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Objectives:In 2014, immediately prior to the revision of Article 25-2 of the Pharmacists’ Act, we conducted a survey on pharmacists’ and patients’ perceptions of pharmacists’ roles. A role discrepancy between the two was identified. The objective was to examine changes in role perceptions and awareness of pharmacists as medication specialists following revision to the Pharmacists’ Act.Methods:The survey was conducted using an Internet-based questionnaire. A total of 469 patients and 354 pharmacists responded to 12 questions about the perceived roles of pharmacists.Results:Analysis revealed that the only evaluation that changed as a result of revisions was pharmacists’ role as “family or regular pharmacist,” with scores dropping by about half. As in 2014, the high rating rate for pharmacists surpassed the high rating of patients for all other items. The greatest discrepancy in role perception was observed for the same three items (“Understanding the effects of the drugs the patients are taking,” “Understanding the health changes caused by the drugs dispensed to the patients,” and “Consciously protecting patients from the adverse effects of drugs”) as 2014.Conclusion:A major role discrepancy continues to exist between patients and pharmacists, and it is necessary for pharmacists to take on a more advanced role in patient care. Results suggest that pharmacists must monitor changes in patients’ lifestyles and provide clear explanations for patients to rate them highly as medication specialists., This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

長崎県の郷土料理である大村寿司を学校給食で提供することを目的とし, 学校栄養職員に対する郷土料理および大村寿司に対する意識調査を実施した。さらに大村寿司給食を実施し喫食者に対する嗜好調査を行った。 学校栄養職員のほとんどが, 郷土料理に興味があり, 食文化の継承・普及への意欲は高く, 大村寿司に対する継承意欲も高かったが, 給食における実施率は低かった (12.5%)。「大村寿司給食を実施したい (30.3%)」と積極的な回答が得られた理由で最も多かったのは「行事食・食文化教育として利用できる」であった。一方, 「大村寿司給食を実施したくない・どちらでもない (69.7%)」理由としては,「調理器具がない」「作業工程が複雑」「衛生管理ができない」等であった。そこで, これらの問題点を検討し, 大村寿司給食の作業工程表を作成した。 大村寿司給食を実施し, 嗜好調査を行ったところ, 喫食した児童・生徒のうち, 57.6%が「美味しい」, 38.8%が「また食べたい」と回答し, 特に低学年で食意欲が高かった。さらに, 教員からも郷土料理および大村寿司給食に対する肯定的な意見を多数得た。これらの結果から, 実施が困難であると考えられている郷土料理であっても学校給食への導入可能性が示唆された。今後も, 多くの郷土料理が学校給食で提供され, 「食」を通じた幅広い教育に活用されることが期待される。

To obtain basic information on the effect of the dissociation of L-ascorbic acid (AsA) on its radical scavenging ability, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used in both homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction systems. In the homogeneous system, the dissociation of AsA did not affect its DPPH scavenging ability. In the heterogeneous system, the DPPH scavenging ability of the monoanion form of AsA was lower than that of the non-dissociated form. The same tendency was also found in the case of DPPH in liposome. Although it has been emphasized that the antioxidant ability of AsA originated from its electron donation function, the ability of AsA to act as a hydrogen donor should also be considered. A new aspect of the possibility of AsA functioning as an antioxidant not only in the hydrophilic region but also in the hydrophobic region, was also strongly suggested.

水耕栽培(‘ふじ’,‘ジョナゴールド’)および土耕栽培樹にカルシウム(Ca)溶液の樹上散布(‘スターキング’)を行い,褐変度とポリフェノール(PP)含有量および酵素(PPO)活性との関係について検討した.結果は以下の通りである.(1) 総PPは,褐変度の低い水耕果およびCa散布果が対照果よりも高値を示した.果実の部位別では品種,栽培条件に関係なく果皮部に多く,他の部位の約1.5～3倍量含有された.(2) クロロゲン酸は,水耕果が土耕果よりも高値を示したが,エピカテキンには差がみられなかった.Ca散布果では,両成分ともに無散布果との差はみられなかった.(3) クロロゲン酸は栽培条件に関係なく,‘ふじ’,‘ジョナゴールド’の全部位でエピカテキンよりも多く含有されたが,‘スターキング’の果皮部のみ逆の結果を示した.(4) PPO活性は,何れの水耕果も土耕果と比較して明らかに低値を示した.しかし,Ca散布による影響はみられなかった.(5) PPOのNative電気泳動による活性染色では,染色バンドに品種による違いはみられたが,栽培条件による差異はみられなかった.これらの結果から,水耕果の褐変度が低い事はPPOの特性ではなく,量的なものに起因する事が示唆された.

