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A total of 55 volatiles including esters (29, 52.73%), alcohols (10, 18.18%), acids (3, 5.45%), alkanes (8, 14.55%), and other components (5, 9.09%) were evaluated in five regions. Total concentrations were 0.05–222.23 mg/L, which covered the highest esters (222.23 mg/L) and alcohols (120.65 mg/L) in Turpan, acid (0.53 mg/L) in Shihezi, and alkanes (1.43 mg/L) and others (3.10 mg/L) in the Ili River valley. It proved that numbers and concentrations of volatile compounds, including common ingredients of variety, were closely linked to ecological characteristics of a region. Esters and alcohols were the major ingredients in Xinjiang Cabernet Sauvignon wine. Additionally, appellation could affect performance of concentration, ODE, and OTH, especially for the same flavor substance by fermentation, aging, and even formation and transformation in wines. Therefore, three conditions for formation of flavors were successively appellations, metabolism and fermentation, and and appropriate altering according to technology and their decisive role in wine quality. Each volatile compound had its own flavor, the combination of which complicated the flavor. The unique materials in the region were grounded for the development of products with corresponding flavors by producing substrate for fermentation. When choosing a wine you enjoy, the right appellation should be considered first.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major contributor of cancer-related mortality. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are indicated to participate in the pathogenesis of NSCLC. In this research, the effects of lncRNA HOXA transcript antisense RNA, myeloid-specific 1 (HOTAIRM1) on NSCLC progression and underlying mechanism were revealed. The expression levels of HOTAIRM1 and microRNA-498 (miR-498) were detected by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in NSCLC tissues, cells or exosomes. The protein expression of CD63, CD81, hexokinase 2 (HK2) and ATP binding cassette subfamily E member 1 (ABCE1) was determined by western blot. Cell viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion were investigated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, transwell migration and invasion assays, respectively. Cell glycolysis metabolism was revealed by glucose uptake and lactate production assays and western blot analysis. The binding relationship between miR-498 and HOTAIRM1 or ABCE1 was predicted by DIANA-LncBase v2 and starBase online database, and identified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The effects of HOTAIRM1 on NSCLC growth in vivo were revealed by in vivo tumor formation assay. HOTAIRM1 expression was dramatically upregulated, whereas miR-498 expression was significantly downregulated in NSCLC tissues cells or exosomes as compared to control groups. Mechanistically, HOTAIRM1 knockdown repressed cell viability, migration, invasion and glycolysis metabolism, whereas induced cell apoptosis in NSCLC; however, miR-498 inhibitor hindered these effects. Functionally, HOTAIRM1 functioned as a sponge of miR-498 and miR-498 targeted ABCE1. In addition, HOTAIRM1 silencing inhibited NSCLC growth in vivo by downregulating ABCE1 and upregulating miR-498 expression. HOTAIRM1 knockdown repressed cell glycolysis metabolism and tumor development by reducing ABCE1 expression through sponging miR-498 in NSCLC, which provided a theoretical basis for further studying NSCLC progression.

To better understand the physiological processes involved in responses of trellises to the transportation and distribution of nutrient within shoots of grapevines, analysis method of disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA - Na2) was employed at the whole development stages of vine. In the trial, the traditional independent long-stem pruning (ILSP) was taken as control to compare the effect of new single crawled cordon training (SCCT) on the transportation and distribution of phloem sap on the experimental material Ecolly. Thus the consumption level of phloem sap in the grapevine shoots of various trellises was analyzed by EDTA-Na2 phloem sap exudation technique during the whole development. Results was that the consumption rate of EDTA - Na2 solution in the SCCT and ILSP shoots increased before August 15 (15.130 g–16.216 g in SCCT and 10.653 g–15.042 g in ILSP, respectively) including 16.348–20.809 g in SCCT and 11.912–19.593 g in ILSP from August 25 to September 4 as well as decreased in August 15–25 (17.216–16.348 g in SCCT and 15.042–11.912 g in ILSP, respectively) and after September 4 (20.809–7.669 g in SCCT and 19.593–4.072 g in ILSP), respectively, and values of SCCT were always higher than that of ILSP during the whole growth. In addition, EDTA - Na2 consumption content in the phloem sap per shoots in SCCT kept almost around 16 g, more than that in ILSP, from 21 July to 25 August. Therefore, SCCT was more advantageous to accumulate nutrient compared with ILSP, and ensured an even distribution of phloem sap in the grape shoots from berry growth to maturity.

