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Background: Tendinopathy, a pathology of tendons characterized by inflammation and or degeneration, is a prevalent cause of disease and disability in active and working patients. Within the past decade, orthobiologic injections such as Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) have become increasingly popular within the musculoskeletal physician’s practice for treatment of chronic tendinopathies. However, there is a lack of standardization of PRP preparation and injection protocols, leading to gaps in our knowledge regarding the optimal administration dosages to maximize treatment efficacy. Purpose: This review aims to compile and evaluate the existing data for PRP injection volumes for various tendinopathies in hopes of contributing to standardization of PRP protocols, with a further goal of minimiz-ing waste of a costly therapeutic. Study Design: Systematic Review Methods: In June 2020, comprehensive electronic database searches were conducted by a medical librarian in Medline via PubMed, EMBASE (embase.com), CINAHL (EbscoHost), CENTRAL and Scopus according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data was extracted from studies meeting inclusion criteria on injection volumes and outcomes and grouped based on anatomic injection location. Results: Twenty-eight studies were identified for inclusion in which ultrasound-guided intra-tendinous PRP injections were administered to patients to treat various tendinopathies. For all tendon locations, the mini-mum volume of injectate reported achieved positive clinical outcomes in patients compared to baseline. Conclusions: Despite its many benefits—tendon healing, pain relief, increased function—PRP can pose a significant financial burden to patients, with patients often having to pay for the full cost out-of-pocket due to lack of insurance coverage. This study provides evidence that PRP can be effective at smaller volumes, minimizing waste and the out-of-pocket cost to the patient. In addition, this study further stresses the impor-tance of protocol standardization. Clinical Relevance: Though more data is needed, it is apparent that the minimum amount of injectate used clinically for various anatomic locations is enough for overall positive outcomes, and therefore can be the recommended dose given. As such, the authors have incorporated the minimum injection volume into their practice using the following volumes: Rotator Cuff-1 mL, Lateral or Medial Epicondyle-1.5 mL, Gluteal or Hamstring-3 mL, Patella-2 mL, Achilles-3 mL. Unfortunately, without more data available in the literature, the authors cannot make stronger recommendations at this time. What is known about the subject: Among intralesional injections for the treatment of tendinopathy, PRP has shown positive results in multiple trials and has made its way into many musculoskeletal physicians’ practice. However, there is a significant lack of standardization in PRP protocols. What this study adds to existing knowledge: While other reviews have highlighted the discrepancies amongst PRP protocols, our review is the first to examine injection volume and its effect on outcomes. We were able to suggest a minimum injectate amount for positive outcomes, either pain relief or improvement in the tendon appearance on imaging.

This paper is about comparing the Yagi- Uda Antenna, Turnstile Antenna, Parabolic Antenna Phased Array Antenna with a different parameters required to track LEO Satellites and to receive the Telemetry Information from them. LEO Satellites is Low Earth Orbit typically organized as a satellite constellation. The number of Satellite LEO would be ten to even thousand to fully cover the globe. As LEO satellites move very quickly and are most visible for 20to 30 min during each pass, it requires an antenna that can track signals, and satellite paths, and upload anddownload as much data as possible in a short amount of time. The continual motion of tracing one LEO satellite after other equates to significant mechanical performance. So in this paper, we carry out a review of which antenna suites are best for tracking the LEO, getting data from them, and also the mechanical parameter of Antennas.

The solid fuel ducted Ramjet systems (SFDR) are extremely capable of propelling high- speed missiles. They have a specific application in the configuration of air-to-air missiles with a high degree of interception. It is a modification from the traditional solid fuel ramjet system by using an external duct for thrust variation. This system provides higher effectiveness against maneuvering jets compared to single and dual pulse rocket system as it can vary thrust by varying fuel and air quantity for combustion. Even though with high effectiveness, an enemy fighter jet that is having higher thrust engines can outmaneuver SFDR by gaining significant lift during the end-stage which reduces its killing probability; this emphasized the development of a new missile system that provides more lift during the end-stage. A new SFDR concept is proposed in the present work that can gain more lift. The provision of a deflector is made in the duct to study the lift characteristics. Optimum lift force was obtained from the detailed analysis. Moreover, the study was extended by changing the deflector dimensions. Fluent fluid flow analysis is performed in simulation software named ANSYS to study the lift characteristics. Before that, 3D modelling is done with the help of NX software.

