Search

In this fast transforming world finance and money is also transforming on a high note.Digitalized strength and other innovative systems and instruments are creating new platforms for financial traction who rectify and assume your transaction. Crypto is one such platform where transactions are secured and verified trustfully. Here in this paper, we will come to know how mathematics has enhanced the word of cryptography.In this paper we are going to study about role of mathematics in crypto text, encryption, symmetric key, stream, block cypher, asymmetric key and functions along with hash function,.Crypto key management andEfficient implementation. This paper provides a pure knowledge of application of mathematics in cryptography and how mathematics has enhanced in a truly different way.

Public key or asymmetric cryptosystems use public-private key pair for the secure transmission of data. RSA and ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography/Cryptosystems) are widely used cryptosystems in this category. Public key cryptosystems rely on mathematical problems known as hard problems. The security of these cryptosystems is based on these hard problems. Public key cryptosystems solve the key transportation problem of symmetric key cryptosystems and able to provides digital signatures also.

An attempt was made, to characterize natural antibiotics or lantibiotics from unconventional sources and its antibacterial spectrum against food borne pathogens and drug resistant bacteria. Six different traditional fermented foods i.e., fermented fish, fermented soybeans, Soibum (fermented bamboo shoots), milk, idly and dosa batter were used for the isolation of bacteriocin producing Lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Among all bacterial cultures isolated from the various sources, 129 cultures have found to produce antimicrobial compounds. Nisin specific reporter bacteria was utilized as biosensor to identify the Nisin like bacteriocin, where 10 cultures found to be positive Nisin producer. Identified Nisin like bacteriocin was partially concentrated by using ammonium sulphate followed by butanol extraction. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was analyzed against food borne pathogen and drug resistant bacteria. MIC of partially purified Nisin (pp-Nisin) of all the LAB isolates against food-borne pathogens are ranged between 0.5 and 92 µg/ml respected to various Gram-positive bacteria. Similarly, the drug resistant bacteria were also inhibited by pp-Nisin (MIC ranged between 15 and 175 µg/ml). All samples of ppnisin exhibited auto induction ability. Taxonomic identification of the nisin producers was done by whole genome sequencing which reveals that cultures belongs to Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis. Also it was found that Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis C2d and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis SP2C4 harbor nisA gene and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis FS2 (L. lactis FS2) harbor nisQ gene. The finding of this study highlights the first case of L. lactis FS2 isolated from fermented fish harbor nisQ gene. Antibacterial activity of pp-Nisin against drug resistant LAB is also reported.

Infertility is known to distress humanity since time is known. It does not merely affect the female or her spouse rather impacts signicantly the family as a whole. Its suffering is very stressful and even leads to a morbid mental health issue of- depression, anxiety, aggression, phobia, sexual dysfunction, dissociation and sleep disturbances. The medical management of these issues further complicates the picture with drug-related sexual side effects. Also, there is a signicant psychological and social dysfunction associated with infertility. Thus, Infertility is a multifactorial disease that needs comprehensive multidisciplinary management and care.

Here we report for the first time the SARS-CoV-2 detection in autolysed samples from an exhumed decomposed body post-thirty six days after death. Both naso-oropharyngeal swabs and visceral samples from the lung, intestine, liver, and kidney were collected from the body exhumed post-fifteen days after burial, stored in viral transport medium and in saturated salt solution respectively. Naso-oropharyngeal swabs showed the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome as identified by the amplification of viral E, N, RdRP, or ORF1ab genes by RT-PCR. Subsequent examination of tissues reveal the detection of the virus genome in the intestine and liver, while no detection in the kidney and lung. These results signify the genome stability and implicate the virus survival in decomposed swab samples and in tissues and thereafter in storage solution. Further results also indicate spatial distribution of the virus in tissues during the early stage of infection in the subject with no respiratory distress. Considering the presence of cool, humid, and moist location of the exhumation, the presence of virus genome might also indicate that SARS-CoV-2 can persist for more than seven days on the surface of dead bodies similar to the Ebola virus, confirming that transmission from deceased subjects is possible for an extended period after death. These results further reaffirm the robustness of the RT-PCR aiding in the detection of viruses or their genome in decomposed samples when other methods of detection could not be useful.

Various methods and algorithms have been designed and implemented for the purpose of image compression. These techniques are highly valuable as the present day networking system is widening day by day and there is an emerging requirement to shrink the size of images for their quick and efficient transfer. In this paper we are going to present an image compression technique to meet the demanding requirements of fast transfer of images by reducing the redundancies and relinquishing the insignificant bits present in an image, without compromising the quality of the image. The technique is based on SPIHT with a variation of discarding the lists present in the algorithm which helps in low space requirement and therefore making the process fast. This new technique is called Shadow SPIHT with Discarded Lists Image Coder (SSWDL).

The ripening process of banana comprises of various stages in which a banana matures. There is a particular pattern in which the process of ripening of banana is fulfilled. In this paper, we are supervising these various ripening stages of banana using an Arduino system which will predict and display this complete process according to the colour changing stages of banana. The system uses MATLAB to read the colour of banana and the information is send to Arduino serially, which tells the colour of banana and the message informing the colour of banana is send to the user using GSM.

This study examines the Agreement on Agriculture under WTO, issues arising out of its implementation, the process of Doha Round of mandated negotiations, various country/group positions, developing country perspectives and provides suggestions for future negotiations. The Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture has not achieved the extent of liberalization it was supposed to. The heavily subsidized agriculture sectors of most developed countries tend to distort world agricultural trade patterns and adversely affect the developing countries. The Doha Ministerial Declaration had set up guidelines and deadlines for formalizing modalities for the process of negotiations, none of which were met. The last phase of the current negotiations culminated into the Fifth Ministerial Meeting held at Cancun in September 2003, which ended without a Ministerial Declaration. The widely divergent country positions on Agriculture are considered as one of the reasons for the failure of the Fifth Ministerial.Given the set back at Cancun and the need to make progress on trade liberalization, any prescriptions for further negotiations requires a significant analysis of the positions of different countries/groups. Our analysis shows the support levels to agriculture remains very high in the developed countries and these support levels are distorting world agricultural markets for major commodities. This sets in a chain of adverse effects on the agricultural sector and in turn on the livelihood of a large number of farmers in the developing countries. Continuation of current agricultural policies of the developed countries, therefore, could disturb the political and social equilibrium in the developing countries. There is an urgent need to establish a level playing field through reductions in agricultural support levels in the developed countries in order to ensure realization of benefits of trade liberalization to farmers of the developing countries. For this purpose, a definite time frame needs to be established for effecting major policy reforms to reduce the agricultural support levels. Elimination of export subsidies and blue box support, substantial reduction in amber box subsidies and limiting green box subsidies within the next five years will enable achieving level playing field and encourage developing countries to effectively engage in the ongoing negotiations.