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Offshore platform decommissioning is a complex process that can cause marine damage. The circular economy can be used to implement sustainable initiatives in the decommissioning process. Mooring ropes, which commonly consist of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber, are one type of waste generated during offshore platform decommissioning. This study aims to demonstrate that the ring spinning process is a sustainable solution to recycling PET fibers from post-industrial mooring ropes (PMR-PET) by producing yarns containing 70–60% PMR-PET. One-way ANOVA and the Cochran test demonstrated that the yarns made with PMR-PET exhibit better tensile properties than those made with 100% commercial PET. Addition of PMR-PET produces a yarn with a higher crystallinity. The lower degradation temperatures of PMR-PET yarns are not enough to limit their use in textile products. This study demonstrates that recycling PMR-PET provides an opportunity to promote the circular economy and develop new yarns in the textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an expanding global clothing and textile industry that shows no signs of slowing, concerns over its environmental impacts follow. Fibre fragments (FFs)—short pieces of textiles that have separated from a textile construction—are a growing area of concern due to increasing evidence of their accumulation in the environment. Most of the existing research on this topic focuses on the role of consumer behaviour rather than the textiles themselves. A systematic literature review is used here to explore the key textile parameters that influence FF release. A search of articles published between 2011 and June 2024 was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO) were used, and articles were screened to ensure that a minimum of one textile parameter was manipulated in the study. A total of 52 articles were selected and where appropriate, comparisons between samples used and key findings were made. The textile parameters that were found to reduce FF release include fibres of a longer length and higher tenacity, as well as filament yarns with low hairiness and higher twists. At the fabric level, tight fabric structures and high abrasion resistance show lower FF shedding. Mechanical finishes that reduce the number of protruding fibre ends or chemical finishes that increase abrasion resistance also prove to be beneficial. Lastly, sewing and cutting methods that enclose or seal the textile edge can reduce FF release. While optimal parameters have been identified, they are not applicable to all textile end-uses. Rather, these factors can serve as a guide during future production and be applied where possible to limit FF release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an expanding global clothing and textile industry that shows no signs of slowing, concerns over its environmental impacts follow. Fibre fragments (FFs)—short pieces of textiles that have separated from a textile construction—are a growing area of concern due to increasing evidence of their accumulation in the environment. Most of the existing research on this topic focuses on the role of consumer behaviour rather than the textiles themselves. A systematic literature review is used here to explore the key textile parameters that influence FF release. A search of articles published between 2011 and June 2024 was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Three databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO) were used, and articles were screened to ensure that a minimum of one textile parameter was manipulated in the study. A total of 52 articles were selected and where appropriate, comparisons between samples used and key findings were made. The textile parameters that were found to reduce FF release include fibres of a longer length and higher tenacity, as well as filament yarns with low hairiness and higher twists. At the fabric level, tight fabric structures and high abrasion resistance show lower FF shedding. Mechanical finishes that reduce the number of protruding fibre ends or chemical finishes that increase abrasion resistance also prove to be beneficial. Lastly, sewing and cutting methods that enclose or seal the textile edge can reduce FF release. While optimal parameters have been identified, they are not applicable to all textile end-uses. Rather, these factors can serve as a guide during future production and be applied where possible to limit FF release.

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Indigenous people in Australia experience far poorer health than non-Indigenous Australians. A growing body of research suggests that Indigenous people who are strong in their cultural identity experience better health than those who are not. Yet little is known about how Indigenous people create and maintain strong cultural identities in the contemporary context. This paper explores how Indigenous people in south-eastern Australia create and maintain strong cultural identities to support their health and wellbeing. Methods Data were collected from 44 Indigenous people living in the south-eastern Australian state of Victoria via yarning. Yarning is a cultural mode of conversation that privileges Indigenous ways of knowing, doing and being. Yarning participants were selected for their prominence within Victorian Indigenous health services and/or their prominence within the Victorian Indigenous community services sector more broadly. Due to the restrictions of COVID-19, yarns were conducted individually online via Zoom. Data were analysed employing constructivist grounded theory, which was the overarching qualitative research methodology. Results All yarning participants considered maintaining a strong cultural identity as vital to maintaining their health and wellbeing. They did this via four main ways: knowing one’s Mob and knowing one’s Country; connecting with one’s own Mob and with one’s own Country; connecting with Community and Country more broadly; and connecting with the more creative and/or expressive elements of Culture. Importantly, these practices are listed in order of priority. Indigenous people who either do not know their Mob or Country, or for whom the connections with their own Mob and their own Country are weak, may therefore be most vulnerable. This includes Stolen Generations survivors, their descendants, and others impacted by historical and contemporary child removal practices. Conclusions The yarns reveal some of the myriad practical ways that Indigenous people maintain a strong cultural identity in contemporary south-eastern Australia. While programs designed to foster connections to Community, Country and/or Culture may benefit all Indigenous participants, those most disconnected from their Ancestral roots may benefit most. Further research is required to determine how best to support Indigenous Victorians whose connections to their own Mob and their own Country are unable to be (re)built.

