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The present study was conducted to assess the effects of different fluences of Nd:YAG pulsed laser irradiation on the kernel thermodynamic attributes and biophoton emission in relation with the changes in kernel metabolites during kernel germination. Significant changes in kernel internal energy, enthalpy change, entropy generation, entropy generation ratio, entropy flux, entropy flux ratio, and biophoton emission were observed. Lower laser fluences (200, 400 and 600 J/cm2) positively influenced these attributes in association with a rapid increase in kernel chlorophyll (Chl.), carotenoids (Car.), total soluble sugar (TSS), total reducing sugar (TRS), total free amino acids (TFAA) and free fatty acids (FFA) contents as compared to non-treated ones but the opposite was true at higher fluences (800 J/cm2 and above). Correlations and PCA analysis were performed for the studied attributes that showed strong negative correlations of kernel Chl., Car., TSS, TRS, TFAA and FFA with kernel TSP and oil contents that confer the breakdown of kernel reserves and this conversion was faster at low laser fluences. In conclusion, 200 and 400 J/cm2 fluences have been found the most beneficial ones as kernel treatment in maize for better metabolic activities to improve the germination.

The present study was aimed to remove direct violet-51, reactive green-5, reactive red, and acid red dyes by novel bentonite clay nanocomposites prepared using sodium metasilicate and potassium ferricyanide. The effect of temperature, pH, adsorbent amount, contact time, and initial concentration were studied to optimize the removal process. Various adsorption isotherms (Temkin, Freundlich isotherm, Langmuir isotherm, Harkin Jura, and Dubinin Radushkevich models) and kinetic models (pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order) were applied to adsorption data to find out the best fit model, i.e., Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order model. The prepared samples of bentonite nanocomposites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Bentonite treated with sodium metasilicate and potassium ferricyanide removed 96.6% of direct violet-51 dye, bentonite treated with sodium metasilicate removed 95%, bentonite treated with potassium ferricyanide removed 94%, and pure bentonite removed 80% of the dye from the solution.

The increase in environmental pollution has led to an increased investigation in the development of novel ternary photocatalytic systems for remediation. These Photocatalytic systems exhibit superior photocatalytic action for the removal of pollutants because of their visible light active bandgaps. A highly effective visible light active ternary heterojunction was fabricated using a hydrothermal method assisted by ultrasonication. Herein, we report the Insitu hydrothermal synthesis of Mn-doped Bi2WO6-GO/ MoS2 photocatalyst, efficiently exhibiting greater photocatalytic activity for the wastewater treatment under solar light. The binary metal sulphide (MoS2) used as a co-catalyst, acted as electron collector and Graphene oxide (GO) as a support material for interfacial electron transfer to and from bismuth tungstate and MoS2. The as-prepared samples were characterized using SEM-EDX, FT-IR, XRD, XPS, and UV–Vis techniques. The bandgap of the novel photocatalyst was found in the visible region (2.2 eV) which helped in suppressing photoinduced electron-hole pairs recombination. The ternary Mn-BMG showed 99% methylene blue removal after 60 minutes of sunlight irradiation at the optimum conditions of pH 8, catalyst dose 50 mg/100ml and initial MB concentration of 10ppm under sunlight irradiation. The Mn-BMG has proved to be an effective sunlight active photocatalyst that can be reused without substantial loss in photocatalytic efficiency.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have great importance due to their use in many biomedical applications such as contrast agents in MRI, repairing of tissues, detoxification of biological fluids, cell separation, drug delivery, immunoassay, and magnetic hyperthermia. One of the interesting properties of IONPs is to produce heat in the presence of an applied alternating magnetic field (AMF), the basic principle of magnetic hyperthermia. Here, we seek synthetic reproducibility and to optimize Fe3O4 NPs to use in magnetic hyperthermia applications. We compared the thermal efficiency of Fe3O4 NPs after doping with copper. Using co-precipitation methodology, pure and Cu-doped Fe3O4 NPs were synthesized at five different concentrations (2%, 4%, 5%, 8%, and 10%). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to study the crystal structure and surface morphology of nanomaterials. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and UV–visible spectroscopy were used to investigate the functional group, vibrational and optical properties of NPs. The thermal response of doped and undoped Fe3O4 NPs was studied by using high-frequency electromagnet driver for hyperthermia applications (HFEDHA) at 53 kHz frequency and 270 Oe magnetic field strength. To check the effects of suspension medium and variation of NP concentration in the sample on heat response and on specific absorption rate (SAR) values, the hyperthermia studies have been investigated in three biological mediums water, glycerol, and agar at four different NP concentrations 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10%. Our results show that at 2% concentration of copper in Fe3O4 NPs gave better results in all three mediums. However, they showed greater heat response and the highest SAR value in water than glycerol and agar. Further, at the lower concentration on NPs showed better thermal efficiency than higher concentrations.

