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The (2 + 1) -dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation has versatile applications for modeling nonlinear waves in different areas such as optics, atmospheric science, fluid dynamics, and plasma physics. This study focuses on the propagation of optical solitons and their interaction within various mediums such as multi-mode fiber and fiber arrays. The Sardar-subequation method is applied to achieve the bright, dark, combined bright–dark, periodic, combined dark-singular and singular optical solitons solutions. The 3D, contour and 2D profiles for some of the assimilation solutions are also plotted to show the physical behavior of the solutions. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the adopted methodology in obtaining traveling wave solutions and have many applications in applied mathematics and engineering. The novelty of our work lies in the successful application of Sardar-subequation method in obtaining diverse soliton solutions and exploring their physical behavior. This study goes beyond previous efforts in the literature by presenting a comprehensive analysis of soliton dynamics. This ability to describe and predict the behavior of optical solitons in diverse mediums opens up new opportunities for investigating the existing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their low lattice thermal conductivity and good thermoelectric characteristics, Zintl phases have gained outstanding interest in the recent years. Few experimental and no significant theoretical reports have been done on YbZn2P2 and ThCu2P2 molecules. Both have been explained in terms of their structural, electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties in the trigonal crystal structure of chemical formula AB2C2. The structural parameters obtained in the current work using GGA approximation are consistent with experiment. In addition to TB-mBJ, the electronic band structure, density of states, optoelectronic, and thermoelectric characteristics of YbZn2P2 and ThCu2P2 were more improved using the spin orbit coupling. Electronic band structure predicts the narrow band gap semiconductor nature of these compounds. Moreover, ThCu2P2 shows high absorption in the visible region compared to YbZn2P2 which shows good response in the ultraviolet region. The maximum reflectivity for both compounds is higher than 55% indicating their utility for shielding purposes in the high energy region. Based on their thermoelectric properties, these compounds are useful for variety of industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tulip is an important cut flower around the globe. The Tulip is not famous in Pakistan for sale and cultivation for commercial purposes as well. The evaluation of exotic varieties are very important for recommendation to local farmers for better yield. Four tulip varieties cv. Antarctica, Oxford, Ballerina and Apeldoorn were purchased for evaluation. The 100 bulbs of each variety were planted in the bed. The performance of the plants during 2017-18 were judged by observing the bulb germination percentage, leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm), scape length (cm), flower size (mm), primary color of the flower, secondary color of flower, no. of large, medium and small size of bulbs and number of bulbs harvested. The bulbs were harvested and stored at 5±2oC (In Refrigerator). The morphological attributes of plants were observed better in cv. Antarctica and Oxford. The research was repeated during the subsequent years. The variable response was observed in various varieties of tulip in Rawalpindi climate. The cv. Antarctica and Oxford were observed as best performer wise all the attributes. The same varieties are recommended to local farmers for cultivation as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present research was designed to measure the differences between self-esteem of master level students of private and public sector universities. In this study, Factor Loadings Self Esteem Scale developed by Rifai (1999) was used for the measurement of self-esteem. A sample of 100 university students was collected through stratified random sampling; among them 56 were male and 44 female students. Students' age ranged from 20-30 years and their income level ranged from 40,000 to 80,000 per month. The psychometric properties of the scale showed that it was a reliable and valid tool for the measurement of the self-esteem of university students. Statistical tests including mean, SD, correlation, and ANOVA were used to test the research hypotheses. Results revealed that there is a significant difference between levels of self-esteem of the students of private and public sector universities (private mean= 85.5, public mean=72.). It also indicated that demographic variables, of gender, semesters, discipline, and family income affect in determining the level of self-esteem among the university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]