Biobased nylon (PA56) not only has the same physical properties as nylon (PA6/PA66) but its production method is also more environmentally friendly. PA56 fabric has the advantages of moisture absorption, perspiration, high-temperature resistance, and flexibility, which have been widely studied by scientific researchers. Wool has the advantages of beauty, environmental protection, and anti-wrinkle. However, pure wool fabrics have low strength and are easy to shrink when washed, which has always been a problem. Hence, this work adopted the ring spinning method to prepare wool/PA56 blended yarn with wool content of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 wt%. Thus, to examine the effects of different blending ratios and twists on yarn performance, PA56 was blended with wool. The results showed that findings indicate that yarn performance is influenced by both yarn twist and blending ratio. The yarn thickens and takes on more linear density as the blending ratio and yarn twist increase. As the wool ratio increases, the yarn's breaking stress and breaking strain decrease. It is obvious that the strength and elongation at break of pure PA56 yarn are 2.09 cN/Dtex and 33.92%, respectively. When the wool content was 100 wt%, the strength and elongation at break of the blended yarn were 0.66 cN/Dtex and 21.15%, respectively. With the amount of wool blending, the yarn hairiness index's H-value initially rises and subsequently falls. The percentage of blended wool reaches 50% at 2.14; less blending might exacerbate the yarn's stem, resulting in neps and unevenness features. The quality of the yarn improves as the blending percentage rises. The yarn has the advantages of resource saving, biodegradability, and environmental friendliness and has a broad application prospect in the automotive interior field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance fibers are used in fire‐protective garments due to their exceptional thermal stability and mechanical performance. However, these garments suffer from a reduction in their performance over their lifetime. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hydrothermal aging of 15 yarns contained in eight fabrics made of different fiber blends. The accelerated hydrothermal aging was performed via immersion in reverse osmosis (RO) and acidic water at temperatures between 40 °C and 90 °C for up to 1200 h. The resulting mechanical, chemical, and physicochemical changes in the yarns and fabrics were assessed. The result showed a large drop in the breaking force of yarns made from para‐aramid/polybenzimidazole (PBI) fiber blends in all aging water conditions. For the other fabrics, aging in acidic water and a jar with the PBI‐containing fabrics generally caused a larger decrease in strength compared to aging in RO water in a separate jar. The results also showed that a change in crystallinity rather than in chemical structure appeared to be the cause for the changes in tensile strength after hydrothermal aging. The findings of this study will contribute to identifying strategies to improve the long‐term performance of fire‐protective fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we develop a new model for the simulation of the mechanical behavior of rayon twisted yarns, at macroscopic level. A yarn with its continuous filaments is represented by an equivalent three-dimensional solid of cylindrical shape, discretized by finite elements, with properly defined local anisotropic material properties. The new constitutive model, inspired by experimental results on rayon untwisted yarns, is formulated in the framework of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes and includes visco-elastic and visco-plastic dissipation mechanisms. The effect of twist is taken into account by including the direction of the fibers in the free energy definition. The overall model is validated comparing numerical and experimental results on twisted rayon yarns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain negative phenomena that occur when weaving on a shuttle loom are described and analyzed in this paper. The manufactured fabric is used to produce different types of items for rest and relaxation, e.g. garden and home swings, then swings and baby carriers, etc. The fabric is made on a weaving loom with a shuttle, from the company "Textima". The analysis found that, during weaving, errors occur that originate from oil, thicker threads, burls, knots, fuzz, hairs, etc. dominate. These errors can be easily eliminated by careful work and timely interventions on the loom itself. The number of warp and weft breaks is mostly within normal limits and depends on the quality of the yarns used and the quality of their preparation. Inspection of the finished fabric by trained and skilled workers confirms the errors that occur during weaving.

