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The Qur'an does not discuss tajassus specifically. It is proven by the lack of the word tajassus, especially when it is based on the meaning of spying. Implicitly, the value of tajassus is found in several stories and verses collectively, which leads to fault-finding or vigilance. A particular verse about tajassus with a negative connotation is Surah al-Ḥujurāt12. An example of tajassus with a positive sense is Surah Yūsuf 87. The research in this paper is classified as literature research with a qualitative approach. The methodology used is a descriptive analysis study. The results of this study are two: First, there are two types of tajassus: tajassus in the positive sense and negative tajassus. Positive tajassus is the importance of the existence of intelligence for the state. Negative tajassus is prejudice or finding fault in others. Second, the implementation of tajassus is similar between classical and modern times, the only difference being the use of technology at different times. The tajassus deviation in this study occurred when Umār entered the house without permission. While in modern tajassus is the use of wiretapping devices outside the authority of the perpetrators.

تناول البحث أثر القدرة التنافسية في الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر للبلدان العربية المصنفة ضمن مؤشر التنافسية العالمية وهي (الجزائر، مصر، الأردن، المغرب، الكويت، السعودية، قطر، البحرين، عمان، الامارات)، للفترة (2009-2018) وانطلق من فرضية مفادها أن للقدرة التنافسية والمتمثلة بالمؤشرات الفرعية لمؤشر التنافسية العالمية علاقة وأثر موجب في الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر، ويهدف البحث إلى تعريف مفهوم القدرة التنافسية بعدها مفهوماً حديثاً وتحديد نوع العلاقة وأثرها ما بين القدرة التنافسية والاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر، عبر الاستفادة من البيانات الحديثة التي يقدمها المنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي والبنك الدولي وبالاستناد إلى القياس الاقتصادي المتمثل بطريقة البيانات المزدوجة المتوازنة (Balanced Panel Data) التي اشتملت على اختبارات جذر الوحدة للبيانات، واستعمال منهجية العزوم المعممة (GMM) للوصول إلى تقدير العلاقة واتجاهها يمكن استعماله في القرارات الاستثمارية. فقد أكدت النتائج إلى وجود تأثيرا ايجابي لمؤشر القدرة التنافسية في تدفق الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر، مما يستدعي العمل على تبني سياسات واستراتيجيات من قبل الدول العربية تسهم في تعزيز الأثر الايجابي في تدفق الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر.

Abstract: There is an increasing interest in the study of Christian identity as a minority in a Muslim majority country. However, the study of plurality regarding the Christian identity considering the context of Islamic Sharia in Aceh is still limited. This article discusses the formation and representation of Christian identity in Aceh by focusing on how they negotiate internal aspirations in the context of Islamic Sharia. The data are based on in-depth interviews with fifteen Christian figures consisting of priests and religious leaders in five districts/cities in Aceh. The article argues that the internal and external dynamics of Christians influenced the narration of their identity in Aceh. The article shows the context of Islamic Sharia and the plurality of Christian internal aspirations resulting in unsimplifiable to a single genre, but rather polyphonic and sometimes mutually contested.Keywords: Aceh Christian, identity reproduction, sharia law

هدف البحث إلى تحديد واقع واتجاهات المؤشرات الفرعية التي يتكون منها المؤشر العالمي للتنافسية للبلدان العربية التي تتكون منها عينة البحث وهي (مصر، الجزائر، الأردن، المغرب، قطر، السعودية، الكويت، البحرين، الإمارات العربية المتحدة، عمان)، والوقوف على مستويات تطورها، فقد تم تحليل مؤشر التنافسية العالمية للمدة (2009-2018) واتجاهاته في دول العينة باستخدام منهجية التحليل الوصفي والاستنتاجي للمؤشرات الفرعية التي يتكون منها المؤشر الكلي للتنافسية العالمية، واستخدم البرنامج الإحصائي Minitab 19 ومقياس متوسط الانحراف التربيعي (MSD) للمقارنة بين مختلف النماذج، وتحديد النموذج الامثل لتحليل النمط العام لتلك المؤشرات، فقد كشفت النتائج عن تقلبات في مستويات تنافسية الدول العربية في عينة البحث خلال مدة البحث، مما يتوجب على بلدان العينة العمل على معالجة أسباب هذه التذبذبات والتقلبات في مؤشرات قدرتها التنافسية ووضع الخطط الكفيلة باستقرارها، والعمل على رفع مستوياتها من خلال الإصلاحات الهيكلية في مختلف المجالات الاقتصادية والمالية والتشريعية.