The object of this study was to clarify the effect of experimental hydroponics (water culture : WC) on browning reaction of apple fruits. The changes in total polyphenol (TPP) content and coloration over time after crushing of apple fruits were investigated. The polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and property were analysed also. In this study, ripe conventional soil cultured fruits (SCF) and water cultured fruits (WCF) of two cultivars (Fuji and Hokuto) were used. The results were as follows. 1) Regardless of the cultivar, the absorbance of 450nm (OD45o) in SCF increased rapidly as time elapsed, but that in WCF increased to half degree of SCF until 60 minutes elapsed gradually. Especially, the OD45o in WCF of Hokuto was inhibited significantly. 2) The reflectance in SCF and WCF (Fuji and Hokuto) showed a similar tendency at OD450, which was measured with a spectro color meter. 3) Before browning reaction, there was no difference in the TPP content between WCF and SCF in Fuji. But in Hokuto, the TPP content in WCF was larger than that in SCF. Regardless of the cultivar, the TPP content in SCF decreased over time, especially quickly in the early stage. However the TPP content in WCF decreased slightly. 4) The decrease in the content of TPP due to browning showed a good negative correlation with the degree of enzymatic browning. After all, the TPP content was closely related to the browning degree. 5) The PPO activity was significantly lower in WCF than that in SCF. Isozyme patterns of PPO showed no difference between WCF and SCF. In conclusion, the low browning degree of WCF resulted from the revelation of PPO activity that was inhibited by WC. The browning degree was not affected by the PPO property.

水耕栽培(‘ふじ’)および土耕栽培樹にCa溶液を樹上散布(‘スターキング’)した褐変度の低いリンゴ果実について,部位別および成熟過程におけるPP成分とPPO活性の変化を検討した.結果は以下の通りである.(1) 総PPは,褐変度の低い‘ふじ’の水耕果および‘スターキング’のCa散布果に対照果よりも多く含有された.部位別では品種'栽培条件に関係なく果皮に多く,他の部位の4～5倍含有された.(2) クロロゲン酸,エピカテキンも水耕果およびCa散布果に多く含有された.また,栽培条件に関係なく‘ふじ’では全部位において,クロロゲン酸がエピカテキンよりも大であったが,‘スターキング’では果皮部のみ逆の結果を示した.(3) 総PP,クロロゲン酸,エピカテキンは品種,栽培条件に関係なく,いずれも熟度の進行に伴って減少し,特に成熟初期の減少率が高かった.(4) PPO活性は,‘ふじ’では水耕果が対照果よりも顕著に低値を示したが,‘スターキング’のCa散布による影響は認められなかった.(5) PPO活性は,いずれのリンゴにおいても成熟初期に大きく減少し,その後適熟に至る間に多少の増減がみられた.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds including 3-methylcholanthrene induce harmful reactive intermediates and reactive oxygen species. This study reports the effect of 3-methylcholanthrene on the accumulation of vitamin C and the expression of vitamin C transporters. ODS rats were given l-ascorbic acid daily and intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg 3-methylcholanthrene in total. On day 10, vitamin C concentrations and the expression of vitamin C transporter in the tissues were measured. As a result, the levels of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCTs) 1 and the l-ascorbic acid concentration in 3-methylcholanthrene-treated livers and hepatocytes have increased significantly. However, the content of vitamin C in the urine and TBARS in the liver have not changed. These results suggest that the administration of 3-methylcholanthrene elevates the requirement for vitamin C via (SVCTs) 1 due to xenobitics-metabolizing, such as the induction of cytochrome P450 family.