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Abstract Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moecnh) is a versatile crop that is widely grown in western Ethiopia, despite that it is less researched. This study, therefore, investigates the traditional knowledge, nutritional, and morphological characteristics of two commonly grown okra varieties (Kenketse and Sharma) in west Ethiopia. A semi‐structured questionnaire, checklist, and observations were used to collect primary data from households, key informants, and farms. In addition, proximate composition parameters like moisture content, total ash, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, utilizable carbohydrates, and gross energy fruits were measured through laboratory analysis. Fruit morphological traits, including fruit dimensions such as length and width, were determined using a digital Vernier caliper. For data analysis, SPSS software was used. The results revealed that the entire plant is used for both food and ethnomedicinal purposes. Curing ailments such as stomach pain, constipation, wound/cut, heart discomfort, back pain, malaria, diarrhea, and amoebae were among the medical benefits of okra. The proximate composition (%) on a dry matter basis of okra fruits differed significantly (p

IntroductionStudies on inmates’ Health Care Service (HCS) utilization are scarce globally, infrequent in Ethiopia while findings about the factors associated with HCS utilization are inconsistent. The present study, therefore, examined inmates’ HCS utilization and associated socio-demographic and imprisonment related factors in Northwestern Ethiopia.MethodsThe study employed institution-based cross sectional research design and data was collected using questionnaire from 422 inmates in three prisons. The questionnaire collected data about prisoners’ demographic characters, imprisonment related information and HCS utilization. Descriptive statistical techniques as well as bi-variate and multiple logistic regressions were used to analyse the data.Results and discussionsThe study found that 72.5%, 66.1% and 13.3% of the inmates, respectively, used medical services, guidance and counseling services, and psychiatric services. Inmates with primary education, with secondary education, and who know the availability of the services were more likely to use medical services. Inmates with accused status were less likely to use medical services than inmates with convict status. Divorced marital status and knowledge of the service availability were associated with high guidance and counseling service use. An increase in the length of stay in the prison was associated with a decrease in psychiatry service use while knowledge of service availability was associated with higher odds of psychiatry service use. There are high medical care service utilization while low mental health care service utilization among inmates in Northwestern Ethiopia. Results of the study implied that there is a critical need for immediate health care service promotion and education measures. Besides, there are also needs for large scale, longitudinal and potentially cross-cultural studies to better understand additional factors that influence inmates’ HCS utilization.

Abstract Background Urogenital fistula can arise from various causes, leading to the development of diverse surgical procedures. The prevention and treatment of obstetric fistula continue to pose challenges in low-income countries. Aim To assess the outcomes and predictors of failure of surgical repair for urogenital fistulas, specifically high vesico-vaginal fistula (VVF) and vesico-uterine fistula (VUF), within our context. Methods Conducted a prospective hospital-based study involving 100 female patients with urogenital fistula (95 VVF and 5 VUF) who underwent abdominal surgical repair at Gezira Hospital for Renal Diseases and Surgery from 2018 to 2023. Collected data encompassing demographics, obstetric history, fistula etiologies, Swab test, cystoscopy findings, urine diversion, ureteric re-implantation, and repair outcomes. Results The majority of women were aged 20–29 years (39%), illiterate (62%), and had a low socio-economic status (87%). Lack of antenatal care was noted in 77% of patients. Fistula etiologies were predominantly obstetric (70%), mainly due to spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD), with the remaining 30% attributed to gynecological causes (hysterectomy). In terms of fistula characteristics, all patients had a high-level fistula, 95% had a single fistula, and 69% had a posterior wall fistula. Successful closure was achieved in 84% of cases, with 11% experiencing ureteric involvements. The analysis of failures pointed to recurrent fistulae (50%), larger fistula size (31%), and the presence of multiple fistulae (19%) as notable predictors of unsuccessful repair. Conclusion VVF was the prevalent type of urogenital fistula in our population. Risk factors included being in the third decade of life, illiteracy, low socioeconomic status, and a lack of prenatal care. Obstetric causes, particularly prolonged and obstructed labor through SVD, dominated the etiology. Surgical procedures resulted in successful closure in 84% of cases. Recurrent fistulae, larger size, and multiple occurrences emerged as predictors of surgical repair failure.