The cyclin family plays important roles in regulating the proliferative cycle of mammalian cells. Among the members of this family, cyclin E regulates multiple downstream molecules, such as the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1) and the transcription factor E2F, by interacting with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and plays an important role in the cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase. Over the years, studies have shown that cyclin E is closely related to the chemotherapy resistance of tumor cells and that its expression in tumor cells is closely related to prognosis. The dysregulated expression of cyclin E has a definite effect not only on the cell cycle regulation of tumor cells but also on the presence of low-molecular-weight cyclin E (LMW-E) and other cyclins that render tumor cells resistant. In addition, many studies in recent years have confirmed that chemotherapy resistance mediated by cyclin E can be reversed. For example, the combination of a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) with anticancer drugs or the therapeutic targeting of related genes improves chemotherapy resistance by reducing the level or activity of cyclin E in tumor cells. This review summarizes the specific processes by which cyclin E regulates the cell cycle, its relationship to chemotherapy resistance in cancer, and its potential as a clinical therapeutic target to reverse chemotherapy resistance.

Exosomes comprise extracellular vesicles (EVs) with diameters between 30 and 150 nm. They transfer proteins, RNA, and other molecules from cell to cell, playing an important role in the interactions between cells. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been found to contain various cells and molecules that have an important impact on tumor development. In the TME, macrophages have been found to have an important relationship with tumor cells, with tumors recruiting and inducing macrophages to become tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which promote tumor development. Recently, exosomes have been found to play a critical role in the interaction between tumor cells and macrophages. Thus, in this review, we summarize the roles and mechanisms of exosomes in the interaction between tumor cells and macrophages and the potential methods by which exosomes are used to target the communication between tumor cells and macrophages to treat cancer.

In order to improve the utilization value of mulberry dregs, response surface method was used to optimize extraction conditions of resveratrol in mulberry dregs. With resveratrol extraction quantity indicators for research, firstly, the single factor experiment was conducted, to investigation the effects of enzyme solution pH value, cellulose enzyme additives, digestion time and enzyme solution temperature on the resveratrol extraction respectively. Basis on the single factor experiment, the Box-Benhnken test combination design of four factors at three different levels. The response surface analysis was used to determine the optimal process conditions. The optimal extraction conditions of resveratrol from mulberry wine residue were as follows: enzymatic hydrolysis pH 4.50, cellulose addition amount 39.56mg/g, enzymatic hydrolysis time 77.7min and enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 44°C. Under these conditions, three parallel tests were performed. At last, the extraction amount of resveratrol was 45.02µg/g and the relative error with the predicted value was only 1.12%.

This study investigated effect of two trellises, single crawled cordon training (SCCT) and independent long-stem pruning (ILSP) on change of total organic carbons (TOCs) in the shoots and leaves and microstructure of shoots in early October, as well as total soluble solid (TSS), total acid (TA) and maturity index (MI) of ‘Ecolly’ grape on July 21, 29 and August 24, respectively. The results proved that there was obvious difference from TOC between shoots and foliage of the two trellises. TOC level of shoots in the first, second, third and fourth, except for the fifth, from the root of the main stem labelled in ILSP was higher than those in SCCT, respectively. Level of blades followed the former. The maturity level in SCCT shoots and blades was superior to ILSP, despite total value, 3261.64 g/Kg, of TOC accumulated in ILSP shoots and leaves exceeded those, 2955.37 g/Kg, in SCCT, respectively, whcih could be observed through microstructure in various trellises of shoots. Additionally, identical TSS per shoot in SCCT was higher than that in ILSP during three consecutive seasons excluding the second and third shoots on August 24. Although SCCT revealed higher TSS than ILSP before August 9, and other results (concurrent 16.8% and 17.2%, respectively) between August 9 and 24, there were still no significant variety between trellises after August 24, MI was similar. Meanwhile, SCCT (4.54 g/L in 26 August and 3.82 g/L in 11 September) had higher TA than ILSP (4.23 g/L in 26 August and 3.62 g/L in 11 September) except before August 24. Therefore, SCCT could be proposed as a viable choice improving ripening process, quality of grape and maturation of shoots and leaves for China growers.

Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is an agricultural practice that can enhance grapevine berry and wine quality. However, the effects of water deficit on concentration and composition of proanthocyanidins (PAs) and wine astringency are often limited and contrasting. Therefore, the profiles of PAs were investigated in Cabernet Sauvignon grown at 60% (RDI-1), 70% (RDI-2), 80% (RDI-3), and 100% (conventional irrigation, CI) of estimated evapotranspiration in 2016 and 2017. The treatments, replicated three times, were laid out in a randomized block design where any border effects were avoided. Our results showed that compared with CI, grapes grown under RDI had greater total concentrations of phenolic compounds. Skin PAs content increased in response to the RDI, especially in RDI-1 and RDI-2, while the seed PAs content was relatively insensitive to RDI. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that higher percentage of galloylation, molecular mass, mean degree of polymerization and the special extension subunits, such as percentage of (–)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (%ECG) and percentage of (–)-epicatechin (%EC), led to greater astringency intensity in the wine. However, RDI-1 decreased perceived astringency due to the decreased %ECG and %EC of PAs extension subunits, and increased %ECG of PAs terminal subunits. Our study suggests that the irrigation levels at RDI-2 and RDI-3 can significantly influence the PAs compositions and improve wine astringency perception.

In order to study effect of oak sawdust on the quality of Kyoho wine immersed by fermented Cabernet Sauvignon residual, Kyoho wine aged without oak sawdust (KWO), including KWO1 and KWO2 according to immersed orders by fermented Cabernet Sauvignon residual, was taken as control to compare the effect of oak sawdust on quality of Kyoho wine (KO), including KO1 and KO2 according to aged orders by oak sawdust. During the 15 days of aging, physical and chemical indicators, such as chroma, tonality, and total phenol in wine were determined simultaneously by using a spectrophotometer, including tannin content by KMnO4 titration, once every 3 days. The results showed that the chromaticities of Kyoho wine were 3.21, 3.02, 4.46, and 3.71 for KO1, KO2, KWO1, and KWO2, respectively. Similarly, the hues were in turn 0.73, 0.68, 0.97, and 0.72, respectively. Tannin contents were 1601.5 mg/L, 1517.3 mg/L, 337.2 mg/L, and 115.6 mg/L; total phenol contents were 277.67 mg/L, 222.1 mg/L, 64 mg/L, and 79.8 mg/L. Therefore, the contents of tannin and total phenol from KO1 wine were all the highest values. The chroma and tone of the four types of wine showed an upward trend of “S.” The chromaticity and tone were the lowest for the KO2 wine and the highest for the KWO1 wine with the larger difference between KO2 and KWO1.

The turbidity and precipitation affect seriously sensory quality of chaenomeles juice and wine. In order to reduce the harmful effects of turbid chaenomeles juice on fermentation and to ensure the sensory quality of fruit wine, pectinase was used to clarify chaenomeles juice in this experiment. The gradient of pectinase dosage was designed into 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 mg/L. The optimum dosage of pectinase selected was used for clarifying chaenomeles juice. chemical clarification method (bentonite and chitosan) was employed to clarify and stabilize the raw wine, improve its appearance and reduce the risk of diseases in the storage process, by designing the gradient of bentonite dosage, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 g/L to select the most suitable amount of bentonite, whereas the gradient of chitosan for 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4 and 2.7 g/L to the same effect. The optimum dosage of bentonite and chitosan were applied to chaenomeles wine to analyze and compare the clarifying effect of both two to wine, while the clarification indexes, such as anthocyanin content, turbidity, chroma and light transmittance were determined. The best dosage of pectinase was selected as 35 mg/L, the color 2.425, the light transmittance 54.7% and the best clarification effect of chaenomeles juice was obtained after clarifying 5 h. The best clarifying effect was obtained under the light permeability 29.3% and turbidity 90.04 NTU in chaenomeles wine through the best bentonite dosage of 1.0 g/L after clarifiing 12 h. While the best dosage of chitosan to clarify the chaenomeles wine was 1.8 g/L, which made the light permeability 9.80% and the turbidity 199.2 NTU after 12 h. The chaenomeles juice treated with 35 mg/L pectinase had higher the clarification efficiency and effect, and the color remained intact. While the clarifying effect of 1.0 g/L bentonite solution on chaenomeles liquor was better than that of 1.8 g/L chitosan treatment.