Nylon 6 is one of the most widely used polymers in the world. For some nylon products, hydrophobic coatings are used for impregnation. However, it has been suggested in the literature that coating could accelerate aging. Therefore, in this paper, we focused on the degradation process of dyed nylon yarns with and without perfluorinated coating under accelerated weathering conditions. To monitor the degradation process, we used methods such as tensile test, molecular weight analysis, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. We found that the hydrophobic coating is unlikely to have a negative effect on the degradation process. However, the coating decomposes during weathering, and its concentration on the fiber's surface decreases. The type of dye used was identified as the most significant factor influencing the degradation rate. This was explained by the screening effect of dyes in the UVA region of the light spectrum. Manufacturers of nylon products, which require a pleasant appearance and safety, should, therefore, consider a careful selection of dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of tungsten fiber-reinforced tungsten composites (Wf/W) has been demonstrated to significantly enhance the mechanical properties of tungsten (W) by incorporating W-fibers into the W-matrix. However, prior research has been restricted by the usage of single fiber-based textile fabrics, consisting of 150 µm warp and 50 µm weft filaments, with limited homogeneity, reproducibility, and mechanical properties in bulk structures due to the rigidity of the 150 µm W-fibers. To overcome this limitation, two novel textile preforms were developed utilizing radial braided W-yarns with 7 core and 16 sleeve filaments (R.B. 16 + 7), with a diameter of 25 µm each, as the warp material. In this study, bulk composites of two different fabric types were produced via a layer-by-layer CVD process, utilizing single 50 µm filaments (type 1) and R.B. 16 + 7 yarns (type 2) as weft materials. The produced composites were sectioned into KLST-type specimens based on DIN EN ISO 179-1:2000 using electrical discharge machining (EDM) and subjected to three-point bending tests. Both composites demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties with pseudo-ductile behavior at room temperature and withstood over 10,000 load cycles between 50–90% of their respective maximum load without sample fracture in three-point cyclic loading tests. Furthermore, a novel approach to predict the fatigue behavior of the material under cyclic loading was developed based on the high reproducibility of the composites produced, especially for the composite based on type 1. This approach provides a new benchmark for upscaling endeavors and may enable a better prediction of the service life of the produced components made of Wf/W in the future. In comparison, the composite based on fabric type 1 demonstrated superior results in manufacturing performance and mechanical properties. With a high relative average density (>97%), a high fiber volume fraction (14–17%), and a very homogeneous fiber distribution in the CVD-W matrix, type 1 shows a promising option to be further tested in high heat flux tests and to be potentially used as an alternative to currently used materials for the most stressed components of nuclear fusion reactors or other potential application fields such as concentrated solar power (CSP), aircraft turbines, the steel industry, quantum computing, or welding tools. Type 2 composites have a higher layer spacing compared to type 1, resulting in gaps within the matrix and less homogeneous material properties. While type 2 composites have demonstrated a notable enhancement over 150 µm fiber-based composites, they are not viable for industrial scale-up unlike type 1 composites.

Over the last decade, the rapid development of wearable electronics has generated renewed interest in textiles. The integration of advanced nanotechnology and microelectronics with well‐established textile production processes has resulted in textile electronics, that are lightweight, flexible, breathable, and conformable, which broadens the applications of electronic products. The hierarchical textile structure, ranging from a single fiber to twisted yarns and various fabrics, is suitable for constructing multifunctional flexible devices. In particular, yarn, which bridges between fiber and fabric, is advantageous owing to its easy integration into wearable formats via weaving, knitting, or braiding. However, because of the dearth of effective interdisciplinary communication between researchers of electronic and textile engineering, fabricating yarn‐based devices with superior mechanical properties and versatile electronic functionality is difficult. Therefore, this review provides an overview of yarn‐based electronics, followed by a systematical summary of recent progress in yarns with respect to material and device design, multifunctional integration, and applications in wearable devices, including sensors, actuators, stealth, batteries, and nanogenerators. Furthermore, the major challenges and future developments in this field are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Tapestries and especially pile carpets can be challenging objects for assessing their photosensitivity by microfading: they are often made of relatively thick yarns resulting in a non-flat airy surface. For this reason, focusing the light on the object’s surface is difficult and the precision of the colour change measurement is hampered. In this study, an improved test methodology was developed to overcome the difficulties by analysing single yarns. The methodology consists in flattening the yarn between glass microscope slides tightly held together by means of 4 strong paired neodymium magnets. The results show that the newly-developed sample preparation together with the required instrumental adjustment allow to significantly reduce the standard deviation and variation coefficient which often characterize microfading measurements of textiles. The methodology for sample preparation is evaluated and had been applied to samples from the Reformation Tapestry dating to 1667 from the collection of the Museum Europäischer Kulturen (Museum of European Cultures) in Berlin.

This study aims to investigate the effect of alkalization and chemical coupling methods on the surface and adsorption properties of waste cotton and cotton/polyester yarns. The simple and cheap alkali treatment was performed using 10% and 18% NaOH solution, while the chemical coupling method involved combining cotton and cotton/polyester yarns and fly ash, using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium alginate as binders. Morphological and surface characteristics of unmodified and modified cotton and cotton/polyester yarns were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while adsorption properties were assessed by the removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution. It was found that chemical modification with 18% NaOH solution positively affected the adsorption properties of only cotton yarns, increasing the removal efficiency of lead ions up to 75%. On the other hand, modification with fly ash improves the adsorption properties of both, cotton and cotton/polyester yarns, increasing the efficiency in removing lead ions by using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and cadmium ions by using alginate as a binder. Using the chemical coupling method, effective adsorbents are obtained starting from waste yarn, which gives it added value, the amount of non-degradable waste material can be reduced and the criteria of a cleaner environment and circular economy can be met.