Abstract Background: Adult renal cell carcinomas account for 80–85% of all renal tumors, making them the most common primary renal tumors. As a method for categorizing renal masses by anatomical characteristics, R.E.N.A.L score is suggested to study the effect on surgical approach in addition to perioperative outcomes and complications. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective hospital-based study enrolled 48 RCC patients in GHRDS in the period between September 2020 and September 2021. Data regarding demographics, histological subtypes, surgical approach, intraoperative and postoperative complications were collected. Based on R.E.N.A.L score, the complexity of renal tumors is grouped into low, moderate, and high. Results: The study sample size was 48. Twenty-five participants (52.1%) were men with a mean age of 51 years. Most cases had clear cell RCC 22 (45.8%) and papillary RCC 19 (39.6%). Thirty-nine (81.5%) patients underwent radical nephrectomy (flank incision [extraperitoneal] in 32 [82.1%] and midline incision [transperitoneal] in 7 [17.3%]), and 9 (18.5%) patients underwent partial nephrectomy. One-third of the patients 15 (31.2%) had intraoperative complications and 7 (14.6%) had postoperative complications. All intraoperative and most postoperative complications were associated with radical nephrectomy (P = 0.001). According to complexity, 21 (43.8%) patients had moderate complexity, 15 (31.2%) high complexity, and 12 (25%) low complexity. Conclusion: Most RCC patients had moderate complexity and were subjected to radical nephrectomy. High complexities were linked to decision of radical nephrectomy, intraoperative and postoperative complications. More prospective research with large sample size and multi-centered studies is essential to ensure generalizability of study findings.

Very little research has focused on climate impacts on aquaculture and the potential of climate information services (CIS) for aquaculture to support sustainable development goals 2030 (SDGs).11 Resilient aquatic food systems can substantially contribute to SDG 1 to end poverty in all its forms, SDG 2 to end all forms of hunger through food and nutrition security, SDG 3 to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, SDG 8 to promote inclusive economic growth, employment and decent work for all, SDG 12 to ensure responsible consumption and production patterns, SDG 13 to combat climate change and its impacts, SDG 14 to conserve the oceans, seas and marine resources and SDG 17 to strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership. This study represents an effort to bridge this gap by conducting a first ex-ante economic evaluation of CIS for aquaculture in Bangladesh by semi-automating the extraction of data on climate-induced fish losses during 2011 to 2021 from popular online newspaper articles and corroborating them with available government and satellite datasets. During this period, Bangladesh faced an estimated loss of around 140 million USD for hatcheries, open water fish and shrimp. When validated with a year of country-wide official data on climate-induced economic losses to aquaculture, the damage reported from these media sources is approximately 10 percent of actual losses. Given this rule of thumb, the potential economic value of aquacultural CIS could be up to USD14 million a year, if 10 percent of the damage can be offset by appropriate services through a range of multi-sector efforts to establish and extend these services to farmers at scale.

Abstract Background Ward rounds are a cornerstone in the educational experience of junior doctors and an essential part of teaching patient care. Here, we aimed to assess the doctors’ perception of ward rounds as an educational opportunity and to identify the obstacles faced in conducting a proper ward round in Sudanese hospitals. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted from the 15th to the 30th of January 2022 among house officers, medical officers, and registrars in about 50 teaching and referral hospitals in Sudan. House officers and medical officers were considered the learners, while specialist registrars were considered the teachers. Doctors’ perceptions were assessed using an online questionnaire, with a 5-level Likert scale to answer questions. Results A total of 2,011 doctors participated in this study (882 house officers, 697 medical officers, and 432 registrars). The participants were aged 26.9 ± 3.2 years, and females constituted about 60% of the sample. An average of 3.1 ± 6.8 ward rounds were conducted per week in our hospitals, with 11.1 ± 20.3 h spent on ward rounds per week. Most doctors agreed that ward rounds are suitable for teaching patient management (91.3%) and diagnostic investigations (89.1%). Almost all the doctors agreed that being interested in teaching (95.1%) and communicating appropriately with the patients (94.7%) make a good teacher in ward rounds. Furthermore, nearly all the doctors agreed that being interested in learning (94.3%) and communicating appropriately with the teacher (94.5%) make a good student on ward rounds. About 92.8% of the doctors stated that the quality of ward rounds could be improved. The most frequently reported obstacles faced during ward rounds were the noise (70%) and lack of privacy (77%) in the ward environment. Conclusion Ward rounds have a special value in teaching patient diagnosis and management. Being interested in teaching/learning and having good communication skills were the two major criteria that make a good teacher/learner. Unfortunately, ward rounds are faced with obstacles related to the ward environment. It is mandatory to ensure the quality of both ward rounds' teaching and environment to optimize the educational value and subsequently improve patient care practice.

