstrated that glycan isomers with the terminal galactose position on either the Man α1-3 arm or the Man α1-6 arm have an impact on the effector functions and dynamic structure of mAbs. The development of a robust method to distinguish positional isomers of glycans is thus critical to guarantee mAb quality. In this work, we apply high-resolution ion mobility combined with cryogenic infrared spectroscopy to distinguish isomeric glycans with different terminal galactose positions, using G1F as an example. Selective enzymatic synthesis of the G1(α1-6)F isomer allows us to assign the peaks in the arrival-time distributions and the infrared spectra to their respective isomeric forms. Moreover, we demonstrate the impact of the host cell line (CHO and HEK-293) on the IgG G1F gycan profile at the isomer level. This work illustrates the potential of our approach for glycan analysis of mAbs.

Glycans covalently attached to protein biotherapeutics have a significant impact on their biological activity, clearance, and safety. As a result, glycosylation is categorized as a critical quality attribute that needs an adequate analytical approach to guarantee product quality. However, the isomeric complexity and branched structure of glycans makes their analysis a significant challenge. In this work, we propose a multidimensional approach for monitoring released glycans that combines ultrahigh-resolution ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and cryogenic vibrational spectroscopy, and we demonstrate this technique by characterizing four N-glycans cleaved from the therapeutic fusion protein etanercept that range in abundance from 1% to 22% of the total N-glycan content. The recorded vibrational spectra exhibit well-resolved transitions that can be used as a fingerprint to identify a particular glycan. This work represents an important advance in the analysis of N-linked glycans cleaved from biopharmaceutical proteins that could eventually be used as tool for monitoring biopharmaceutical glycoforms.

The isomeric heterogeneity of glycans poses a great challenge for their analysis. While combining ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) with tandem mass spectrometry is a powerful means for identifying and characterizing glycans, it has difficulty distinguishing the subtlest differences between isomers. Cryogenic infrared spectroscopy provides an additional dimension for glycan identification that is extremely sensitive to their structure. Our approach to glycan analysis combines ultrahigh-resolution IMS-IMS using structures for lossless ion manipulation (SLIM) with cryogenic infrared spectroscopy. We present here the design of a SLIM board containing a series of on-board traps in which we perform collision-induced dissociation (CID) at pressures in the millibar range. We characterize the on-board CID process by comparing the fragments generated from a pentapeptide to those obtained on a commercial tandem mass spectrometer. We then apply our new technique to study the mobility and vibrational spectra of CID fragments from two human milk oligosaccharides. Comparison of both the fragment drift times and IR spectra with those of suitable reference compounds allows us to identify their specific isomeric form, including the anomericity of the glycosidic linkage, demonstrating the power of this tool for glycan analysis.

We report the gas phase conformational preferences of laser desorbed Ala-Ala dipeptides probed by action spectroscopy using the IRMPD-VUV method. The molecules were internally cooled through collisional cooling in a supersonic jet environment. An IR spectrum was obtained experimentally in the spectral range of 700-1850 cm -1 , and subsequently interpreted with the help of quantum chemical calculations. Although theory predicts that folded structures have lower electronic energies and, thus, are more stable at low temperatures compared to their extended (β-strand-like) counterparts, analysis of the experimental data concluded the extended conformer to be the most dominant. An explanation to this observation is discussed in this paper and rationalized in terms of collisional conformer relaxation processes occurring in the supersonic jet molecular beam.

In this article, we report the results of gas-phase IR spectroscopy of neutral glycylglycine (Gly-Gly) in the 700-1850 cm -1 frequency range. A combination of laser desorption, jet-cooling, and IR multiple-photon dissociation vacuum-ultraviolet (IRMPD-VUV) action spectroscopy is employed, together with extensive quantum chemical calculations that assist in the analysis of the experimental data. As a result, we determined that the most favorable conformer in the low-temperature environment of the supersonic jet is the nearly planar structure with two C5 hydrogen-bonding interactions. Calculations clearly show that this conformer is favored because of its flexibility (considerable entropy stabilization) as well as efficient conformer relaxation processes in the jet. To gain more understanding into the relative stability of the lowest-energy Gly-Gly conformers, the relative strength of hydrogen bonding and steric interactions is analyzed using the noncovalent interactions (NCI) approach.

