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This study focus on the analysis of the chemical composition of the aerial parts essential oils (Eos) (needles, cones and branches) of Tunisian P. pinaster Aiton, and to evaluate their antioxidant activities, their inhibition toward germination and seedling growth of weeds and to assess their antifungal activities against phytopathogenic fungi. Eos were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS analysis. A total of 27, 25, and 15 compounds were identified respectively in needles, cones and branches. All analyzed oils were rich in hydrocarbonated monoterpenes (32.57-90.48%). α-pinene (25.11-80.95%), β-pinene (1.86-33.12%) and β-caryophyllene (0.28-21.34%) were the dominant compounds in the volatile oils. All tested samples exhibited interesting antioxidant activities. The phytotoxicity of Eos was evaluated against tow weeds: Sinapis arvensis L. and Phalaris canariensis L. and one cultivated specie Triticum tirgidum L. The antifungal activity was investigated in vitro using five targeted fungal strains. Tested samples were differently effective toward tested plants and target fungi depending on the variability of their chemical compositions. All sample oils showed a significant phytotoxic effects and needles oils exhibited the highest herbicidal effects against all tested species. The highest fungitoxic properties were obtained with needles and cones Eos against all fungi., Arabian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Vol 8, No 2 (2022)

Spleen Spontaneous Rupture SRS is a rare phenomenon in which the spleen ruptures without associated trauma. This pathology is rarely caused by Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.We present a case of a 59-year-old male patient with chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, who was admitted with an acute abdomen whose clinical and paraclinical examinations revealed a spleen spontaneous rupture. The treatment consisted of a splenectomy.Spontaneous spleen rupture was first described by Rokitansky in 1861 and mentioned in many cases since, the common causes of non-traumatic Splenic rupture include myeloproliferative diseases, vasculitis, and infections. However, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) remains an obscure cause of splenic rupture that requires unique attention. The diagnosis of splenic rupture should be considered in all patients with hematologic malignancies presenting with abrupt onset of abdominal pain, hemodynamic instability, or acute anemia. The choice between conservative treatment and splenectomy depends on different variables: the etiology of the SRS, the hemodynamic stability, the amount of packed red blood cells transfused. Thus, an interventional approach can be advocated for a spontaneous splenic rupture over nonoperative management. Splenic embolization can provide patients with the advantages of both operative splenectomy and conservative management. The mortality rate from SRS is 12.2 %. Neoplastic pathologies were most significantly associated with fatal outcomes.The high mortality rate seems to be mainly related to the delayed diagnosis and/or the severity of the underlying pathology. Given its seriousness, it requires a rapid diagnosis and adapted management.

In the presence of conflicting advice about the relationship between selenium-type II diabetes-oxidative stress trio, this study aimed to assess the consequences of selenium supplementation on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level, antioxidant activities of selenodependent and non-selenodependent enzymes, and other markers of oxidative stress studied for the first time during gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).This research was carried out among 180 pregnant Algerian women, 60 of whom were in good health, 60 women with GDM did not take supplements, and 60 women with GDM took selenium orally (50 mg/d) for 12 weeks starting from their second trimester of pregnancy. Blood samples were taken in order to assay FPG level and oxidative stress markers.Selenium supplementation during GDM has demonstrated its hypoglycemic power in the significant decline of FPG level, and its antioxidant properties in the significant reinforcement of antioxidant activities of erythrocyte selenodependent enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase), the significant increase in erythrocyte catalase and superoxide dismutase activities simultaneously with the highest decrease in erythrocyte and plasma malondialdehyde levels. This decrease was only significant for plasma carbonyl proteins, which was not the case for erythrocyte carbonyl proteins.The recourse to selenium supplementation by seleno-deficient pregnant women with GDM is beneficial for maternal health. This micronutrient exploits its antioxidant and insulin-mimetic properties in the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis and the fight against oxidative stress, and consequently, its supplementation delays the occurrence of GDM complications.Svesni različitih saveta koji se daju u vezi sa međusobnim odnosom selena, dijabetesa tipa II i oksidativnog stresa, ova studija je imala za cilj da oceni uticaj suplementacije selena na nivo glukoze u plazmi u stanju gladovanja (FPG), antioksidantne aktivnosti enzima koji zavise i koji ne zavise od selena, kao i na druge markere oksidativnog stresa koji su proučavani po prvi put tokom gestacijskog dijabetesa melitusa (GDM).Ovo istraživanje je sprovedeno na uzorku od 180 trudnica iz Alžira, od kojih je 60 bilo dobrog zdravlja, 60 žena sa GDM koje nisu uzimale suplemente, i 60 žena sa GDM-om sa oralnom suplementacijom selena (50 mg/d) u periodu od 12 nedelja počev i od drugog trimestra. Nivo FPG i markeri oksidativnog stresa su određeni iz krvi.Suplementacija selena tokom GDM-a je pokazala svoju hipoglikemijsku snagu značajnim padom nivoa FPG, i njegova antioksidativna svojstva značajnim pojačanjem anti oksidativnih aktivnosti eritrocitnih seleno-zavisnih enzima (glutation peroksidaze i glutation reduktaze), značajnim povećanjem aktivnosti eritrocitne katalaze i superoksid dismutaze istovremeno sa visokim smanjenjem nivoa eritrocita i malondialdehida u plazmi. Ovo smanjenje je bilo značajno samo za karbonilne proteine u plazmi, to nije bio slučaj za karbonilne proteine eritrocita.Suplementacija selena kod trudnica sa deficitom selena koje imaju GDM je korisna za zdravlje majki. Ovaj mikronutrijent koristi svoje antioksidativne i insulin-mimetičke osobine u održavanju homeostaze glukoze u krvi i borbi protiv oksidativnog stresa, a posledično njegova suplementacija smanjuje pojavu komplikacija u vezi sa GDM-om.

Paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors mostly diagnosed in young adults. Their association with pregnancy is even rarer, and their impact is even more serious in the absence of adequate management, which may vitally involve maternal and fetal prognosis. In this report, we present a rare case of a left lateral aortic paraganglioma in a pregnant woman in her third trimester during her 31 weeks of gestation, who consulted for a hypertensive peak; the methoxylated derivatives were positive. An abdominal MRI showed a left lateral aortic mass, suggesting a paraganglioma. After a multidisciplinary discussion, the patient underwent laparoscopic surgical resection of the mass after preoperative medical preparation. Pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of paraganglioma. The overall stay was six days without any short-term complications, including anything related to fetal viability, with a vaginal delivery at 37 weeks of amenorrhea. The patient was followed up for six months with no complications. We highlight the importance of preoperative medical preparation followed by surgical resection in the framework of a multidisciplinary consultation for an improved maternal-fetal prognosis.

Introduction Parathyroid carcinoma is a very aggressive malignant tumor. It is mostly revealed by clinical primary hyperparathyroidism. Case presentation We report a rare case of parathyroid carcinoma in a 61-year-old-male patient who presented with a painless right-sided cervical tumefaction of hard consistency associated with cervical lymphadenopathy. Cervical ultrasonography showed a right parathyroid mass with intimate contact with the homolateral thyroid lobe. A parathyroidectomy enlarged to the adjacent thyroid parenchyma with a selective neck dissection level VI was performed. Clinical discussion The clinical presentation is most often manifested with clinical features of primary hyperparathyroidism associating bone disorders. Surgery remains the treatment of choice. The benefit of adjuvant treatments is controversial and remains to be evaluated. Conclusion Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare tumor. This rare entity is often presented with clinicobiological features of severe primary hyperparathyroidism., Highlights • Parathyroid carcinoma is a very aggressive malignant tumor. • The final diagnosis is made upon pathology study. • The surgical resection must be “en bloc” and complete R0 including the tumor and ipsilateral thyroid lobe with selective cervical dissection level VI. • The prognosis depends on the risk of local or distant recurrences and the control of hypercalcemia.