We present the comparative analysis, throughout an extensive trajectory (6th century to the end of the 19th century), of a set of animal and vegetable fiber yarns that were recovered from archaeological excavations in Antofagasta de la Sierra, Argentine southern Puna. We focus on three themes, as "guiding threads": the raw material, the spinning modes and color use. We discuss continuities and changes over time, and we wonder about their implications in technical aspects and the worldview, especially from the impact of the Hispanic invasion. That is why, from a heuristic point of view, we consider native ontologies, as views more closely located in relation to local archaeological contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of tungsten fiber-reinforced tungsten composites (Wf/W) has been demonstrated to significantly enhance the mechanical properties of tungsten (W) by incorporating W-fibers into the W-matrix. However, prior research has been restricted by the usage of single fiber-based textile fabrics, consisting of 150 µm warp and 50 µm weft filaments, with limited homogeneity, reproducibility, and mechanical properties in bulk structures due to the rigidity of the 150 µm W-fibers. To overcome this limitation, two novel textile preforms were developed utilizing radial braided W-yarns with 7 core and 16 sleeve filaments (R.B. 16 + 7), with a diameter of 25 µm each, as the warp material. In this study, bulk composites of two different fabric types were produced via a layer-by-layer CVD process, utilizing single 50 µm filaments (type 1) and R.B. 16 + 7 yarns (type 2) as weft materials. The produced composites were sectioned into KLST-type specimens based on DIN EN ISO 179-1:2000 using electrical discharge machining (EDM) and subjected to three-point bending tests. Both composites demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties with pseudo-ductile behavior at room temperature and withstood over 10,000 load cycles between 50–90% of their respective maximum load without sample fracture in three-point cyclic loading tests. Furthermore, a novel approach to predict the fatigue behavior of the material under cyclic loading was developed based on the high reproducibility of the composites produced, especially for the composite based on type 1. This approach provides a new benchmark for upscaling endeavors and may enable a better prediction of the service life of the produced components made of Wf/W in the future. In comparison, the composite based on fabric type 1 demonstrated superior results in manufacturing performance and mechanical properties. With a high relative average density (>97%), a high fiber volume fraction (14–17%), and a very homogeneous fiber distribution in the CVD-W matrix, type 1 shows a promising option to be further tested in high heat flux tests and to be potentially used as an alternative to currently used materials for the most stressed components of nuclear fusion reactors or other potential application fields such as concentrated solar power (CSP), aircraft turbines, the steel industry, quantum computing, or welding tools. Type 2 composites have a higher layer spacing compared to type 1, resulting in gaps within the matrix and less homogeneous material properties. While type 2 composites have demonstrated a notable enhancement over 150 µm fiber-based composites, they are not viable for industrial scale-up unlike type 1 composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Textile Leader is the property of China Textile Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Over the last decade, the rapid development of wearable electronics has generated renewed interest in textiles. The integration of advanced nanotechnology and microelectronics with well‐established textile production processes has resulted in textile electronics, that are lightweight, flexible, breathable, and conformable, which broadens the applications of electronic products. The hierarchical textile structure, ranging from a single fiber to twisted yarns and various fabrics, is suitable for constructing multifunctional flexible devices. In particular, yarn, which bridges between fiber and fabric, is advantageous owing to its easy integration into wearable formats via weaving, knitting, or braiding. However, because of the dearth of effective interdisciplinary communication between researchers of electronic and textile engineering, fabricating yarn‐based devices with superior mechanical properties and versatile electronic functionality is difficult. Therefore, this review provides an overview of yarn‐based electronics, followed by a systematical summary of recent progress in yarns with respect to material and device design, multifunctional integration, and applications in wearable devices, including sensors, actuators, stealth, batteries, and nanogenerators. Furthermore, the major challenges and future developments in this field are discussed.