The endophytes were separated from Xinjiang carrots using gradient dilution method. There were 59 endophytes obtained by the separation and purification method, including 49 strains of endophytic bacteria, 10 strains of endophytic fungi. These endophytes incorporated 10 strains isolated from the head skin, 18 strains separated from central skin, 13 strains segregated from the tail skin, 9 strains derived from shallow meat, and 9 strains did from deep meat, which of the most number belonged to 30.5% of central skin. Gram staining experiment of endophytic bacteria authenticated 43 strains of gram-positive bacterium and 6 strains of gram-negative bacterium. Through observing the strain of morphological characteristics under a microscope, and identification of physiology and biochemistry as well as molecular biology, some strains were classified, for example 3 strains of Enterobacter cloacae strains, 5 strains of Enterobacter ludwigii strain, 1 strains of Pantoea dispersa strain, 2 strains of Pantoea, 1 strains of Enterobacter, 1 strains of Raoultella, 1 strains of Enterobacteriales bacterium, 4 strains of Enterobacter asburiae strain, 3 strains of Enterobacter aerogenes strain, 2 strains of Pantoea vagans partial, 1 strains of Pantoea agglomerans strain, 1 strains of Kluyvera cryocrescens, 1 strains of Enterobacter asburiae, 1 strains of Enterobacter cloacae subsp, 1 strains of Enterobacter mori strain. 1 strains of Aspergillus niger strain. 1 strains of Ciadosporium. 1 strains of Corynespora torulosa. Among these strains, enterobacterium was the largest, accounting for 17.9% of the total number.

The optimum extraction conditions and antioxidant activity of flavonoids from onion were studied. The effects of ethanol concentration, liquid-material ratio, ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time and extraction temperature on extraction rate were analyzed by single factor experiment in the extraction process. Based on the above, the optimum process conditions of onion flavonoids extraction were obtained by orthogonal experiment, namely the ethanol concentration 60%, liquid ratio 1:25, ultrasonic power 90 W, ultrasonic time 30 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, including 5.27 mg/g of flavone yield under the condition of the onion medium. In vitro antioxidant experiments showed that onion flavonoids had a strong reduction force, intense scavenging ability for hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical, and more violent antioxidant activity in vitro than BHT at the same concentration.The optimum extraction conditions and antioxidant activity of flavonoids from onion were studied. The effects of ethanol concentration, liquid-material ratio, ultrasonic power, ultrasonic time and extraction temperature on extraction rate were analyzed by single factor experiment in the extraction process. Based on the above, the optimum process conditions of onion flavonoids extraction were obtained by orthogonal experiment, namely the ethanol concentration 60%, liquid ratio 1:25, ultrasonic power 90 W, ultrasonic time 30 min, extraction temperature 40 °C, including 5.27 mg/g of flavone yield under the condition of the onion medium. In vitro antioxidant experiments showed that onion flavonoids had a strong reduction force, intense scavenging ability for hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical, and more violent antioxidant activity in vitro than BHT at the same concentration.

In order to analyze the fruit ripening quality of Merlot grapes in the blocks of 5-1, 5-2 and 5-3 in Shihezi region, various physicochemical indexes of Merlot grapes in different blocks were measured from August 23 to September 7, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The results showed that as the grapes maturation, the sugar accumulation showed an upward trend. The total sugar content of the three plots during the ripening period was 194.2-259.1 g/L (measured by glucose), and the total sugar of 5-1 was the highest, 259.1 g/L. The total acid content showed a downward trend, ranging from 9.3 to 4.6 g/L (measured by tartaric acid), the highest value in 5-1 was 5.3 g/L when was harvested, and the fastest decline of total acid belonged to 5-3 plots. PH was generally on the rise from 3.39 to 3.83, meanwhile increase of 5-3 grapes was the fastest compared with other two, with a small difference between 5-1 and 5-2. Tannin continued to decrease with the change range between 6.24 and 1.04 mg/g, and tannin in block 5-2 decreased the fastest with both 2.08 mg/g of 5-1 and 5-3. The content of total phenol decreased after increase. 5-3 grape increased the fastest and also decreased the fastest block from 46.25 mg/L to 104.779 mg/L to 44.118 mg/L. 5-1 total phenol rose in the second place, but decreased in the slowest, and finally remained at 60.662 mg/L. The content of anthocyan in 5-1 had been on an upward trend, rising to the highest level of 111 mg/L eventually, 5-2 and 5-3 rapidly rising and then slightly decreasing. The chroma was also decreased after increase, and the fastest rising belonged to 5-1 from the lowest point of 9.563 to the highest point of 16.186, and fell slowly to 14.363. 5-3 rose to 12.75 with the slowest speed and fall to 11.05 with the fastest rate. Through comprehensive analysis of the indicators of the three plots combined with the growth environment, the fruit quality of the plot 5-1 was relatively good, which was the most suitable growth and ripening of Merlot grapes.