تناول البحث أثر بعض متغيرات القدرة التنافسية في الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر للبلدان العربية المصنفة ضمن مؤشر التنافسية العالمية وهي (الجزائر، مصر، الأردن، المغرب، الكويت، السعودية، قطر، البحرين، عمان، الامارات)، للمدة (2009-2018) وانطلق من فرضية مفادها أن للقدرة التنافسية والمتمثلة بالمتغيرات (البنية التحتية، التعليم العالي والتدريب، تطور بنية الأعمال، القدرة على الابتكار) المدرجة ضمن مؤشر التنافسية العالمية علاقة وأثر موجب في الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر، ويهدف البحث إلى تعريف مفهوم القدرة التنافسية بعدها مفهوماً حديثاً وتحديد نوع العلاقة وأثرها ما بين القدرة التنافسية والاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر، عبر الاستفادة من البيانات الحديثة التي يقدمها المنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي والبنك الدولي وبالاستناد إلى القياس الاقتصادي المتمثل بطريقة البيانات المزدوجة المتوازنة (Balanced Panel Data) التي اشتملت على اختبارات جذر الوحدة للبيانات، واستعمال منهجية العزوم المعممة (GMM) للوصول إلى تقدير العلاقة واتجاهها يمكن استعماله في القرارات الاستثمارية. فقد أكدت النتائج الى وجود تأثيرا ايجابي لمتغير التعليم العالي والتدريب في تدفق الاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر، مما يستدعي تقديم الدعم الكافي للمؤسسات التعليمية وتطوير برامج البحث العلمي من قبل الدول العربية لتسهم في تعزيز الأثر الايجابي في تدفق الاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر.

هدف البحث الى تقدير وتحليل اثر القدرة التنافسية في الاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر للبلدان العربية المصنفة ضمن مؤشر التنافسية العالمية وهي (الجزائر، مصر، الأردن، المغرب، الكويت، السعودية، قطر، البحرين، عمان، الامارات)، للمدة (2009-2018)، باعتماد البيانات الحديثة التي يقدمها المنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي والبنك الدولي وبالاستناد الى النماذج القياسية المستندة الى البيانات المزدوجة المتوازنة (Balanced Panel Data) التي اشتملت على منهجية العزوم المعممة (GMM)، وقد اكدت النتائج الى وجود تأثيرا ايجابي للقدرة التنافسية في تدفق الاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر في البلدان العربية عينة الدراسة، مما يتوجب العمل على رفع مستويات القدرة التنافسية بهدف زيادة تدفقات الاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر.

يهدف البحث الى الوقوف على واقع مؤشرات التنافسية العالمية للبلدان العربية عينة البحث وهي (الجزائر، مصر، الأردن، المغرب، الكويت، السعودية، قطر، البحرين، عمان، الامارات)، وتحديد اتجاهاتها وقياس مستويات تطورها، عبر تحليل سلوك واتجاه مؤشر التنافسية العالمية للمدة (2009-2018)، باستخدام منهجية التحليل الوصفي للأعمدة الاساسية المكونة للمؤشر التي تعكس مدى تطوره، فضلاً عن الاستعانة بالبرنامج الاحصائي Minitab19 وباعتماد Single Exp Smoothing ومقياس Mean Squared Deviation (MSD) للمقارنة بين النماذج المختلفة لأنواع المعادلات واختيار افضلها لتحليل الاتجاه العام لتلك المؤشرات، وقد افصحت النتائج عن تذبذب في مستويات القدرة التنافسية للدول العربية عينة البحث خلال مدة البحث، الامر الذي يتطلب وضع الخطط الكفيلة لتعزيز استقرار تنافسية دول العينة والعمل على رفع مستوياتها عبر تبني اصلاحات هيكلية لمختلف القطاعات الاقتصادية والمالية والقانونية.