Introduction and importance Desmoid tumors of the abdominal wall are rare fibroblastic proliferative tissue, included in the group of soft tissue tumors, not metastasizing but locally aggressive as an infiltrating tumor and a source of recurrence. Case presentation This case report describes a rare case of desmoid tumor of the anterolateral abdominal wall presented with a large mass of the left flank and iliac fossa. The diagnostic was suspected radiologically following an abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An exploratory laparotomy found a large mass infiltrating the left rectus abdominis muscle, a part of the flat left abdominal muscles, and the left iliac crest. The patient underwent a total resection of the mass involving the left rectus muscle with autoplasty by a pedicled flap of the left LATA fascia with the placement of a bifacial mesh. Histologic analysis of the operatory specimen confirmed the diagnosis of a desmoid tumor of the abdominal wall. The patient has been discharged from the hospital on the fifth day post-operatory with an uneventful recovery; she was in good health after a one-year follow-up. Clinical discussion Desmoid tumors of the abdomen are very rare. Although this tumor is histologically benign, it has the potential of invading vital structures and has a high rate of local recurrence. Histology staining confirms the diagnosis, surgery is the gold standard in the management of this pathology. Conclusion We highlight the importance of radical surgical excision to avoid desmoid tumor complications and to minimize the recurrence risk., Highlights • Desmoid tumor are rare benign tumor with potential of invading adjacent structures. • The final diagnosis is made upon pathology study. • Complete en-bloc resection is the gold standard treatement. • The rate of recurrence is very high, and depends on the quality of the resection.

Introduction and importance Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder is rare and aggressive, its diagnosis is based on pathologic and immunohistochemical examination, currently there is no standard treatment for this tumor. Its concomitant occurrence with adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon is exceptional. Case presentation This case report describes a rare case of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder that occurred concomitantly with sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma. The diagnosis of neuroendocrine carcinoma was established postoperatively by pathological and immunohistochemical examination. The biopsy of the colonic process confirmed the preoperative diagnosis. A laparotomy found a vesicular fundus process, peri-hilar adenopathy, metastasis of the liver segment V, and a sigmoid colon process. The patient underwent a cholecystectomy extended to segments IVb and V, with lymph node dissection and sigmoid colectomy. The postoperative follow-up was uneventful, and the length of hospitalization was seven days. The patient is currently undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. Discussion Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder is extremely rare, with few case reports, its occurrence concomitantly with adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon is exceptional. Histology and immunohistochemistry confirm the diagnosis, surgery is essential in the management of patients affected by this tumor. The presence of synchronous metastases causes doubt about their primitive, hence the primordial place of surgery and histological examination to adopt adequate management of the patients. Conclusion We underline the rarity of this neuroendocrine tumor and the importance of histology and surgery in its management., Highlights • Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder is a rare and aggressive tumor usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. • The patient presented with a vague abdominal pain and bleeding per rectum. • The final diagnosis is made upon histological and immunohistochemical examination. • The concomitant occurrence neuroendocrine neoplasm of the gallbladder and adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid is exceptional.

Arbutus unedo L. fruits have a great potential to serve as an important source of biomolecules known for panoply of applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, the chemical composition, nutraceutical properties, antioxidant power, mineral content and biological properties of ripe Arbutus unedo L. fruits were investigated. Fruits contain 10.17% carbohydrates, 0.51% lipid, 1% protein, 48 mg/100 g vitamin C, 0.2 mg/100 g α-tocopherols, 0.117 mg/100 g β-tocopherols and 0.33 mg/100 g vitamin A. Fructose (57.96%) and glucose (33.87%) were the major sugars in fruits, followed by xylose (1.40%), maltose (0.51%) and sucrose (0.16%). The mineral content was 302.91 mg/100 g of Mg, 101.19 mg/100 g of Ca, 99.43 mg/100 g of K, 72.08 mg/100 g of Na, 5.11 mg/100 g of Fe, 3 mg/100 g of Zn, 0.82 mg/100 g of Cu and 0.9 mg/100 g of Mn. The liquid chromatography with photodiode array and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric detection (LC/PDA/ESI-MS) demonstrates that the phenolic fraction was dominated by galloyl and quercetin derivatives. All extracts proved to have antioxidant activity (measured by ABTS and DPPH assays) being more significant for ethanolic one (EC50 values lower than 324.06 ± 1.32 μg/mL). The ethanolic extract showed a strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a moderate activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus feacium and Candida albicans, and a poor activity against Streptocoque strain. On the basis of these results, A. unedo fruits could serve as an excellent source of high added-value phytochemicals for industrial uses.

Induced mutation is one of the best alternatives for the improvement in chickpea resistance to ascochyta blight. This study was conducted to determine the lethal dose of 50% for the irradiation of chickpea seeds (LD50) and select chickpea mutant lines resistant to Ascochyta rabiei Pass. Irradiation of chickpea seeds with a range of gamma ray doses led to define the LD50 as 150 Gy. In addition, a genetic variability among plants derived by mutagenesis (M2 generation) was demonstrated by the ISSR technique. Among 36 studied mutant lines we selected three mutant lines resistant to A. rabiei in M2 and M3 generations.