We report on experiments which show that C_{60} can ionize in an indirect, quasithermal boiloff process after absorption of a single photon. The process involves a large number of incoherently excited valence electrons and yields electron spectra with a Boltzmann distribution with temperatures exceeding 10^{4}  K. It is expected to be present for other molecules and clusters with a comparatively large number of valence electrons. The astrophysical consequences are briefly discussed.

Delocalized molecular vibrations in the far-infrared and THz ranges are highly sensitive to the molecular structure, as well as to intra- and inter-molecular interactions. Thus, spectroscopic studies of biomolecular structures can greatly benefit from an extension of the conventional mid-infrared to the far-infrared wavelength range. In this work, the conformer-specific gas-phase far-infrared spectra of two aromatic molecules containing the peptide -CO-NH- link, namely, 2- and 4-Methylacetanilide, are investigated. The planar conformations with trans configuration of the peptide link have only been observed in the supersonic-jet expansion. The corresponding far-infrared signatures associated with the vibrations of the peptide -CO-NH- moiety, the so-called amide IV-VI bands, have been assigned and compared with the results of density functional theory frequency calculations based on the anharmonic vibrational second-order perturbation theory approach. The analysis of the experimental and theoretical data shows that the amide IV-VI bands are highly diagnostic for the geometry of the peptide moiety and the molecular backbone. They are also strongly blue-shifted upon formation of the NH⋯O-C hydrogen bonding, which is, for example, responsible for the formation of secondary protein structures. Furthermore, the amide IV-VI bands are also diagnostic for the cis configuration of the peptide link, which can be present in cyclic peptides. The experimental gas-phase data presented in this work can assist the vibrational assignment of similar biologically important systems, either isolated or in natural environments.

We demonstrate a technique for IR action spectroscopy that enables measuring IR spectra in a background-free fashion for low-temperature neutral gas-phase molecules of arbitrary structure. The method is exemplified experimentally for N-methylacetamide molecules in the mid-IR spectral range of 1000-1800  cm^{-1}, utilizing the free electron laser FELIX. The technique involves the resonant absorption of multiple mid-IR photons, which induces molecular dissociation. The dissociation products are probed with 10.49 eV vacuum ultraviolet photons and analyzed with a mass spectrometer. We also demonstrate the capability of this method to record, with unprecedented ease, mid-IR spectra for the molecular associates, such as clusters and oligomers, present in a molecular beam. In this way the mass-selected spectra of low-temperature gas-phase dimers and trimers of N-methylacetamide are measured in the full amide I-III range.

Near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectra measured at the C, N, and O K-edges for three molecules containing the amide moiety, N-methylformamide (HCONHCH3), N,N-dimethylformamide (HCON(CH3)2), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (CH3CON(CH3)2) are presented. These molecules have similar structures and differ by the number of methyl groups located at the molecular ends. The fragmentation of these molecules after resonant excitation at different K-edge resonances is also investigated, using a 3D-ion imaging time-of-flight spectrometer. A comparison between the molecules with respect to the relative contributions of the fragments created upon excitation at distinct resonances reveals site-specific fragmentation. Further information about the character of the core-excitation and dissociation process is obtained from the angular distributions of the ion fragments.