This article examines the problem of spatial access for Christian students of Samudera University as experiences of minorities in Langsa, Aceh. This article argues that Aceh’s public space that is formed by religious identity, leads dichotomy of citizenship in social life. Using life story method, this article explores the problem of Christian students of Samudera University to reside in Langsa. The results show the formation of space by displaying a single identity has polarized majority-minority in public space. Finally, this article also shows that the formation of space by displaying a single identity created an imbalance space for minority, and compelling minority to create alternative space. [Artikel ini membahas persoalan akses ruang berdasarkan pengalaman mahasiswa minoritas Kristen di Universitas Samudera, Langsa, Aceh. Artikel ini berargumentasi bahwa ruang publik Aceh terbentuk oleh identitas religius yang berujung pada dikotomi kehidupan sosial penduduknya. Dengan pendekatan life story, artikel ini menjelaskan masalah yang dihadapi mahasiswa Kristen yang tinggal di Langsa, Aceh. Dalam kesimpulannya menunjukkan bahwa formasi ruang publik terbelah dan tidak seimbang antara identitas mayoritas dan minoritas, dimana identitas minoritas terdesak untuk menciptakan ruang alternatif baru.]

Aim and introduction: Seting the strategic objectives map is considered a step to upgrade the effectiveness of company as an effective tool for aligning the strategic objectives and organizational strategies, and show the causal relationships between the strategic objectives. Drawing the strategic objectives map is done visually in the experimental space of organizations. With this method, the causal relationships between the strategic objectives in the various layers are not entirely clear, and it is unclear which the strategic objectives are interrelated. Therefore, it is essential providing an intellectual approach based on mathematics such as the Interpretive Structural Modeling for drawing the strategic objectives map. Interpretive Structural Modeling is a technique construct and understands the relationships between the elements of a complex system based on experts' opinions. The problem of this study is the uncertainty of the causal relationships between the strategic objectives in functional Levels of Iran Alloy Steel Company. Therefore, the purpose of the study is Leveling of the strategic objectives in multiple layers on the four perspectives of Balanced Scorecard in Iran Alloy Steel Company that multiple objectives are considered in each layer. Methodology: The research category in the study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the study includes 34 senior managers and experts in Iran Alloy Steel Company. In this study, the required data has been collected using library studies (documentary studies, study of domestic and foreign books and publications and search in databases) and field studies (interview and questionnaire). In the questionnaire of this study, the relationship between all the objectives in terms of how they relate and their impact on each other has been questioned. According to the 17 strategic objectives of Iran Alloy Steel Company, the number of questionnaire questions was 136. Matlab software used to draw causal relationships between the strategic objectives of the company through Interpretive Structural Modeling on the four perspectives of Balanced Scorecard in order to improve the performance of calculations and analysis. Findings: The findings showed the relationships between the strategic objectives are leveled in 6 layers on the Balanced Scorecard. In terms of the driving power and dependence, the objectives of “Increasing investment to complete the unfinished projects in Iran Alloy Steel Company”, and “Expansion of the interactions between steel industry and research centers” were identified as the most effective objectives which were at level 6. At level 5, there was only the objective of "IT infrastructure development" which is in the category of independent (driving) objectives. At level 4, there were two objectives: "attracting efficient manpower" and "upgrading the performance of knowledge and information management" which are in the category of independent (driving) objectives. At level 3, there were seven objectives: “upgrading employee's ability”, “optimal technology management”, “development of superior technologies”, “upgrading product quality”, “development of production capacities”, “sustainable supply of raw materials, items, parts and equipment” and “promotion of social performance” which are in the category of linkage objectives. At level 2, there were two objectives: "increasing the utilization rate of equipment" and "optimal use of assets" which are in the category of dependent objectives. Finally, at level 1, there were three objectives: “strengthening brand in target economic markets”, “increasing customer satisfaction”, and “growing profitability” which were identified as the most dependent objectives. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the findings, Iran Alloy Steel Company to strengthen its infrastructure in the field of manpower and information technology, and the development and improvement of automation and information processing systems will be able to improve its internal processes, increase productivity, and while strengthening its brand in the market and attracting customer satisfaction to achieve profitability. Also, the results of this study are aligned and consistent with the logic of the four perspectives of balanced scorecard and real world in terms of the ISM model presented and the MICMAC analysis. For example, the five lower-level objectives in Interpretive Structural Modeling all include the learning and growth perspective of the Balanced Scorecard. Also, these are in the category of independent (driving) objectives in the MICMAC analysis, and are known as drivers for other objectives that the causal relationships between the objectives in the strategic objectives map are consistent with the balanced scorecard framework and the real world. In addition, the all objectives were located in three category of independent, linkage and dependent, and conflicting and autonomous objectives were not observed in results. However, the findings of this study in practice will enable Iran Alloy Steel Company to have a better understanding of the relationships of its objectives, and take conscious action to achieve objectives, and prioritize and budget them.