BACKGROUND Some radiation-mutagenised chickpea mutants potentially resistant to the broomrape, Orobanche foetida Poir., were selected through field trials. The objectives of this work were to confirm resistance under artificial infestation, in pots and mini-rhizotron systems, and to determine the developmental stages of broomrape affected by resistance and the relevant resistance mechanisms induced by radiation mutagenesis. RESULTS Among 30 mutants tested for resistance to O. foetida, five shared strong resistance in both pot experiments and mini-rhizotron systems. Resistance was not complete, but the few individuals that escaped resistance displayed high disorders of shoot development. Results demonstrated a 2–3-fold decrease in stimulatory activity of root exudates towards broomrape seed germination in resistant mutants in comparison with non-irradiated control plants and susceptible mutants. Resistance was associated with an induction of broomrape necrosis early during infection. When infested, most of the resistant mutants shared enhanced levels of soluble phenolic contents, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, guaiacol peroxidase activity and polyphenol oxidase activity, in addition to glutathione and notably ascorbate peroxidase gene expression in roots. CONCLUSION Results confirmed enhanced resistance in chickpea radiation-mutagenised mutants, and demonstrated that resistance is based on alteration of root exudation, presumed cell-wall reinforcement and change in root oxidative status in response to infection. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

Nowadays, recent studies have demonstrated that plant-derived foods were characterized by their richness in bioactive phytochemicals and their consumption has a protective effect for human health. The effects of ionizing radiation on phytochemical properties of cooked

Nowadays, recent studies have demonstrated that plant-derived foods were characterized by their richness in bioactive phytochemicals and their consumption has a protective effect for human health. The effects of ionizing radiation on phytochemical properties of cooked Malva sylvestris L. (Mallow) were investigated. Irradiation increased significantly (P the total polyphenols and flavonoids content of cooked Mallow. Irradiation at 2 and 4 kGy doses resulted in a significant increase in the DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging ability of cooked Mallow extracts. There was no significant change on carbohydrate, lipid, ash, and protein content. While the mineral composition of K and Na was affected slightly after irradiation, the amounts of Mg, P, Ca, Fe, Z, and Cu remain unaffected at 2 kGy and reduced slightly at 4 kGy. The antimicrobial activity was unaffected after irradiation. Postirradiation storage studies showed that the cooked irradiated Mallow was microbiologically safe even after 20 days of storage period. Sensory properties of cooked irradiated Mallow were unaffected by the treatment. This study supports that cooking process followed by gamma irradiation did not compromise the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of Mallow.

The use of phosphate-solubilising bacteria as inoculants increases plant phosphorus (P) uptake and thus crop yield. Strains from the genus Mesorhizobium are among the most powerful phosphate solubilizing microorganisms. In order to study efficiency in P uptake and N2 fixation in chickpea (Cicer aritenium), forty-two rhizobia strains natively from Tunisian soils were studied in symbiosis with the chickpea variety “Beja1” which is frequently cultivated in Tunisia. Plants were inoculated separately with these strains under controlled conditions in perlite under two sources of P i.e. soluble (KH2PO4) and insoluble P (Ca2HPO4). At flowering stage, growth, nodulation, P uptake and N2 fixation were assessed in all symbiotic combinations. The results showed that the S27 strain efficiently mobilized P into plants, observed as a significant increase of plant P content when insoluble P (Ca2HPO4) was supplied to the soil. This was associated with a significant increase in plant biomass, nodule number and N content un...

Our previous studies showed that living and heat-killed cells of the Rhizobium leguminosarum strain P.SOM induce in pea roots systemic resistance to infection by Orobanche crenata. To better understand the mechanisms of induced resistance, we focused on identifying the inducing agent. Since heat stable bacterial surface carbohydrates such as exopolysaccharides (EPS) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are essential for recognition in the symbiotic interaction between Rhizobium and legumes, their role in the R. leguminosarum-pea interaction was studied. EPS and LPS were extracted from bacterial cultures, applied to pea roots, and tested for activity as an inducer of plant resistance to broomrape. Whereas EPS did not affect O. crenata infection, LPS reduced Orobanche infection significantly in concentrations as low as 1 and 0.5 mg ml-1. In contrast these compounds did not influence parasite germination induced by the artificial stimulant, GR24. Our results show that soil treatments with LPS resulted in a highly significant reduction of O. crenata infection of pea roots. The results clearly showed that LPS of R. leguminosarum P.SOM act as the inducing agent of systemic resistance in pea roots against Orobanche. Key words: Rhizobium leguminosarum, Lipopolysaccharides, Exopolysaccharides, Induced resistance, Orobanche crenata, Pea.