Tapestries and especially pile carpets can be challenging objects for assessing their photosensitivity by microfading: they are often made of relatively thick yarns resulting in a non-flat airy surface. For this reason, focusing the light on the object's surface is difficult and the precision of the colour change measurement is hampered. In this study, an improved test methodology was developed to overcome the difficulties by analysing single yarns. The methodology consists in flattening the yarn between glass microscope slides tightly held together by means of 4 strong paired neodymium magnets. The results show that the newly-developed sample preparation together with the required instrumental adjustment allow to significantly reduce the standard deviation and variation coefficient which often characterize microfading measurements of textiles. The methodology for sample preparation is evaluated and had been applied to samples from the Reformation Tapestry dating to 1667 from the collection of the Museum Europäischer Kulturen (Museum of European Cultures) in Berlin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass transport in textiles is crucial. Knowledge of effective mass transport properties of textiles can be used to improve processes and applications where textiles are used. Mass transfer in knitted and woven fabrics strongly depends on the yarn used. In particular, the permeability and effective diffusion coefficient of yarns are of interest. Correlations are often used to estimate the mass transfer properties of yarns. These correlations commonly assume an ordered distribution, but here we demonstrate that an ordered distribution leads to an overestimation of mass transfer properties. We therefore address the impact of random ordering on the effective diffusivity and permeability of yarns and show that it is important to account for the random arrangement of fibers in order to predict mass transfer. To do this, Representative Volume Elements are randomly generated to represent the structure of yarns made from continuous filaments of synthetic materials. Furthermore, parallel, randomly arranged fibers with a circular cross-section are assumed. By solving the so-called cell problems on the Representative Volume Elements, transport coefficients can be calculated for given porosities. These transport coefficients, which are based on a digital reconstruction of the yarn and asymptotic homogenization, are then used to derive an improved correlation for the effective diffusivity and permeability as a function of porosity and fiber diameter. At porosities below 0.7, the predicted transport is significantly lower under the assumption of random ordering. The approach is not limited to circular fibers and may be extended to arbitrary fiber geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors are extensively investigated for various applications, such as electronic skin, human physiological monitoring, and artificial intelligence. However, traditional fabrication technologies are hard to realize the large‐area and mass production of wearable sensing devices. Current trend of miniaturization, systematization, and multifunction has raised the problems of total energy consumption, frequent charging, and reduced usage time. These issues have hindered the progress of wearable sensing electronics. In the light of nanomaterial design, mass production, and facile manufacturing, electrospun piezoelectric pressure sensors offer the best properties of self‐powering, breathability, stretchability, and flexibility, providing ideal interfacing platforms for smart wearables. Tremendous advances have been achieved recently in the high sensitivity, piezoelectric output, composite optimization, and nano‐/microstructure design of nonwoven nanofiber membranes. Nevertheless, how to fulfill real textile‐level integration in consideration of biocompatibility, integration, wearability, geometrical design, multifunction, and systematization remains a big challenge. Therefore, recent progress of piezoelectric pressure sensors from electrospun nanofibers to their fabrics is comprehensively summarized. Plentiful strategies, structure designs, and underlying mechanisms that boost the piezoelectric properties are discussed. Lastly, the challenges and possible solutions for the future electrospinning‐based pressure sensing systems are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical energy generation and storage have always been complementary to each other but are often disconnected in practical electrical appliances. Recently, efforts to combine both energy generation and storage into self-powered energizers have demonstrated promising power sources for wearable and implantable electronics. In line with these efforts, achieving self-rechargeability in energy storage from ambient energy is envisioned as a tertiary energy storage (3rd-ES) phenomenon. This review examines a few of the possible 3rd-ES capable of harvesting ambient energy (photo-, thermo-, piezo-, tribo-, and bio-electrochemical energizers), focusing also on the devices' sustainability. The self-rechargeability mechanisms of these devices, which function through modifications of the energizers’ constituents, are analyzed, and designs for wearable electronics are also reviewed. The challenges for self-rechargeable energizers and avenues for further electrochemical performance enhancement are discussed. This article serves as a one-stop source of information on self-rechargeable energizers, which are anticipated to drive the revolution in 3rd-ES technologies.

The dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm was proposed to recognize the cyclic pattern of hairiness H-value in order to extract the representative cyclic pattern of hairiness H-value from the cyclic data of yarn hairiness H-value (that is the change of the hairiness data on the cyclic time or the length of the cyclic data). The DTW algorithm was optimized by local brute-force search and pruning algorithm. The samples collected from 14 spinning frames and the data of hairiness H-value detected by USTER tester were used to calculate the theoretical cycle and DTW distance between any two cyclic patterns. The test results show that when the hairiness cyclic pattern of a yarn produced by a certain equipment is different from other cyclic patterns in the DTW distance matrix, there may be some abnormality or failure. Under the test conditions, there is a difference between the theoretical and actual cycle, and the average difference is 0.48 m. The actual winding length of the yarn per minute can be derived from the actual cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electropolymerized polypyrrole (PPy) is considered as one of the promising polymers for use in ionic-electroactive or conducting polymer (CP) actuators. Its electromechanical properties surpass those of other prominent CPs such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT/PSS) or polyaniline. However, freestanding and linear contracting actuator fibers made solely of electropolymerized PPy are not available yet. This work therefore targets the development of all-CP-based actuator fibers: electromechanically active PPy is electropolymerized on the surface of wet-spun, also electromechanically active PEDOT/PSS fibers. The thickness of the PPy fiber sheath is varied by using different electropolymerization durations. Mechanical and actuation properties of the different PEDOT/PPy core-sheath actuator fibers are investigated via tensile tests and isotonic actuation strain and isometric actuation force measurements, respectively. The fiber actuators show high tensile stability in both dry and aqueous conditions, rendering them highly suitable for actuation in aqueous electrolyte media. Regarding linear, untwisted, and uncoiled CP fiber actuators, the presented actuation measurements demonstrate to the best of our knowledge the highest reported linear contractile actuation strains of up to 2.2% in electrolytes and remarkable tensile actuation stresses of 1.64 MPa, as well as a high long-term cyclic actuation stability using varying actuation durations. This renders the fibers as a highly promising material, particularly with regard to their further structural textile processing for use in actuating wearables or soft robots.