This article examines the ways in which Acehnese Christian women’s identities expressed in the Islamic public sphere. The article argues that although theoretically Islamic Shari'a only applies to Muslims, its implementation in Aceh has a significant impact on the daily life of Christian women. The first part of the article presents a critical review regarding the Islamic sharia in Aceh dealing with the discourse of citizenship and the position of non-Muslim. Furthermore, drawing on agency theoretical frameworks, the authors describe the experiences of Christian women from diverse backgrounds to show how they became Christians in the Acehnese way. The article finally shows that Christian women's agencies as a minority in Aceh face a critical situation, although they remain independent and are not easily subdued by public sphere driven by the values and religious identities of the majority.

Most studies discussing about interfaith marriage and religious conversion are ignoring woman's autonomy in selecting spouse as well as choosing religion. This paper examines the agency of women who converted due to marriage based on the experiences of four women in two areas in Aceh, the South East Aceh, and Aceh Singkil. Data was collected through observation and semi-structured interviews of four converted women, her husband, and her relatives. The phenomenon of religious conversion on the reason of marriage is placed in the feminist poststructuralist discourse, especially the concept of pious agency and critical piety agency. This paper challenges the view that says religious conversion on the reason of marriage will give the result to those who converted that religion to them is merely administrative matters and they lose their focus on building personal piety. Instead, this article argued the possibility of people who convert to other religion represent their religiosity after conversion as well as before conversion.

In this study, rodent’s assemblages from Jiroft and Anbarabad townships in the southeast Iran, were studied. A total of 62 specimens were collected and identified during the period of June 2011 until September, 2012. The collected specimens consist of 10 species belonging to 10 genera and three families including: Muridae (Golunda ellioti, Acomys dimidiatus, Tatera indica, Nesokia indica, Meriones persicus, Mus musculus, Apodemus witherbyi, Rattus rattus), Cricetidae (Cricetulus migratorius), Ochotonidae (Ochotona rufescens). Standard external morphological and morphometric characteristics, including cranial and dental characters are given. The family Muridae with eight species, showed the highest diversity among the families represented here. Tatera indica showed the high frequency compare to other species examined in this study. Golunda ellioti Gray, 1837 and Acomys dimidiatus Cretzschmar, 1826 (Muridae, Rodentia) areas are recorded for the first time from southeast of Iran.

The "margin of appreciation" doctrine in Europe is implemented torespect the states' sovereignty, to consider national interests of each member state and in order to protect the provisions of the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights. Based on this theory, some authorityand discretion are reserved for the member states that give them freedom in interpreting the provisions of European Convention. This allows the member states to protect their essential interests while they remain committed to implementing the provisions of the Convention. It is important to note that according to the approach taken by the European Court of Human Rights in relation to the “fundamental human rights”, the states that became part of the European Convention do not have the permission to suspend or limit these rights at their discretion because member states are not considered eligible for this action. Since the "right of hijab" is an example of the “right to freedom of religion" and according to the international human rights, it is considered as a fundamental human right, so the member states do not have the discretion and the authority to put restrictions on it. However, it seems that the European Court of Human Rights has faced a contradiction in relation to this right by recognizing the right for each member state to limit hijab at their discretion, regardless of the nature of this right and the required conditions for application of the doctrine.