In any gearbox, gears play a crucial role in motion transmission and contribute considerable weight to the gearbox. Usually, gears fail when the operating stress exceeds the maximum permissible stress. The power transmitted by the gears is directly proportional to these stresses. This paper intends a systematic study of gear blank hub, web, and rim geometry along with rim angle and fillets to reduce the weight of helical gear without altering the material and tooth geometry with the proper balance between weight reduction and total deformation. In turn, the total deformation in optimized gear will be in the safety range, 30% of existing gear deformation. Also aims to determine the magnitude of total deformation and Von-Mises stresses for a particular configuration of helical gears that transfer power while maintaining functionality and lowering the gear's material cost and energy consumption. Incorporating change in dimensional features of gear blank for weight reduction over the existing design and evaluation of individual feature behavior trends could be considered as the key parameters for assessment for this work.

The terahertz (THz) band has opened up a new frontier for high-speed, wireless communication, high-resolution radars, and highly precise remote sensing. Identifying the low-loss atmospheric windows is vital for these applications. In this study, a long-path THz communication channel is characterized in the frequency range of 0.32–1.1 THz using a custom, silicon-based THz pulse radiator chip. The chip radiates 1.7-ps pulses via an on-chip antenna at a repetition rate of 8 GHz, resulting in a broadband 0.1–1.1 THz frequency comb. It is fabricated in 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS process and consumes 45 mW of dc power. A specular link was created using the impulse radiator, parabolic reflector antennas, a plane mirror, and a downconverter mixer. The THz channel was characterized up to a distance of 110 m. The measurement results demonstrate channel path loss, atmospheric absorption, and low-loss frequency windows suitable for wireless links in the THz range. The results correspond well with the HITRAN database [1].

Aim: To research on the impact and implications of coronavirus on developing countries Background: Coronavirus has affected the entire world causing disruption in the growth of many countries. The countries which have been critically affected are the developing countries. It is important for us to study the impact of coronavirus on developing countries as it would help us understand the vulnerabilities a country possessed. The developing countries could use this knowledge to prepare themselves in case of another event of this magnitude. Design: Research paper Data sources: A search of published evidence from 1990–2020 using key words(as outlined below) was undertaken from which relevant sources were selected tobuild an informed discussion. Implications for developing countries: Understanding the extent of the impact would help developing countries create better systems to adapt to the challenges of the future. Conclusion: This paper discusses the impact of coronavirus on developing countries. The virus has caused significant degradation of growth and has shaken the foundations of many countries. Developing countries are critically challenged as they do not possess the right infrastructure in health care or technology to cope with it.

In this letter, temporal evolution of plasma density is characterized in the time-domain using a low-power THz frequency-comb radiator in the 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS process. The frequency-comb radiator covers from 10 s of GHz up to 1.1 THz where the spacing between tones is programmable and can be set by the frequency of an external trigger signal to as high as 10.5 GHz. Due to the complex permittivity of plasma, electromagnetic waves experience a phase and amplitude change as they pass through the plasma. The THz-pulse radiator used in this letter is locked to a low-phase noise external source. Hence, the phase-noise of the radiated tones is extremely low, which enables detecting small phase changes. In this measurement, phase and amplitude changes of THz waves are captured from 333 to 495 GHz for different plasma parameters by varying gas pressure, plasma pulse rate, and plasma excitation power.

Similar to an electronic lattice determining the motion of electrons in solids, photonic crystals (PhCs) are periodic photonic nanostructures that determine the propagation of photons. By incorporating PhCs into organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), the device efficiency and emission spectra can be modified, which can be explained and predicted by the mode dispersion. In this work, we experimentally measure the mode dispersion of 1-D and 2-D PhC OLEDs at different azimuthal angles with angle-resolved electroluminescence spectra. The results are explained using an intuitive geometry approach, which shifts and slices the cone-shaped optical modes to obtain the mode dispersion of PhC OLEDs. We note that the weak cavity mode and a narrow photonic band gap are visible only after eliminating the intrinsic emitter spectrum in the air mode dispersion. In the end, we discuss the implication of mode dispersion on the OLED light extraction.

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Background: The drug promotional literature (DPL) provided by the medical representative is a crucial source of information for busy medical practitioners. It is frequently the only resource that treating doctors rely on to stay up to date on both new and existing medications. Because pharma companies are promoting the information for their own brand of drugs, there is a possibility of prejudice. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to assess DPL using the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting 300 DPLs randomly from private medical hospitals and some pharmaceutical companies’ representative from Ahmedabad. The WHO criteria for drug promotion were used to analysis of all obtained DPLs. Results: Among 300 DPLs, 251 were included for analysis as per inclusion criteria. Out of 251 DPLs, drugs acting on cardiovascular system (61) were promoted most followed by drugs acting on endocrine system (45), antimicrobial (39), and gastrointestinal tract system (33). Majority of brochures were providing information regarding brand name (249), dosage form (231), uses (225), and dose information (207). Very few literatures mentioned details such as side effects, warning, contraindications, precautions, and interactions. Average 2.91 claims were made for per each DPLs. Out of 83 references, majority of references were from journal articles. Very few DPLs have data that are displayed in scientific figures and tables. Among analyzed DPLs, majority them contain various pictures of medicines, organ part, and women. Conclusion: Majority of DPL were not following ethical standard as per the WHO guidelines and their purpose seems like commercial gain.