Hyperthermia has become an important area of research for cancer treatment throughout the world. Choosing appropriate magnetic nanoparticles for specific performance at the cancerous site of the body is a major problem. In this research work, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using laser ablation and Ag@α‑Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles using chemical methods. The size and shape of synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These nanoparticles were then exposed to the alternating magnetic field in a fluid medium in a calorimeter. The heat generated by nanoparticles in the response to the applied magnetic field due through Neel relaxation and through Brown relaxation effects was measured using an array of the k-type thermometer. Their thermal responses in AC magnetic field to time regarding their types were studied. γ-Fe2O3 produced more heat, sufficient enough to kill the cancer cells selectively.

Gamma dosimetric behavior of the aqueous solutions of the Sandalfix Red (C.I. Reactive Red 195A) dye was studied. The sample solutions of two chemical natures i.e., Acidic and Alkaline; were irradiated by Co60 ?-source in the range 0-100kGy. The "Control samples" were kept un-irradiated and also chemically neutral. The dosimetry was done in three phases i.e., Low, Intermediate and High, ranging from 100-1000Gy, 1-10kGy and 10-100kGy respectively. The found values of the "λmax" and the molar extinction coefficient "ε" of the dye were 565nm and 0.19×104 dm3 mol-1cm-1 respectively. The absorbance (A) of the aqueous solutions was studied at the absorption band maxima (λmax). It was hence found that the aqueous solutions of the Sandalfix Red C4BLN dye were able to be used as passive dosimeters in the range 10-100 kGy i.e., the sample solutions have shown radioactive exponential behavior of response in the "Intermediate and High dosimetry". However, a linear response was shown by the sample solutions in the "Low dosimetry".

Recoil momentum due to ablated products in the laser ablation process is the dominant source of thrust generation. The total momentum comprises the laser-supported shock wave in background gas and the momentum due to material flow. Based on experimental studies, the dependence of laser ablation propulsion parameters of metal foils has been investigated in atmospheric air. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at fundamental (1064 nm) and second harmonics (532 nm) is used to irradiate the target. Each sample's ablation is performed over a range of laser fluence values (106 to 107 J/cm2), which is achieved by varying the incoming laser energy per pulse and adjusting the focused beam spot diameter. The results obtained from these studies showed that the laser ablation propulsion parameters are influenced by laser parameters. Moreover, the target properties also plays significant role in calculating propulsion parameters which vary with wavelength. The highest Cm is obtained for Cu irradiated with 2.2 × 10–4 Ns/J laser pulse using fundamental harmonics at low laser fluence up to 1.5 × 106 J/cm2while at the highest fluence Fe gives higher Cm 1.810–4 Ns/J because of the difference in the physical properties of metal foils. As expected, changing the energy per pulse of the laser also affects the laser ablation propulsion efficiency. The Isp for Fe is highest for both harmonics i-e 41,675 s and 3490 s, respectively. The reason behind this is that the optical properties of Fe vary by changing wavelength. Such higher Isp is required for long-range missions, so Fe proved to be the best propellant.