The aim of this work was to study the antagonist effect of two Rhizobium strains Pch Azm and Pch S.Nsir2 to Rhizoctonia solani and for an evaluation of the relative impact of rhizobia on the expression of the plant's defence response against Rhizoctonia. First, these strains reduced fungal growth observed in vitro using the same or separately Petri dishes. Moreover, these isolates led to reduced chickpea infection by R. solani, resulting from the direct effect of rhizobia on pathogens and possible induced resistance in chickpea. Concomitantly, reduction in infection was accompanied by enhanced level of defence-related enzymes, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POX). An increased level of phenol content was recorded in the roots of bacterized plants grown in the presence of pathogen. The results promise the use of rhizobia for protection of chickpea against R. solani.

Legumes have the ability to establish a symbiotic interaction with soil bacteria, collectively termed as rhizobia. These bacteria can enhance growth and development of associated crops by transferring atmospheric nitrogen into a form that is available for plant growth or by improving nutrient uptake through modulation of hormone-linked phenomena in inoculated plants. Selection of the effective Rhizobium strain is the most critical aspect used to achieve maximum benefits from this technology. This review aims to focus on recent findings, thereby highlighting the enhancement of plant growth and nitrogen uptake during the symbiosis between rhizobia and leguminous plants under severe conditions. The potential uses of such microorganisms due to their multifaceted beneficial activities are likely to play an important role in modern high intensive agricultural practices. Keywords: Rhizobium spp., legumes, growth promotion, plant protection, sustainable agriculture

Some radiation-mutagenised chickpea mutants potentially resistant to the broomrape, Orobanche foetida Poir., were selected through field trials. The objectives of this work were to confirm resistance under artificial infestation, in pots and mini-rhizotron systems, and to determine the developmental stages of broomrape affected by resistance and the relevant resistance mechanisms induced by radiation mutagenesis.Among 30 mutants tested for resistance to O. foetida, five shared strong resistance in both pot experiments and mini-rhizotron systems. Resistance was not complete, but the few individuals that escaped resistance displayed high disorders of shoot development. Results demonstrated a 2-3-fold decrease in stimulatory activity of root exudates towards broomrape seed germination in resistant mutants in comparison with non-irradiated control plants and susceptible mutants. Resistance was associated with an induction of broomrape necrosis early during infection. When infested, most of the resistant mutants shared enhanced levels of soluble phenolic contents, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, guaiacol peroxidase activity and polyphenol oxidase activity, in addition to glutathione and notably ascorbate peroxidase gene expression in roots.Results confirmed enhanced resistance in chickpea radiation-mutagenised mutants, and demonstrated that resistance is based on alteration of root exudation, presumed cell-wall reinforcement and change in root oxidative status in response to infection. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Parasitic plants are among the most important problematic weeds, they are responsible of major losses of many crops. Early growth stages, such as seed germination stimulated by host root exudates and tubercle development, are key phases for these parasites development. Inhibition of these early phases could be a general strategic option for parasitic plants management. In our previous study, we have demonstrated that some Rhizobium leguminosarum strains decrease pea infection by Orobanche crenata and germinated seeds enhanced browning symptoms. These observations suggested the probability of toxic compounds accumulation such as gallic acid and naringenin used as a defence strategy by inoculated pea plants. In this study, we demonstrate that these two phenolic compounds cause severe physiological disorder of germination broomrape seeds. They inhibited germination of O. crenata seeds induced by strigol analogue GR 24 , and caused a browning reaction in germinated seeds.