Oxcarbazepine, an antiepileptic medication, can cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs). These rashes can range in severity and present as maculopapular, urticarial, or as a fixed drug eruption. The onset of the rash can occur within a few days to several weeks after starting the medication. We report three cases of ADRs in the form of series of skin reactions in patients who were prescribed Oxcarbazepine. In addition, the series also depicts the importance of stopping Oxcarbazepine use and seek medical attention if a rash is suspected to be drug-induced. Proper knowledge, recognition, and management of this adverse reaction can help minimize the risk of further harm.

Novel Corona-virus is spreading all over the world. Millions of people have been infected with this disease and unfortunately thousands have lost their lives. Countless others have experienced the impact of Covid-19 on their health as well as in their day-to-day life. For the past one and half year as of May - 2021, the world balance and the economics have changed. Entire workflow has been shifted online, with people continuing to face a lot of difficulties due to this sudden change. But there will be a moment when normalcy will be restored, businesses bereopened and all the offices as well as other institutions start functioning as normal. This will be the most vulnerable moment as people will come in contact with each other and hence there will be a danger of this disease spreading in mass again. Hence, a system needs to be adopted to curb its spread and this can be achieved by identifying people showing the symptoms and thereby preventing them from entering organizations with a lot of attendees. The proposed system implements mask and temperature detection, sanitation while also providing a touch-less Attendance Management system for taking the attendance.

Radio signals are strongly impacted by natural and artificial ionospheric disturbances which can be challenging to model. This is especially true of D- Region chemistry which is affected from below by shocks, acoustic-gravity waves and thunderstorm electric fields, and from above by solar x-rays, high-energy protons, and precipitating electrons. Detailed chemistry schemes have been developed by various research groups, with many 10s of species and many 100s of reactions, that have been used to calculate RF absorption during geomagnetic events. In contrast, advanced studies of VLF signal propagation typically employ reduced D-Region chemistry schemes [1]–[2], e.g., the four species Glukhov-Pasko-Inan scheme [3], that rely upon simplified parameterizations of electron attachment, detachment and recombination.

Particle-resolved 3-D inviscid simulations of a planar shock interacting with a bed of randomly distributed spherical particles are carried out. The aim of this study is to investigate the importance of flowfield fluctuations caused by a random distribution of particles during shock–particle interaction. We present the volume-averaged governing equations. The volume-averaging process results in the appearance of the Reynolds stress term in the momentum equation, and similar terms also arise in the energy equation. These terms are generally neglected in the Euler–Lagrange or the Euler–Euler simulations of shock–particle interaction, and hence, the motivation for this study is to determine the importance of these stresses. The spatiotemporal evolution of the flow inside the particle bed is studied by presenting the mean and the fluctuating flow properties. We compute the RMS velocity, the magnitude of pseudo-turbulent Reynolds stress, and the magnitude of fluctuations in the pressure and total energy. We compare our results with previous studies involving shock interaction with a curtain of cylindrical particles. It is found that the strength of the fluctuating field is much weaker for the spherical particle case compared with the cylindrical particle case. Our results are also in good agreement with the recent study on a planar shock interacting with a random bed of spherical particles under viscous conditions.

This article is a result of a systematic review research of an existing, crewed commercial space transportation (CST)-relevant, publicly accessible documentation counting 300 resources. Ou...

The stock market is a very dynamic market where nothing is as stable as a rock but as the technology is upgrading there are many ways and methods one can try to learn this dynamic change and be prepared accordingly. This paper focuses on such different methods of dynamically learning the market and its trends. We have used three different models for this paper and have also performed sentiment analysis on the tweets regarding the company or the stock, the model with the least error is the ideal and the most preferred method for prediction. The results of this classification have given a clear and insightful idea about the random ups and downs of the market and also a new approach for investors so that they know where they can bet their money. The ARIMA model is giving the best accuracy for every stock.