Achieving both formability and functionality in thermoelectric materials remains a significant challenge due to their inherent brittleness. Previous approaches, such as polymer infiltration, often compromise thermoelectric efficiency, underscoring the need for flexible, all-inorganic alternatives. This study demonstrates that the extreme brittleness of thermoelectric bismuth telluride (Bi 2 Te 3 ) bulk compounds can be overcome by harnessing the nanoscale flexibility of Bi 2 Te 3 nanoribbons and twisting them into a yarn structure. The resulting Bi 2 Te 3 yarn, with a Seebeck coefficient of -126.6 µV K -1 , exhibits remarkable deformability, enduring extreme bending curvatures (down to 0.5 mm -1 ) and tensile strains of ≈5% through over 1000 cycles without significant resistance change. This breakthrough allows the yarn to be seamlessly integrated into various applications-wound around metallic pipes, embedded within life jackets, or woven into garments-demonstrating unprecedented adaptability and durability. Moreover, a simple 4-pair thermoelectric generator comprising Bi 2 Te 3 yarns and metallic wires generates a maximum output voltage of 67.4 mV, substantiating the effectiveness of thermoelectric yarns in waste heat harvesting. These advances not only challenge the traditional limitations posed by the brittleness of thermoelectric materials but also open new avenues for their application in wearable and structural electronics., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The surface dynamic and static coefficient of friction of yarns is one of the most important means of characterizing the surface structure of yarns and can provide an important basis for yarn performance evaluation and quality monitoring. The lack of highly stable, high precision and low-cost instruments for measuring the dynamic coefficient of friction of yarns is a major constraint to yarn performance evaluation and performance improvement. The entanglement method calculates the coefficient of friction between yarns by measuring the input and output tensions on both sides of the yarn at its own kink point, which is easy to use and highly accurate. Based on this, a yarn dynamic friction coefficient measurement system was developed based on the kink principle and the measurement error was evaluated using 28tex cotton yarn and 420 D polyester yarn in turn. After five repeatability tests using 28tex cotton yarn, 36tex aramid and 420 D polyester, the coefficient of friction between the three yarns themselves fluctuated by less than 0.01 and the instrument showed good stability and repeatability. In six comparative tests with the CTT constant tension transfer system from Lawson, USA, the inter-group CV of the coefficient of friction between the yarns themselves was only 3.66% after six tests. A final comparison of the data from the entanglement and the Rhodes method tests shows that the coefficients of friction obtained show the same trend. The yarn running speed and pre-tension are adjustable and the system has a timed test function, which allows the input and output tensions of the yarn and the dynamic coefficient of friction between the yarn and the yarn to be measured and displayed in real time. This improves the measurement accuracy, reduces the price of the product and helps to evaluate the surface properties of yarns and improve product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is intended to study the destruction mechanism of yarns of different structures under different types of deformations that occur during their textile processing (weaving, knitting, etc.). Improving the wear resistance of yams is one of the main ways to determine the causes of their destruction in textile processing with their subsequent elimination. The significance of this problem is determined by the fact that increasing the reliability and endurance of yams is equivalent to increasing output without additional labor and material resources. The ability of yarns for textile processing is mainly determined by their mechanical characteristics in tension: tensile strength and elongation, endurance, longevity, cyclic elongation, and the like. In the regulatory documents, this ability is mainly assessed only by the indicators of tensile strength and elongation, which does not fully characterize their behavior in textile processing. Therefore, the study of the features of the yam destruction under different types of mechanical interactions, as well as the impact of their structure on the process of destruction, is relevant for predicting their endurance and developing a new range of textile fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extant literature has scant detail about everyday spiritual practices that aid Indigenous young people. This paper systematically explores Indigenous Spirituality, health, and well-being through Elder-governed yarns conducted via Zoom with 44 Aboriginal Elders, Healers, and Senior and Junior people involved in health and well-being of the Victorian Aboriginal community. These yarns were analyzed through an innovative, constructivist, multi-perspectival discursive grounded theory method. Key findings are that Spirituality is crucial for health and well-being, leading to a clear mind and at-peace “center” in a person. Aboriginal spiritual practices reflect the unique characteristics and essential rhythms of Country. Spiritual development is incremental and increases the obligations and responsibilities a person has to community and Country and leads to increased caring for Country. This paper provides rich detail about practical spiritual techniques to aid Indigenous young people and their kinship networks. It has the potential to shape future policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, tungsten oxide and polyaniline hybrid films were deposited on the surface of stainless steel yarns by electrochemical deposition, and the electrochromic yarns with double electrochromic layer structure were formed. WO 3 acts as a protective layer and binder to connect PANI nanorods, thereby improving electrochemical stability and electrochromic performance. The electrochromic yarns present five color changes in the voltage range of −0.4 V-1.1 V, the optical modulation of 59.98 %, the response time of 0.75 s, the coloration efficiency of 74.89 cm2/C, good electrochemical cycling stability (100 cycles without significant degeneration) and washing durability. At the same time, stable electrochromic behavior is still maintained in the bending state. The device based electrochromic yarns also has reversible multi-color variation, fast reaction time, and long-term stability. What's more, the device can be embroidered or woven into the fabric and designed into patterns of different colors. More color combinations can be