Summary Orobanche species (broomrapes) are parasitic weeds which dramatically decrease the yields of many economically important dicotyledonous crops, including pea (Pisum sativum), in Mediterranean areas. Previously, we identified some Rhizobium leguminosarum strains, including P.SOM, which could both promote pea development and significantly reduce infection by Orobanche crenata, notably through induction of necrosis of attached parasites. In the present study, induced resistance against broomrape in the nodulated pea was shown to be associated with significant changes in rates of oxidative lipoxygenase (Lox) and phenylpropanoid/isoflavonoid pathways and in accumulation of derived toxins, including phenolics and pisatin (pea phytoalexin). Changes were followed for 5 weeks after inoculation and attack by Orobanche. In contrast to non-inoculated plants or Orobanche only infected plants, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and hydrogen peroxide content increased in response to bacteria inoculation indicating the involvement of oxidative processes. In parallel, the nodulated roots displayed high Lox activity related to the overexpression of the lox1 gene. Similarly, the expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 6a-hydroxymaackiain 3-O-methyltransferase (Hmm6a) genes were induced early during nodule development, suggesting the central role of the phenylpropanoid/isoflavonoid pathways in the elicited defence. As a consequence, the derived products, phenolics and pisatin, accumulated in response to rhizobacteria and conferred mechanical and chemical barriers to the invading parasite. These results highlight the likely role of signalling pathways in induced resistance and suggest these mechanisms should be enhanced through integrated Orobanche management practices.

Orobanche crenata Forsk is a chlorophyll lacking holoparasite that subsists on the roots of plants and causes significant damage to the culture of leguminous plants and, in particular, to peas (Pisum sativum L.). Here, we investigated the potential of Rhizobium strains for biological control of Orobanche crenata using a commercial pea cultivar (Douce de province) and different Rhizobium strains. Firstly, benefit of bacterial inoculation on plant growth and efficiency in N-incorporation were demonstrated with four isolates, P.SOM, P.1001, P.Mat.95 and P.1236. After five Rhizobium strains (three efficient: P.SOM, P.1236, P.Mat.95 and two not efficient: P.OM1.92, P.MleTem.92) were investigated for their ability to control Orobanche crenata using pot and Petri dish experiments. Inoculation of peas with two (P.SOM and P.1236) of the five strains induced a significant decrease in O. crenata seed germination and in the number of tubercles on pea roots. Furthermore, other symptoms, including the non-penetration of the germinated seeds into pea roots followed by radicle browning and death of the parasites, were observed in the presence of these inoculated pea plants. The hypothesis that roots secrete toxic compounds related to Rhizobium inoculation is discussed.

Summary Orobanche crenata (crenate broomrape) produces serious damage to many legume crops and particularly becomes a limiting factor for pea production in the Mediterranean basin. Nodulation effects on pea–broomrape relationships were studied using the commercial pea cultivar Douce de Provence and different Rhizobium strains using pot and Petri dish experiments. First, the benefit of bacterial inoculation on plant growth and efficiency of N incorporation were demonstrated for two isolates, P.SOM and P.1236. These isolates did not influence parasite germination induced by the artificial stimulant, GR24. In contrast, pea root inoculation with P.SOM and P.1236 isolates led to a reduced root infection by O. crenata, resulting from a lower Orobanche germination rate close to pea roots and a limited capacity of the parasitic seedlings to develop tubercles. Broomrape necrosis was observed both before and after parasite attachment to inoculated pea roots. Concomitantly, reduction in infection was accompanied by enhanced peroxidase activity and constantly high phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in pea roots. These data suggest the involvement of these enzymes in pea resistance to crenate broomrape induced by the compatible rhizobia. Management of Orobanche via crop selection based on these enzyme systems is a viable option.

The successful use of faba bean breeding for broomrape resistance requires the existence of genetic variation. Unfortunately, the desired variation is often lacking. However, radiation can be used to induce mutations and thereby generate genetic variation from which desired mutants may be selected. This investigation was carried out to study the effects of gamma radiation on various quantitative characters in faba bean. Micro-mutations were scored for percentage of germinated seeds, pod length and photosynthetic pigment contents. The variation in DNA profile in responses to gamma irradiation treatments was detected by ISSR-PCR technique. 15 ISSR primers were used on 22 samples of faba bean issued from irradiated samples; four primers produced clear bands, which were polymorphic and the (AG) 8 YC was the best one. Nei’s standard genetic distances test showed that the ISSR markers classification was statistically different. Conclusively, this study supported the suggestion that gamma irradiation induce a genetic diversity in faba bean germplasm. The studied samples are promising for the production of synthetic varieties resistant/tolerant to plant parasites. Keywords: Faba bean, gamma rays, genetic diversity, ISSR