AbstractIntroduction: Nowadays, the Internet has created a virtual world and become an incentive for universities to invest in e-learning. And in order to accomplish this, they attempt to both use and evaluate e-learning systems. We aimed to identify and rank the components for measuring the success of universities using the fuzzy network analysis approach.Material and Methods: This applicable descriptive survey was done on the users of e-learning systems in the University of Sistan and Baluchestan as well as experts in the field of e-learning. Data were collected using related questionnaires. The reliability of questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha for each factor separately as well as for the whole questionnaire. The total reliability coefficient of questions was 0.959. The single sample t test and fuzzy network analysis techniques were used to analyze data.Results: Components of information quality, service quality, system quality, supporting factors, teacher characteristics, student characteristics, and environmental factors are effective in the success of e-learning systems. Moreover, information quality with the relative weight of 0.23 and environmental factors with the relative weight of 0.05 have the maximum and minimum effect, respectively. Conclusions: Focus on data quality and educational content, providing suitable and faster services and infrastructure facilities for e-learning systems can improve e-learning systems in universities.

Liver cells release the high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein when exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). However, the timing and levels of protein released remain unclear. The present study aimed to characterize the secretion of the late pro-inflammatory cytokine HMGB1 by liver L02 and HepG2 cells. The human mononuclear macrophage cell line U937 was used as a control. Various concentrations of LPS were added to human U937, L02 and HepG2 cells for different durations, and the cells were analyzed at different time-points following this addition. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to measure cellular HMGB1 mRNA levels, western blotting was performed to detect HMGB1 in cellular supernatants and the translocation of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytosol was examined using immunofluorescence staining. L02 and HepG2 cells exhibited higher HMGB1 mRNA levels compared with the control U937 cells 20 and 24 h following continuous exposure to LPS. U937 cells exhibited higher HMGB1 mRNA levels compared with the corresponding L02 and HepG2 cells 16 h following LPS exposure. The phase of HMGB1 protein detected in the cellular supernatants of L02 and HepG2 cells (16 h) was later than that of U937 cells (8 h). For the three cell lines, HMGB1 levels demonstrated a time dependency; however, the protein level was the highest in U937 cells. In the three cell lines, translocation of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytosol occurred; however, the phases of HMGB1 translocation in L02 and HepG2 cells occurred later than in U937 cells. LPS-induced secretion of the late pro‑inflammatory cytokine HMGB1 by liver cells is characterized by a late phase of release and smaller quantity, and the process of HMGB1 secretion appears to be associated with HMGB1 translocation.

Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) is an oncogenic trans-membranous receptor overexpressed in various human cancers. However, the role of RAGE in breast cancer development and proliferation is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that RAGE expression levels are correlated to the degree of severity of breast cancer. Furthermore, there is a decrease in the proliferation of all sub-types of breast cancer, MCF-7, SK-Br-3 and MDA-MB-231, as a result of the effect of RAGE siRNA. RAGE siRNA arrested cells in the G1 phase and inhibited DNA synthesis (p < 0.05). Moreover, qRT-PCR and Western Blot results demonstrated that RAGE siRNA decreases the expression of transcriptional factor NF-κB p65 as well as the expression of cell proliferation markers PCNA and cyclinD1. RAGE and RAGE ligands can thus be considered as possible targets for breast cancer management and therapy.

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is oncogenic and overexpressed in human cancers, but its role in hepatocellular carcinoma remains unclear. Here we demonstrated that RAGE is overexpressed in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) compared to adjacent para-neoplastic liver samples. Serum endogenous secretory RAGE levels were also increased in PHC patients (p < 0.01). Moreover, we demonstrated that RAGE regulates cellular proliferation in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Knockdown of RAGE by specific siRNA inhibited cellular growth in the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Huh7, whereas the RAGE ligand, high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) increased cellular proliferation. In addition, knockdown of RAGE by siRNA arrested cells in the G1 phase and inhibited DNA synthesis (p < 0.01), while HMGB1 protein decreased the number of cells in the G1 phase and increased the number in the S phase (p < 0.05). Furthermore, quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western Blot results demonstrated that RAGE and HMGB1 positively regulate NF-κB p65 expression in Huh7 cells. These studies suggest that RAGE and RAGE ligands are important targets for therapeutic intervention in hepatocellular carcinoma.