To identify cancer from non-cancer is one of the most challenging issues nowadays in the early diagnosis of cancer. The primary issue of early detection is to choose a suitable type of sample collection to diagnose cancer. A comparison of whole blood and serum samples of breast cancer was studied using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with machine learning methods. For LIBS spectra measurement, blood samples were dropped on a substrate of boric acid. For the discrimination of breast cancer and non-cancer samples, eight machine learning models were applied to LIBS spectral data, including decision tree, discrimination analysis, logistic regression, naïve byes, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, ensemble and neural networks classifiers. Discrimination between whole blood samples showed that narrow neural networks and trilayer neural networks both provided 91.7% highest prediction accuracy and serum samples showed that all the decision tree models provided 89.7% highest prediction accuracy. However, using whole blood as sample achieved the strong emission lines of spectra, better discrimination results of PCA and maximum prediction accuracy of machine learning models as compared to using serum samples. These merits concluded that whole blood samples could be a good option for the rapid detection of breast cancer. This preliminary research may provide the complementary method for early detection of breast cancer.

Biochar caged zirconium ferrite (BC-ZrFe2O5) nanocomposites were fabricated and their adsorption capacity for Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) dye was evaluated in a fixed-bed column and batch sorption mode. The adsorption of dye onto BC-ZrFe2O5 NCs followed pseudo-second-order kinetics (R 2 = 0.998) and among isotherms, the experimental data was best fitted to Sips model as compared to Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms models. The influence of flow-rate (3–5 mL min−1), inlet RB19 dye concentration (20–100 mg L−1) and quantity of BC-ZrFe2O5 NCs (0.5–1.5 g) on fixed-bed sorption was elucidated by Box-Behnken experimental design. The saturation times (C t /C o = 0.95) and breakthrough (C t /C o = 0.05) were higher at lower flow-rates and higher dose of BC-ZrFe2O5 NCs. The saturation times decreased, but breakthrough was increased with the initial RB19 dye concentration. The treated volume was higher at low sorbent dose and influent concentration. Fractional bed utilization (FBU) increased with RB19 dye concentration and flow rates at low dose of BC-ZrFe2O5 NCs. Yan model was fitted best to breakthrough curves data as compared to Bohart-Adams and Thomas models. Results revealed that BC-ZrFe2O5 nanocomposite has promising adsorption efficiency and could be used for the adsorption of dyes from textile effluents.

Nano-crystalline particles of zinc-doped cobalt ferrite having chemical formula Co1−xZnxFe2O4 (x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05) were successfully synthesized via co-precipitation technique. Phase identification of cobalt-zinc ferrite nanoparticle was performed using x-ray diffraction (XRD). The increased zinc content resulted in phase change, depicted by shifting of peaks to the higher angle in cobalt ferrite samples. The lattice parameter increases with increase in zinc concentrates in accordance to Vegard’s law. The absorbance was measured by ultraviolet visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. Increase in the band gap energy by increasing zinc ion (Zn2+) concentration has been observed. Absorbance spectrophotometer was utilized to measure the amount of light passing through zinc-concentrated solution. It was observed that absorbance decreased sharply at wavelength of 650 nm, whereas it increases to maximum values when wavelength exceeds 700 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of zinc-doped cobalt ferrite were recorded in the spectral region of 4000–500 cm−1. The morphologies of Co1−xZnxFe2O4 samples were also analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Particles with identical and significant tendency of forming metallic cluster were observed throughout the samples.

Nanoparticles of NixZn0.5−xCo0.5Fe2O4 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were synthesized by co-precipitation method. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. The XRD patterns of ferrites demonstrate the evidence of spinel cubic structure. Calculations show that the particle size increases and lattice parameter decreases by increasing nickel concentration. The emission characteristics of plasma generated by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at its fundamental harmonic (1064 nm) are investigated for all the six samples. Plasma temperature is calculated by Boltzmann plot method. The plasma temperature is found to decrease by decreasing laser energy and as the nickel concentration increases and zinc concentration decreases.