The color of red wine will change constantly during fermentation and storage, which is related to the yeast introduced. Wild yeast has a strong adaptability to the environment, and effect of which on the color change of red wine is more obvious. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of wild yeast on color change of red wine, this paper summarized the sources and species of wild yeast including influence on production capacity of anthocyanin. The variation of wine color regulated by yeast was related to the genetic material of parent of hybrid strain producing pigment, chromogenic enzyme and storage temperature. Proanthocyanins and yeasts could promote each other. Different yeasts could produce anthocyanins with similar species but greater differences. Therefore, wine color was controlled by various yeasts. Isotopic labeling technology could detect the obvious symbiotic relationship between yeast and anthocyanin, and track accurately and timely the change of wine color. Metabolism of wild yeast and instability of anthocyanin could co-lead to discoloration of wine, however the molecular mechanism of colour fading was not clear nowadays. Therefore, there was an urgent need to screen the wild yeast with the safety and stability to wine color.The color of red wine will change constantly during fermentation and storage, which is related to the yeast introduced. Wild yeast has a strong adaptability to the environment, and effect of which on the color change of red wine is more obvious. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of wild yeast on color change of red wine, this paper summarized the sources and species of wild yeast including influence on production capacity of anthocyanin. The variation of wine color regulated by yeast was related to the genetic material of parent of hybrid strain producing pigment, chromogenic enzyme and storage temperature. Proanthocyanins and yeasts could promote each other. Different yeasts could produce anthocyanins with similar species but greater differences. Therefore, wine color was controlled by various yeasts. Isotopic labeling technology could detect the obvious symbiotic relationship between yeast and anthocyanin, and track accurately and timely the change of wine color. Metabolism of wild yeast and i...

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of corn starch’s transformation rate on the quality of papaya juice and discuss the its role in the fermentation process of papaya juice. Papaya grown in Lincang was taken as experimental material. During the period of 2017-2018, five repetitive experiments on gelatinization, liquefaction and saccharification of maize starch were carried out, respectively. Pure saccharified liquid, fermentable sugar used by yeast, was extracted by coarse filtration of gauze and filtration of suction filter. In 2017, the activity conditions of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase were determined. Four different saccharification methods including double enzymatic method, acid hydrolysis method, enzymatic hydrolysis method and acid enzymatic method were selected for experiments, respectively. The optimum method on saccharification of corn starch was determined according to the sugar content and yield of saccharified solution. The saccharified liquid obtained was added to peeled and non-peeled papaya juices for fermentation, respectively. During the experiment, the quality indexes, such as total sugar, total acid, tannin, anthocyanin and chroma were determined, respectively. In 2018, the transformation experiments of corn starch in corn flour, fresh corn granules and mature corn granules were meanwhile carried out. The best raw material for saccharification was selected through the total sugar content and the extraction rate of saccharification solution. The optimum conditions of enzyme activity were determined as pH 6, temperature 70 °C in α-amylase, pH 5 and temperature 60 °C in saccharifying enzyme. The yield of saccharified solution of mature corn granules was 60%, the sugar content was 193.64 g/L. The double enzymatic saccharification obtained 46 g/L sugar content and 46.60% yield of saccharified solution. Therefore, mature maize granules with double enzymes method were the best choice for saccharification experiments, which increased not only the sugar content and the yield of saccharified solution, but also made the operation simple and filter easy. The saccharified liquid extracted by mature corn granules combining with double enzymatic method could promote the fermentation of papaya wine, which, on the one hand, could protect the color of papaya wine, on the other hand, improve the flavor of papaya wine, and make papaya wine with unique honey and caramel flavor.

In order to improve the utilization value of the by-product of mulberry, the remaining residue of mulberry wine was used as raw materials to extract anthocyanins from the residue of mulberry wine by enzymatic method, and the response surface method was used to optimize the extraction process. Firstly, the single factor experiment was carried out by controlling four factors: liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, temperature and pH value. Then, Box-Behnken was used to design a three-factor, three-level experiment. Finally, the response surface method was used to optimize the extraction process. The results showed that the optimal extraction process of pectinase was the liquid-solid ratio of 1:20, the extraction time was 58 min, the pH was 5.90 and the extraction temperature was 45 °C, and the extraction effect was the best. The highest anthocyanin content in the extract was 6.040 mg/g.