Abstract Background Thromboembolism was a chief cause of mortality in 70% of patients with COVID-19. Our objective was to see if serum interleukins 1 beta (IL-1β) and soluble platelets selectin (sP-selectin) could serve as novel markers of thromboembolism in COVID-19 patients. Methods This cross sectional study involved 89 COVID-19 patients who were recruited from 1st of February to 1st of May 2021. Clinical and laboratory data were collected, and chest imaging was performed. The levels of IL-1β and sP-selectin were assessed in all cases through ELISA kits. Comparisons between groups were done using an unpaired t-test in normally distributed quantitative variables. In contrast, a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used for non-normally distributed quantitative variables. Results Severe COVID-19 infection was associated with higher serum levels of CRP, Ferritin, LDH, D dimer, IL-1β and sP-selectin (P

BackgroundSubstance use is associated with high rates of psychiatric symptoms including psychotic symptoms. Despite the severity of the problem, there are intervention gaps in Ethiopia. To combat this, relevant evidence is required to raise the awareness of service providers. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of psychotic symptoms and its associated factors among the youth population who uses psychoactive substances in the Central Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the youth population in the Central Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia, from 01 January to 30 March 2021. A multistage sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. All data were collected using questionnaires assessing socio-demographic; family-related variables; Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; Multidimensional Scale Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-24). The data were analyzed using the STATA 14 statistical program.ResultsA total of 372 young people who used psychoactive substances (79.57%, 53.49%, 34.14%, and 16.13% were consuming alcohol, Khat, tobacco/cigarette products, and other substances such as shisha, inhalants, and drugs, respectively) were included in the study. The prevalence of psychotic symptoms was 24.2% with a 95% CI: 20.1, 28.8. Being married [AOR = 1.87 95% CI: 1.06, 3.48], recent loss of loved ones [AOR = 1.97 95% CI: 1.10, 3.18], low perceived social support [AOR = 1.61 95% CI: 1.11, 3.02], and severe psychological distress [AOR = 3.23 95% CI; 1.64, 6.54] were the factors associated with psychotic symptoms among young people with psychoactive substances use at a p-value of < 0.05.ConclusionPsychotic symptoms related to psychoactive substances among the youth population in Northwest Ethiopia were high. Thus, it is better to give a special attention to the youth population with low social support and existing psychological distress concurrent with psychoactive substance use.

In Ethiopia studies on high school students’ mathematics self-efficacy and associated factors are scarce. The present study examined students’ mathematics self-efficacy and associated predictors among high school students in Addis Ababa. Data were collected using adapted questionnaire from 120 students (9th and 10th graders) recruited via multi-stage sampling. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, ANOVA, Chi-square and logistic regressions were utilized to analyze the collected data. In the study it was found that students have more than average mathematics self-efficacy even though significant numbers of students (44.2%) have low mathematics self-efficacy. It was also revealed that differences in grade level [t(118) = 2.545, p < 0.05] and students’ expected grade in the upcoming national exam [F(3,116) = 5.553, p < 0.05] were statistically significant. Living arrangements (AOR = 6.704, 95% CI = 1.598–28.118), expected grade in the upcoming national exam (AOR = 5.808, 95% CI = 1.804–18.696) and expected marks in the semester (AOR = 1.126, 95% CI = 1.055–1.202) are significant predictors of students’ mathematics self-efficacy. Generally educational expectations are important predictors of students’ mathematics self-efficacy. Therefore, researchers and organizations need to gear their attention towards improving students’ mathematics self-efficacy.