One of the most direct ways to study the intrinsic properties of the hydrogen-bond interaction is by gas-phase far-infrared (far-IR) spectroscopy because the modes involving hydrogen-bond deformation are excited in this spectral region; however, the far-IR regime is often ignored in molecular structure identification due to the absence of strong far-IR light sources and difficulty in assigning the observed modes by quantum chemical calculations. Far-IR/UV ion-dip spectroscopy using the free electron laser FELIX was applied to directly probe the intramolecular hydrogen-bond interaction in a family of phenol derivatives. Three vibrational modes have been identified, which are expected to be diagnostic for the hydrogen-bond strength: hydrogen-bond stretching and hydrogen-bond-donating and -accepting OH torsion vibrations. Their position is evaluated with respect to the hydrogen bond strength, that is, the length of the hydrogen-bonded OH length. This shows that the hydrogen bond stretching frequency is diagnostic for the size of the ring that is closed by the hydrogen bond, while the strength of the hydrogen bond can be determined from the hydrogen-bond-donating OH torsion frequency. The combination of these two normal modes allows the direct probing of intramolecular hydrogen-bond characteristics using conformation-selective far-IR vibrational spectroscopy.

Spectroscopic studies of molecular structure can strongly benefit from extending the conventional mid-IR range to the far-IR and THz regions, as low-frequency molecular vibrations provide unique fingerprints and high sensitivity to intra- and intermolecular interactions. In this work, the gas-phase conformer specific far-IR spectra of aminophenol isomers, recorded in the spectral range of 220-800 cm(-1) at the free-electron laser laboratory FELIX in Nijmegen (the Netherlands), are reported. Many distinct far-IR vibrational signatures which are specific for the molecular structure of the different aminophenol isomers are revealed and assigned. The observed far-IR transitions of the NH2 wagging (inversion) motion have been treated with a double-minimum harmonic well potential model that has enabled us to obtain the inversion barrier values. Moreover, we discuss the limitations and capability of conventional DFT frequency calculations to describe the far-IR vibrational modes.

Experimental Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure (NEXAFS) spectra of N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (FNMA), which is a peptide model system, measured at the C, N, O and F K-edges are reported. The features in the spectra have been assigned by Static-Exchange (STEX) calculations. Using the same method, we have also assigned previously measured NEXAFS spectra of another peptide model system, N-methylacetamide (NMA). To facilitate the NEXAFS feature assignments, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements for NMA and FNMA have been carried out with the aim of obtaining the 1s electron ionization potentials, which are compared with the values predicted by our Hartree-Fock (ΔHF) and Multi Configuration Self Consistent Field (ΔMCSCF) calculations. We also demonstrate an approach to compensate for screening effects that are neglected in the STEX method. Ion yield measurements of FNMA associated with the excitation of several C, N, O, and F K-shell pre-edge resonances have revealed site-specific fragmentation in some cases which we interpret with the aid of our theoretical calculations.

Fragmentation processes of SO2 following excitation of the six main O 1s pre-edge resonances, as well as above the ionization threshold and below the resonances, are studied using a position-sensitive time-of-flight ion imaging detector, and the associated dissociation branching ratios and break-up dynamics are determined. In order to distinguish between the O(+) and S(2+) fragments of equal mass-to-charge ratio, the measurements have been performed with the isotopically enriched S(18)O2 sample. By analysis of the complete set of the fragment momentum vectors, the β values for the fragments originating from the SO(+) + O(+) break-up and the kinetic energy release for fragmentation channels of both SO2 (2+) and SO2 (3+) parent ions are determined. We also present results on the three-body break-up dynamics.

The electronic structure of nitrosyl chloride (ClNO) has been investigated in the gas phase by X-ray Photoelectron (XPS) and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy at the Cl 2p, Cl 2s, N 1s and O 1s edges in a combined experimental and theoretical study. The theoretical calculations at different levels of approximation predict ionization potential values in good agreement with the experimental data and allow us to assign the main features of the absorption spectra. An unexpected failure of the density functional model is, however, observed in the calculation of the Cl 2s binding energy, which is related to a large self-interaction error. Largely different photoabsorption cross-section patterns are experimentally observed in core excitations from the investigated quantum shells (n = 1, 2). This finding is confirmed by the oscillator strength distributions calculated at different absorption edges; in the case of the n = 2 shell the bands below the threshold are extremely weak and most of the absorption intensity is due to excitations in the continuum.