Using local mulberry products in Chuxiong as raw material, skin residue was obtained after brewing mulberry wine, and the anthocyanin extraction process was optimized by ultrasonic assisted water extraction method. Firstly, the single factor experiment was used to study the effects of four different factors, namely, ratio of feed to liquid, temperature, time and ultrasonic power, on anthocyanin extraction from mulberries. On the basis of single factor test, the optimal design of response surface was analyzed. According to the analysis results and practical verification, the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for anthocyanin in mulberries were determined as follows: the extraction time was 40 min, the extraction temperature was 45 °C, and the ultrasonic power was 305 W. Under these conditions, the anthocyanin content was 5.212 mg/g.

Northeast China is one of the major wine-making grape bases in China. It is of great significance to study the influence of climate change on grape planting regionalization in northeast China for industrial layout and grape variety selection. According to the 168 weather stations in northeast China Daily meteorological data, calculate the frost-free period, growing season dry degree, active accumulated temperature of April to September, average annual extreme low temperature and other indicators, the 45 years from 1967 to 2011 in the northeast of grapes zoning index change trend, using GIS analysis of wine grapes in the northeast suitable cultivated area change of time and space. The results showed that the temperature increased obviously in the growing season, the indexes such as frost-free period and accumulated temperature of activity increased greatly, the suitable cultivation area of wine grapes expanded greatly to the north, and the dryness changed obviously between generations, showing a rising trend of fluctuation. The impact of climate change on viticulture varies from region to region, but overall, climate change is beneficial to wine viticulture in northeast China. The article also makes a series of Suggestions on how to use the effects of climate change to select varieties and improve wine quality.

Hexi Corridor is one of the most important wine grape cultivation areas in China and local wine industry is developing rapidly. The detailed study on regionalization of wine grape varieties may provide the scientific basis for the selection of wine grape varieties. In the study, according to the climatic characteristics in Hexi Corridor, with the two regionalization indicators of the frost-free period and active cumulative temperature, the areas with the frost-free period longer than 150 days and the active cumulative temperature higher than 2500 °C were classified as the suitable cultivation areas of wine grape. With the average meteorological data of 46 meteorological stations surrounding Hexi Corridor from 1980 to 2010 and the 90-m DEM data of Hexi Corridor, the models of the frost-free period and the cumulative temperature were established according to the multivariate stepwise regression method. In addition, the regionalization diagram of the wine grape varieties in Hexi Corridor was plotted with the residual interpolation method. In the diagram, the optimum wine grape cultivation region was divided in six areas according to active cumulative temperature and suitable wine grape varieties and proper cultivation elevation ranges were proposed for corresponding areas. The existing data of the grape quality in different wine grape cultivation areas in Hexi Corridor supported the regionalization results. The study results provided a theoretical basis for the selection of wine grape varieties in Hexi Corridor.

The Hengduan Mountain region of China is one of the world's highest altitude and lowest latitude wine grape cultivation areas. This study screened the existing regional indexes; the active accumulated temperature (AAT) for grapes in the growing season was chosen as the heat index, and the dryness index (DI) in the growing season was chosen as the water index for climatic regionalization. An analysis of 90-meter resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data and the corresponding slope degree and direction for the Hengduan Mountain region in the range of 97°E-103°E, 27°N-33°N, as well as daily meteorological data over 30 years (1981-2010) from 53 stations in the study region, were used to establish the AAT and DI models for the northern area of the Hengduan Mountains. According to the multiple stepwise regression method, the interaction terms among different geographical and topographic factors were considered. In addition, the residual errors were interpolated and corrected based on the modeling, and this approach further improved the simulation accuracy of meteorological factors. A regional climatic map of wine grapes was produced according to these results. The model was used to calculate the suitable altitude range for wine grape cultivation in different regions of the Hengduan Mountains. The study shows that the distribution of suitable wine grape cultivation areas in the northern part of the mountain range generally mimics distribution of dry warm and dry hot valleys. The accuracy of the results was confirmed based on the existing locations of vineyards in the Hengduan Mountain region.