Introduction: Studies on inmates' Health Care Service (HCS) utilization are scarce globally, infrequent in Ethiopia while findings about the factors associated with HCS utilization are inconsistent. The present study, therefore, examined inmates' HCS utilization and associated socio-demographic and imprisonment related factors in Northwestern Ethiopia. Methods: The study employed institution-based cross sectional research design and data was collected using questionnaire from 422 inmates in three prisons. The questionnaire collected data about prisoners' demographic characters, imprisonment related information and HCS utilization. Descriptive statistical techniques as well as bi-variate and multiple logistic regressions were used to analyse the data. Results and discussions: The study found that 72.5%, 66.1% and 13.3% of the inmates, respectively, used medical services, guidance and counseling services, and psychiatric services. Inmates with primary education, with secondary education, and who know the availability of the services were more likely to use medical services. Inmates with accused status were less likely to use medical services than inmates with convict status. Divorced marital status and knowledge of the service availability were associated with high guidance and counseling service use. An increase in the length of stay in the prison was associated with a decrease in psychiatry service use while knowledge of service availability was associated with higher odds of psychiatry service use. There are high medical care service utilization while low mental health care service utilization among inmates in Northwestern Ethiopia. Results of the study implied that there is a critical need for immediate health care service promotion and education measures. Besides, there are also needs for large scale, longitudinal and potentially cross-cultural studies to better understand additional factors that influence inmates' HCS utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on the magnitude of mental illnesses and associated factors among inmates in Ethiopia, in general and in the Amhara region in particular are scarce. The available studies either focused on specific type of mental illness or include inmates from a single correctional center and leave aside the role of rehabilitation service use in inmates’ mental illness. Therefore, the present study was conducted to look into the prevalence of mental illnesses and to examine the associated demographic, imprisonment related and rehabilitation service use related factors among inmates in Northwestern Ethiopia. The study employed cross-sectional, descriptive and explanatory research design where data was collected from 422 inmates from three randomly selected prisons. Inmates’ mental illness was assessed using the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Frequency, percentage, bivariate and multiple logistic regressions were used to analyze the collected data. In the study it was revealed that 74.6% of the inmates in Northwestern Ethiopia have mental illnesses. Feeling unhappy, difficulty to play important role in life, headaches and bad sleep were experienced by majority of the respondents. Male inmates (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.07–5.37) and inmates who participate in the educational training services (AOR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.36–3.55) were found to have higher chances of having mental illnesses. On the other hand, inmates who participate in life skill training programs (AOR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.28–0.74) and inmates who participate in recreational and cultural activities (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.14–0.46) were found to have lower odds of developing mental illnesses. A high prevalence of mental illnesses among inmates was found in Northwestern Ethiopia and inmates’ participation in rehabilitation services were important correlates of their mental health. Thus, prison administrators and policy makers need to conduct large scale studies and develop tailored interventions that could reform the rehabilitation services provisions, including mental health service provisions.