achieved by adjusting the voltage. Finally, the fabric based on multifunction electrochromic yarns are used to study the thermal shielding performance. It can effectively block thermal radiation. These results indicate that the electrochromic yarn has promising potential for high-performance optical and thermal regulation applications. This research provides a prospective strategy for constructing multifunctional electronic devices in wearable application. • Flexible WO 3 /PANI/stainless steel yarns were prepared by electrochemical deposition method. • Electrochromic yarns exhibit multicolor variation, fast switching speed, good cycling stability and washing durability. • Yarn based electrochromic device presents excellent electrochromic properties and long-term stability. • Multifunctional electrochromic device with optical modulation and thermal regulation is first constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The realization of the exceptional intrinsic properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) remains a significant challenge in the field of CNT yarns and films. A fundamental lack of understanding regarding how the bundle dimensions determines the properties and how to control these bundles has resulted in insufficient performances of CNT-based components. Recognizing the absence of systematic guidelines for preparing high-performance CNT yarns or films, our focus has been on investigating the driving forces behind multidimensional CNT bundles to uncover structure-property correlations based on the dimension. We have revisited the state-of-the-art progress in engineering methods for microstructure to provide insights on achieving the desired microstructure. The interdependencies between electrical and mechanical properties, as well as the agglomeration and alignment behavior of both nanoscale and microscale bundles, emphasize the importance of selecting between dried-state engineering and swollen-state engineering of bundles within CNT yarns or films depending on their dimensions. On the basis of consideration and discussions on the advanced technologies and theoretical approaches, we have proposed possible routes to further enhance the properties of CNT yarns and films. • Systematic guidelines of fabricating high-performance CNT yarn or films are addressed. • The driving forces behind the formation and determination of CNT bundles based on dimension are highlighted. • The correlation between dimension of CNT bundles and properties of CNT yarn or film is discussed. • Tailor-fit engineering methods for CNT bundles according to dimension are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stainless-steel fibre hybrid spun yarns are becoming increasingly popular due to their wide range of applications. In this aspect, the cost-effective and scalable processing of such yarns is highly important. Stainless-steel staple fibres are relatively heavier and weaker compared to conventional textile fibres. As a result, the staple spinning processing of these fibres showing higher tensile strength and productivity both at the same time is quite challenging. In this manuscript, we explored a number of spinning techniques to find the optimised method of producing low-twist and high-strength stainless-steel fibre hybrid spun yarns offering the advantage of both quality and productivity. Conventional ring spinning, folding and twisting, and advanced ring spinning techniques (ARSTs) such as pneumatic compact ring spinning and pneumatic compact SIRO spinning were employed in this study. Additionally, the plain and SIRO yarns were produced in two forms using the compact spinning method, one with pneumatic suction active (compact plain, compact SIRO) and other with pneumatic suction inactive (noncompact plain, noncompact SIRO). The tensile properties of yarns were tested and analysed. The results reveal that the tensile properties of conventional ring-spun and plied yarns can be enhanced to some extent by increasing the twist coefficient (TC) and the number of yarn plies, respectively. In contrast, by finding optimised spinning parameters, a substantially higher tensile strength (up to 16%) of yarns, produced at ARSTs, was observed even at the minimum level of TC used in experiments. The findings of the study are extremely valuable in terms of scaling up the production of high-quality metallic fibre hybrid spun yarns at a higher productivity level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ring spinning is the end of the stages of the cotton yarn spinning by traditional methods Before Yarn winding Process, and is characterized by being one of the best methods used to produce thin yarns with high durability of short fibers, it can also produce cotton yarns from No. 4 to No. 240 E, and due to the multiplicity Types of cotton material, and multiple sources, the research was conducted to unclear the impact of the use of different types of cotton on the quality of yarns produced by The ring spinning of yarn, and this study was conducted with the aim of the possibility of producing cotton yarns with different materials and types with different number ring spinning system with better properties in functional performance In the production of (12) samples of cotton yarn with (4) different cotton materials (Giza 86, Giza 90, Greek cotton, Burkina cotton),and (3) cotton yarns of different number (16/1, 20/1, 24/1), and conducted various tests (RKM, elongation, Naps, thick places, thin places and the percentage of irregularities on the yarns to illustrate the effect of using different types of cotton material on the yarns produced in the study, and the results after statistical analysis showed a clear difference in many tests, which shows the obvious effect of the research variables on the produced yarns, and the importance of research in determining the best Types of cotton material used in the production Yarns of different numbers, which are produced by ring spinning system, reflected on job performance, and the results were within RKM values for Giza 86 cotton reached the highest, while it came for the lowest Burkina cotton material, The elongation values for the highest Greek cotton, while the elongation values For the lower Burkina cotton material, The values of Naps of the highest Burkina cotton material, while the value of the cotton material came Giza 86 least, Values came in the thickest places of the highest Burkina cotton material, while the values of the cotton material Giza 90 were lowest , The values of the thin places of the highest Greek cotton material, while the value of the thin places of the lowest the cotton came to Giza 86, and Giza 90, , The percentage of irregularity of the highest Burkina cotton material was achieved, while the cotton material came to Giza 86 the least.