Based on the fact that persistent mutation of vinous color was not conducive to the stabilization of vinous quality during the aging, research advance on the stable mechanism of endophytic fungi to colour of red wine during the aging, including investigative status and developmental dynamic at home and abroad, endophytes and pigment of materials in wine, including effect of endophyte on vinaceous color, and even the application of tracer method in wine was summarized, respectively. The relationship between diversity of community the endophytic fungi and the main pigment material in wine was existent objectively, also included the response mechanism on colony dynamic of endophytic fungi to the various pigment as well as substance related to color, which laid the foundation for exploring the relationships between endophytic fungi and wine color, and the variational mechanism of the color under endophytic fungi during the aging period of wine. Color as an important reference index of wine quality influenced not only the sensory evaluation of consumer, but also the quality of wine because of the self-aggregation or combination of phenolic composition with other substances under the endophytic fungi during the storage. Only steady wine in the color could guarantee the security of quality.

This article was based on the climate data of 125 meteorological stations from 1982 to 2011 in Yunnan Province, the daily basis ET0 was calculated with Penman-Monteith equation recommended by FAO in 1998. Then the Kriging interpolation method and related methods of climate statistical diagnosis analysis were used to analyze the features. The main results showed that the highest value of annual ET0 of Yunnan Province was the joint parts of Dali, Lijiang and Chuxiong, and also the north of Chuxiong and Kunming, while the least value was the northeast and northwest of Yunnan Province. The ET0 was showed rising trend, the speed was about 5.9mm/10a, but the rising trend was not significant. The ET0 of spring was highest, and the ET0 of summer and autumn was taken the second place, the ET0 of winter was last. The ET0 of spring, summer, autumn, winter was account for 33.35 per cent, 28.91 per cent, 20.36, per cent, 17.39 per cent of annual ET0 respectively. The ET0 of May was highest and December was least in annual. ET0 was closely related to wind speed, relative humidity, hours of sunshine and the daily maximum temperature. The correlation between wind speed, hours of sunshine, the daily maximum temperature and ET0 was very significantly positive, while the correlation between relative humidity and ET0 was very significantly negative.

Three series of prenylated and/or geranylated flavonoids were synthesized and evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The 3',5'-digeranylated chalcone (16) was identified as a new α-glucosidase inhibitor whose activity (IC50=0.90 μM) was 50-fold more than that of acarbose (IC50=51.32 μM). Molecular docking studies revealed the existence of strong hydrophobic interaction and H-bonding between compound 16 and α-glucosidase's active site. The inhibitory mode analysis showed that 16 exhibited a competitive inhibitory mode.

ZnO/GaN heterojunction light-emitting diode was grown using zinc acetate as precursors on p-GaN substrate by one-step aqueous method in this paper. Structural and optical properties of heterostructure were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL). It has been found that ZnO film was formed by using zinc acetate as precursors with one-step aqueous method. Meanwhile, the device based on ZnO/GaN heterostructure displayed diode-like current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. Electroluminescence (EL) characterization results showed an intense broadband emission in the yellow-green spectral region under the forward bias. It indicated that EL emission of ZnO/GaN heterostructure was originated from impurity-involved emission.

The commercial value of Kurles pears pericarp, a popular and favored fruit for its unique aroma and refreshingly crisp texture, had sharply decreased because of a rust breakout of the beloved pear in China during the atmosphere-controlled storage. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to analyze rust spots on the pericarp of Kurle pears. Therefore, the chemical compounds of four various eluates, originating from the rust-colored substance collected from the pears pericarp effected, were identified successfully for the first time, which were just rhein, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol and emodin, respectively. Taken together with microstructure characteristics for rust-spots of Kurle pear pericarp, it was no doubt that these eluates were the main factors affecting the rust spots on the pericarp of the Kurle pears during the atmosphere-controlled storage, which was a sign and consequence resisting the undesirable stress of the external environment.

Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase decreases postprandial blood glucose levels and delays glucose absorption, making it a treatment strategy for type 2 diabetes. This study examined in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic activities of natural prenylchalconaringenins 1 and 2 and prenylnaringenins 3 and 4, found in hops and beer. 3′-Geranylchalconaringenin (2) competitively and irreversibly inhibited α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.08 μM) with activity 50-fold higher than that of acarbose (IC50 = 51.30 μM) and showed moderate inhibitory activity against α-amylase (IC50 = 20.46 μM). Docking analysis substantiated these findings. In addition, compound 2 suppressed the increase in postprandial blood glucose levels and serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Taken together, these results suggest that 2 has dual inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase and alleviates diabetic hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, making it a potential functional food ingr...