In the biological environment, the fate of nanomaterials characterizes as critical matter, which regulates environmental effects and associated hazards for humans. Understanding of the nanoparticle’s degradation, transformations and persistence may predict these risks. Safely designed inorganic nanomaterials are being focused for therapy; yet, fundamental processing in the biological environment and physical properties have not been assessed thoroughly. In this research work, bare, polyethylene glycol and citrate-coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared through modified chemical coprecipitation method. Structural, elemental, magnetic and morphological analysis of synthesized samples are performed through XRD, EDX, FTIR, VSM, SEM and TEM. XRD confirms the cubic structure of CoFe2O4 with crystallite size 25.75 nm. SEM and TEM confirm the formation of faceted cube-like morphology. For in vivo toxicity studies, a single dose of bare and coated cobalt ferrite NPs are intraperitoneally administrated in healthy albino rats. The degradation effects are studied through optical follow-up, by introducing bare and coated NPs in lysosomal-like media where changes in behavior are linked with transformations in vivo. Transfer of degraded ions of cobalt ferrite NPs into apoferritin are also evaluated. Apoferritin studies reveal partial filling of protein with cobalt ions from cobalt ferrite NPs.

The study was designed to synthesize bromide-bridged mercury(II) symmetric and non-symmetric N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. The preparation of benzimidazolium salts (4–6) was accomplished by symmetrical and non-symmetrical substitution on benzimidazole. The salts were subjected to an in-situ process for metallation to get [Hg(II)-NHC] complexes [(HgBr-NHC)(µ2Br)2] (7–9) by reacting benzimidazolium salts (4–6) with mercury(II) acetate at room temperature. Compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. Single crystals of 7 and 8 were analyzed by X-ray crystallographic technique which showed tetrahedral dinuclear complexes with two bridging bromides. An attempt to explore the feasibility of redox transmetallation approach (RTM) for synthesis of ytterbium complexes was also carried out by reacting 7–9 with ytterbium powder under inert atmosphere. The products were metallic mercury, benzimidazolium salts, and ytterbium bromide instead of ytterbium complexes.

A rapidly developing technique over the last two years is laser induced break-down spectroscopy (LIBS), also known as laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS), a non-destructive spectroscopy technique that is mostly used for the analytical study of samples. With this technique, multiple elemental composition of elements are analyzed simultaneously without considering the form of sample that may be solid, liquid, or gas. Moreover, economically it is a very beneficial and valuable technique because no sample preparation is required, and sample consumption is very small. This technique is powerful enough that it can bore a microscopic crater usually in the solid samples to target. This technique has great sensitivity to find the resolution down to a single grain. It has a variety of applications in the field of science such as archeology, soils, environmental protection, and so on.

In this study, a novel label-free immunosensor platform is developed to exploit the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon. The LSPR solution-based platform is designed by a gold nanospheres probe, functionalized with monoclonal anti-dengue antibody (IgG). Numerical calculations are performed to assess the LSPR extinction spectrum and spatial near electric field distribution around the nanoparticle surface. Important parameters that govern sensor performance, molecular and refractive index sensitivity are evaluated. On the evaluation of the platform as a molecular sensor, the detection of dengue NS1 antigens is presented. The results are consistent with the numerical simulations, which depicts the system’s ability to identify dengue NS1 antigen concentrations as low as 0.07 ± 0.01 µg/mL, along with fosters its potential application in plasmonic sensing.

Magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles have gained increasing interest, especially for the synergistic response study of hyperthermia applications. However, some challenges, including the synthesis process, dose optimization of laser, and magnetic field strength besides its frequency, need significant attention. Herein, we prepared magneto-plasmonic Ag/Co nanomaterials for photothermal performance evaluation using dual-beam of the Q-switched Nd:YAG 1064 nm pulsed laser ablation in distilled water, which can avoid any additive, contaminations, complicated route, and multiple purifications processes as they may occur in chemical synthesis processes. Properties, morphologies, and compositions of synthesized nanomaterials were studied, and results suggested that the main constituents of NPs were Ag/Co. The detailed theoretical calculation of the photothermal performance of nanofluid is described, along with an experimental study of nanofluid and the water as a reference medium using NIR 808 nm laser. The overall results suggest that the higher temperatures for Ag/Co nanofluid compared with water alone were recorded as 16.5 °C, 20.9 °C, 24.7 °C, 24.5 °C, 27.7 °C, and 30.2 °C during 808 nm laser irradiation operating at different corresponding powers, respectively. The possible reason for the higher temperature profiles and the rapid temperature rise of nanofluid than water alone is the localized surface plasmon effects of nanoparticles. These results evidence that silver and cobalt nanomaterials composite structures could significantly increase hyperthermia based on an effective and simple synthesis approach.