تاريخ الاستلام:6/3/2021 تاريخ قبول النشر:4/5/2021 تاريخ النشر:31/12/2021 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. برزت أهمية تحليل ظاهرة نمو وتطور دور متغيرات فواعل غير الدول لقوى الضد المجتمعية المدنية من أجل ضمان السلم الاجتماعي التي باتت تستند إلى معرفة طبيعة وواقع الفعل الحكومي ومتغيرات تلك الظاهرة ، فضلاً عن ضرورة فهم متطلبات عمل تلك المؤسسات المجتمعية المدنية غير الحكومية التي تشارك بفاعلية من أجل تحقيق السلم المجتمعي . لتأتي المحاولات الحثيثة لدراسة وتحليل متغيرات مكونات النظم الدولية والمنتظمات غير الدولية من جميع الجوانب ، كونها باتت هي الأخرى تشكل الركن الرئيسي والأبرز في عملية بناء التماسك الاجتماعي وتعزيز التضامن الدولي والوطني . أما مخرجات الوعي من منطلق الفهم الحقيقي العابر للقوميات فقد بدأت تتضح معالمه شيئاً فشيء من منظورها المجتمعي المدني غير الحكومي على وفق معادلة إجراء ترتيبات سياسية وأمنية تصب في صالح المجتمعات التي عانت ومازالت تعاني من الأزمات والحروب والصراعات ، لتكون قادرة على صياغة قيم مُضافة في مشاريع وبرامج استدامة قضايا السلم المجتمعي ، وبشكل تتجاوز فيها عن مخرجات وأزمات البُنية التقليدية من منظورها النسقي داخلياً وخارجياً ، وصولاً إلى فسح المجال أمام قوى التغيير المنتظمة في مؤسسات مدنية فاعلة تعمل بشكل عابر للقوميات كما أسلفنا من أجل خدمة الإنسانية جميعاً . كما أن الحاجة مازالت ترنوا نحو الاعتماد على مبدأ الاعتمادية الدولية المتبادلة، والشيء نفسه على المستوى الإقليمي لتحاكي واقع تجارب أزمات المجتمعات ومشكلاتها ، لا سيما منذ احداث ما عرف بثورات الربيع العربي عام 2011، للبدء في تمكين وسائل حوارات وتفاهمات جديدة تجري بمساعدة ودعم فواعل القوى المؤثرة من غير الدول على أمل بناء مفهوم السلام الوقائي الضامن لتحقيق السلم المجتمعي ، ومن ثم فهم أبعاد وطبيعة استراتيجيات صناعة السلم المجتمعي .

Background Substance use leads to serious clinical conditions with the potential to cause major health and emotional impairments in individuals. Individuals with substance use typically report significantly poorer QoL than the general population and as low as those with other serious psychiatric disorders. It has a high impact on morbidity, mortality, and productivity, it also compromises the general safety and performance of the users, i.e., affects the quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to assess quality of life and identify the potential predictors among youths who use substances. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional study design was applied to assess quality of life and associated factors among substance use youths in the central Gondar zone from January 1 to March 30/ 2021. A total of 373 substance use youths were included in the study. The data were collected using face-to-face interview by structured questionnaires, and entered to Epi-data version 4.6 and exported to STATA version 16, and AMOS software for further statistical analysis. To identify factors associated with health-related quality of life, structural equation modeling was used, and it also used to estimate the relationships among exogenous, mediating, and endogenous variables. Results Substance used youths had a moderate overall health-related quality of life (mean score = 50.21 and 14.32 standard deviation, p-value < 0.,0001), and poor health-related quality of life in the environmental health domain (mean score of 45.76 with standard deviation of 17.60). Age (β = 0.06, pConclusion According to the findings of this study, substance abuse during adolescence is associated with lower health-related quality of life and a higher report of psychopathological symptoms. Given this finding, mental health and health promotion professionals should learn about and emphasize the impact of substance use on youth quality of life.

In 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the End TB Strategy in response to a World Health Assembly Resolution requesting Member States to end the worldwide epidemic of tuberculosis (TB) by 2035. For the strategy's objectives to be realised, the next 20 years will need novel solutions to address the challenges posed by TB to health professionals, and to affected people and communities. Information and communication technology presents opportunities for innovative approaches to support TB efforts in patient care, surveillance, programme management and electronic learning. The effective application of digital health products at a large scale and their continued development need the engagement of TB patients and their caregivers, innovators, funders, policy-makers, advocacy groups, and affected communities.In April 2015, WHO established its Global Task Force on Digital Health for TB to advocate and support the development of digital health innovations in global efforts to improve TB care and prevention. We outline the group's approach to stewarding this process in alignment with the three pillars of the End TB Strategy. The supplementary material of this article includes target product profiles, as developed by early 2016, defining nine priority digital health concepts and products that are strategically positioned to enhance TB action at the country level.

Upon repatriation, many socio-psychological problems accompany the returnees to their home culture after spending a long time in the host culture. It is assumed that the returnees find no difficulty in re-adapting the life in their culture; however, many studies expound that re-adjustment in the home culture, particularly after spending a long time in another culture, is not an easy process, the returnees experience a re-entry or reversal cultural-shock. The main contention of this paper is to expound how Rihani and Salih attempt with a new literary trend to unify the eastern and western cultures in their fictional worlds. The paper underpins the idea of bridging the gaps between cultures and initiating a new era of mutual understanding and co-existence between the nations. It explicates how both novels present a different picture of the oriental world that contradicts with the orientalist and neo-orientalist depictions by projecting the Arabia culture and people equitably.