Aim:To research on the impact and implications of coronavirus on developing countries Background:Coronavirus has affected the entire world causing disruption in the growth of many countries. The countries which have been critically affected are the developing countries. It is important for us to study the impact of coronavirus on developing countries as it would help us understand the vulnerabilities a country possessed. The developing countries could use this knowledge to prepare themselves in case of another event of this magnitude. Design:Research paper Data sources:A search of published evidence from 1990–2020 using key words(as outlined below) was undertaken from which relevant sources were selected tobuild an informed discussion. Implications for developing countries:Understanding the extent of the impact would help developing countries create better systems to adapt to the challenges of the future. Conclusion:This paper discusses the impact of coronavirus on developing countries. The virus has caused significant degradation of growth and has shaken the foundations of many countries. Developing countries are critically challenged as they do not possess the right infrastructure in health care or technology to cope with it. &nbsp

The assessment of harvest yield is finished utilizing the information got from satellite pictures and the verifiable information about the yield. At first the satellite pictures of the yields are gotten by choosing the time and date of the pass of satellite on the investigation territory and afterward getting the pictures from satellite of harvest in the examination region this should be possible utilizing satellite like LANDSAT, SENTINEL, IKONOS, and so forth The satellite pictures should be preprocessed to eliminate commotion and undesirable regions. With the assistance of GPS (Global Positioning System) the preparation tests or Ground Truth Points are chosen which is needed for Supervised Classification. To characterize the satellite picture the product utilized is GIS (Geographical Information System). QGIS is a high level variant of GIS device which is utilized to chip away at satellite pictures. The satellite pictures are broken down utilizing QGIS and the information, like NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), Rainfall, Temperature, and so on, are removed or estimated from satellite pictures. Python is utilized to deal with the information got from the satellite pictures and furthermore on the information of harvest yield from bygone eras to eliminate any inconsistencies or excess information. Presently, to anticipate the yield of harvest for quite a long time 2020 and 2021the Machine Learning Algorithm of Regression Modeling is executed on both the information from satellite pictures and the verifiable yield of yield in the investigation region. The anticipated yield of both satellite information and recorded information is looked at and the general exactness is found.

Cavity effects play an important role in determining the out-coupling efficiency of an OLED. By fabricating OLEDs on corrugated substrates, the waveguide and SPP modes can be extracted by diffraction. However, corrugation does not always lead to an enhancement in out-coupling efficiency due to the reduction of the electrode reflectance and hence the cavity effects. Based on the results of our rigorous couple-wave analysis (RCWA) simulation, we found that the cavity effects can be partially recovered using a low index Teflon layer inserted between the ITO anode and the substrate due to the enhancement of the reflectance of the corrugated electrodes. To verify the simulation results, we fabricated corrugated OLEDs having a low-index Teflon interlayer with an EQE of 36%, which is 29% higher than an optimized planar OLED. By experimentally measuring the OLED air mode dispersion, we confirm the cavity emission of a corrugated OLED is enhanced by the low index layer.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with directional and polarized light emission have many photonic applications, and beam shaping of these devices is fundamentally challenging because they are Lambertian light sources. In this work, using organic and perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs) for demonstrations, by selectively diffracting the transverse electric (TE) waveguide mode while suppressing other optical modes in a nanostructured LED, the authors first demonstrate highly directional light emission from a full-area organic LED with a small divergence angle less than 3° and a TE to transverse magnetic (TM) polarization extinction ratio of 13. The highly selective diffraction of only the TE waveguide mode is possible due to the planarization of the device stack by thermal evaporation and solution processing. Using this strategy, directional and polarized emission from a perovskite LED having a current efficiency 2.6 times compared to the reference planar device is further demonstrated. This large enhancement in efficiency in the PeLED is attributed to a larger contribution from the TE waveguide mode resulting from the high refractive index in perovskite materials.

India represents one-third of the world's fluorosis burden and is the fifth global producer of bauxite ore, which has previously been identified as a potential resource for remediating fluoride-contaminated groundwater in impoverished communities. Here, we use thermal activation and/or groundwater acidification to enhance fluoride adsorption by Indian bauxite obtained from Visakhapatnam, an area proximate to endemic fluorosis regions. We compare combinatorial water treatment and bauxite-processing scenarios through batch adsorption experiments, material characterization, and detailed cost analyses. Heating Indian bauxite above 300 °C increases available surface area by > 15× (to ∼170 m2/g) through gibbsite dehydroxylation and reduces the bauxite dose for remediating 10 ppm F- to 1.5 ppm F- by ∼93% (to 21 g/L). Additionally, lowering groundwater pH to 6.0 with HCl or CO2 further reduces the average required bauxite doses by 43-73% for ores heated at 300 °C (∼12 g/L) and 100 °C (∼77 g/L). Product water in most examined treatment scenarios complies with EPA standards for drinking water (e.g., As, Cd, Pb, etc.) but potential leaching of Al, Mn, and Cr is of concern in some scenarios. Among the defluoridation options explored here, bauxite heated at 300 °C in acidified groundwater has the lowest direct costs ($6.86 per person per year) and material-intensity.