The present investigation was undertaken to assess the effects of different doses (100, 300, and 500 mJ) of low power He–Ne laser (632.8 nm) irradiation on seed germination and thermodynamics attributes and activities of potential germinating enzymes in relation with changes in seed metabolites. He–Ne laser seed irradiation increased the amylase (Amy), protease (Pro) and glucosidase (Gluco) activities, with a significant improvement in seed thermodynamics and seed germination attributes. A fast increase was found in free fatty acids (FFA), free amino acids (FAA), chlorophyll (Chl), carotenoids (Car), total soluble sugars (TSS) and reducing sugars (RS) in laser treated seeds in parallel with fast decline in seed oil contents and total soluble proteins (TSP). Significant positive correlations were recorded in laser-induced enhanced seed energy levels, germination, activities of germination enzymes with levels of FAA, FFA, Chl, TSS and RS, but a negative correlation with the levels of TSP and oil. In conclusion, the seed treatment with 100 and 300 mJ He–Ne laser was more effective to improve the seed germination potential associated with an improvement in seed energy levels due to increased activities of germination enzymes due to the speedy breakdown of seed reserves to simple metabolites as building blocks.

The synthesis of nanocolloids (NCs) have been investigated extensively, different techniques were developed for the fabrication of NCs. Fabrication and modification of material using pulse laser ablation/irradiation in liquid (PLAL) has recently gained a much attention of scientific community in view of various advantages (no need of chemical precursors, purity of product, the eco-friendly nature and the cost/unit mass of materials produced). A single-step PLAL technique was adopted for the preparation of MnO2 NCs from waste battery cell powder (WBCP). The laser radiation (1064 nm) for 5 ns at 103 mJ cm−2 was used to prepare the MnO2 NCs. The MnO2 NCs was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX and UV–vis techniques. The electrical properties were also evaluated of MnO2 NCs at different energy levels and changes in conductance and specific capacitance were significant at low frequency (

In this paper, La3+ substituted M-type Ba–Ni hexaferrite nanoparticles having composition Ba0.8Ni0.2Fe12-xLaxO19 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) were prepared by co-precipitation route. The phase of the grown NPs was confirmed using X-ray diffraction analysis and results reveal the growth of M-type hexaferrite NPs as a major phase. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was employed to determine the elemental composition of prepared samples. The FTIR spectra of synthesized samples confirm the bond formation of M-type hexaferrites. The optical bandgap was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the results exhibit an increase in optical bandgap with decreasing crystallite size. The vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) technique was used to analyze the effect of dopant on the magnetic properties like coercivity, saturation magnetization, and remanence of the synthesized samples. The electrical resistivity was measured by two probe method and it was observed that the activation energy shows a decreasing trend with increase in La content. The highly resistive nature of prepared nano ferrites indicates the potential to use these ferrites for high-frequency applications.

Nuclear radiation is highly beneficial in controlled way. On the other hand, it has shown severe damaging effects on human health when our body is directly exposed to it. To prevent its exposure or overdose several dosimeters have been synthesized with different performances. In this research work, we prepared Ceric sulfate chemical dosimeter from three different water samples of TDS value 0.00ppm, 500pm and 900ppm. These dosimeter samples were then irradiated by Cs-137 gamma radiation source at different dose rates 100Gy, 200Gy and 300Gy. Gamma radiation effect in these samples was studied for different concentrations of salt. Variations in the absorbance of dose rate verses time was plotted and measured spectrophotometricaly at 320nm after the interval of 24 hours respectively.

The increase in environmental pollution has led to an increased investigation in the development of novel ternary photocatalytic systems for remediation. These photocatalytic systems exhibit superior photocatalytic action for the removal of pollutants because of their visible light active bandgaps. A highly effective visible light active ternary heterojunction was fabricated using a hydrothermal method assisted by ultrasonication. Herein, we report the in situ hydrothermal synthesis of Mn-doped Bi