Climate information services (CIS) are increasingly in demand to assist farmers in managing risks associated with climate variability and extremes experienced in food production. However, there are significant gaps in the availability and accessibility of these services, especially in aquatic food production in developing countries. In response, this study aims to generate the background knowledge for developing climate information and decision support services tailored for aquaculture farmers in Bangladesh. We surveyed 800 fish-farming households, interviewed 30 key informants, and conducted a systematic literature review to identify climate-sensitive operations and management decisions in aquaculture and to document fish-farmers' awareness of the relationships between climate variability and aquatic food production systems. We also sought to identify the lead time and communication method(s) needed to deploy forecasts effectively and prepare aquaculture farmers to act in response to the forecasts. A fish-farming activity calendar was developed that identified high temperature, cold spell, heavy rainfall, and dry spell events as key climatic phenomena affecting year-round aquaculture operations, including pond preparation and maintenance, fingerling stocking, grow-out management, and harvesting. We also identified five climate-sensitive management decision points and 26 potential advisories in line with specific climate variability to manage induced risks in the day-to-day operations of fish farmers. Finally, the research team developed a decision framework based on the temperature and rainfall thresholds for the grow-out phase of four widely cultivated and economically important fish species in Bangladesh. This innovative decision support approach is to our knowledge the very first endeavor to develop CIS using species-specific temperature and rainfall thresholds to reduce climate risks and ensure resilience capacity for South Asian aquaculture system.

Sarcomas of the testis are extremely rare tumors, their incidence being difficult to assess accurately. The authors report a case of a 21-year-old male, presented with painless scrotal swelling that increased in size insidiously within three months. The examination revealed a 10 cm right testicular swelling—hard, not tender and oval in shape. Testicular ultrasound revealed right heterogenous testicular mass. Tumor markers (Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and alpha fetoprotein) were normal. CT chest and abdomen were normal. Radical orchidectomy was done through an inguinal approach. Histopathology showed testicular fibrosarcoma with spindle cells. After one month, the patient noticed reappearance of a swelling in the right hemiscrotum. Right inguinal exploration with massive resection of the recurrent scrotal mass was done. Histopathology revealed inflammatory process dominated by stitch granuloma. In conclusion, the recurrence rate of testicular sarcomas is high following radical orchidectomy, but still there was a place of non-malignant mass that looks like recurrence; it might occur like nonspecific inflammatory mass and stich granuloma.

Background: Adult renal cell carcinomas account for 80-85% of all renal tumors, making them the most common primary renal tumors. As a method for categorizing renal masses by anatomical characteristics, R.E.N.A.L score is suggested to study the effect on surgical approach in addition to perioperative outcomes and complications. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective hospital-based study enrolled 48 RCC patients in GHRDS in the period between September 2020 and September 2021. Data regarding demographics, histological subtypes, surgical approach, intraoperative and postoperative complications were collected. Based on R.E.N.A.L score, the complexity of renal tumors is grouped into low, moderate, and high. Results: The study sample size was 48. Twenty-five participants (52.1%) were men with a mean age of 51 years. Most cases had clear cell RCC 22 (45.8%) and papillary RCC 19 (39.6%). Thirty-nine (81.5%) patients underwent radical nephrectomy (flank incision [extraperitoneal] in 32 [82.1%] and midline incision [transperitoneal] in 7 [17.3%]), and 9 (18.5%) patients underwent partial nephrectomy. One-third of the patients 15 (31.2%) had intraoperative complications and 7 (14.6%) had postoperative complications. All intraoperative and most postoperative complications were associated with radical nephrectomy (P = 0.001). According to complexity, 21 (43.8%) patients had moderate complexity, 15 (31.2%) high complexity, and 12 (25%) low complexity. Conclusion: Most RCC patients had moderate complexity and were subjected to radical nephrectomy. High complexities were linked to decision of radical nephrectomy, intraoperative and postoperative complications. More prospective research with large sample size and multi-centered studies is essential to ensure generalizability of study findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]