The adhesive-aided ring spinning (AARS) which takes advantage of wetting and adhesion of solution on fibrous strand to re-twist fiber ends into yarns, thus optimizes the yarn formation during spinning process. To investigate the adhesion effect in the AARS, CMC-Na and PAM/PVA were chosen as the basic and auxiliary adhesive respectively to explain the interaction mechanism between fibers and solution. The analysis of solution performance in terms of the similar polarity with cotton fiber proves that the adhesive force goes up with the increase of surface tension when it is under 98 mN/m, while, the lower surface tension contributes to a better wetting effect. The appropriate adhesive solutions including CMC-Na/PAM solution and CMC-Na/PVA solution complete the desired adhesion effect due to the analysis of the attachment amount of solution on fibrous strand during AARS process. In addition, the adhesive solution makes fibers on the surface of fibrous strand stick tighter and decreases the yarn diameter by up to 8.6 %. The experimental results state that both better wetting effect and adhesive force are crucial to achieve a better adhesion effect and that it is the key for improving yarn performance. The AARS yarns have less hairiness, higher breaking strength and stronger abrasion resistance, and the data also verify the analysis of adhesion effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the lack of research on the effect of structural factors and the different seams process on the functional performance of the upholstery fabrics, this study was conducted to identify the effect of some structural factors for these fabrics. Synthetic yarns such as (polyester texture, polyester flat, polypropylene) used as wefts, densities of these wefts (15-20-25) per cm, and some types of seams during fabric production (simple seam - compound seam - French seam), For the purpose of producing furniture fabrics with more characteristics suitable for the functional performance produced for it (upholstery fabrics) using some structural structure variables (different yarns of different density) and different seams, with consistency of fabric and texture composition used, showing the importance of research in determining the most important factors affecting Producing distinct types of upholstery fabrics suitable for efficient use as upholstery fabrics, and their reflection on their functional performance. The applied statistics were used to compare the above variables, and the statistical radar was used to select the best research samples produced after the mechanical tests on the finished products. There was a clear variation in the test results of the samples under study (tensile strength, friction resistance and tear resistance), which showed a direct effect of the materials and the density of the wefts and the quality of the sewing seams on the different characteristics of the functional performance of the fabrics produced, Of the final product1- Polypropylene yarns achieved the highest values for tensile strength and tear resistance, while texture polyester achieved the lowest values for these properties in the produced fabrics.2- Polypropylene and flat polyester yarns achieved the highest values for friction resistance, while texture polyester yarn achieved a lower value for friction properties.3- (25)weftcm achieved the highest values of the properties of tensile strength and resistance to tear, while (15)weftcm the lowest values of these properties, in the fabrics produced.4- Polypropylene yarns achieved the highest values for the strength of the sewing strength, while the polyester yarn was the least value for the strength of the sewing strength.5- The composite (English) seam achieved the highest values of the sewing tensile strength, while the basic seam achieved the lowest values of the strength, and achieved the French seam intermediate values between the two mentioned above.6- The highest sewing strength for the best research samples were all for the English composite seam.

Knowing the reflection, transmission, and absorption properties of the yarns from which the woven fabric is made, prediction of a fabric’s UV-protective properties is simple. Using the geometrical properties of monofilament yarns and fabrics, which were determined optically, and following the cover factor theory, we have determined the areas of fabrics covered with no yarns, only one yarn, and two yarns. From a special selected set of high-module polyethylene terephthalate (PET) monofilament materials (e.g., fabrics), we have elaborated a method for determining the reflection, transmission, and absorption of yarns. By first defining the differently covered areas of fabrics, we were able to use them in a mathematical model for calculating and predicting the UV-protective properties of the fabrics. The calculated and measured values of the UV-protective properties of the selected test fabrics were highly correlated, with a correlation coefficient >0.98.

The increasing demand of cotton and low production rate to fulfill the world requirements boosted the production of regenerated cellulose-based fibers. The purpose of this work was to compare the performance and comfort properties of regenerated cellulose fibers. For this purpose, cotton, viscose, modal, bamboo, and viscose fibers were taken. The pure blends of each fiber and 50:50 blends of modal blended with cotton fiber and regenerated fibers were taken. Normal yarn of count 20 tex was made and then plain woven fabrics were prepared. The warp-wise and weft-wise tensile and tear strengths were recorded. In addition, tests of air permeability, moisture management, thermal resistance test, and water vapor permeability were executed. It is found that the 100% modal fabrics give higher mechanical and comfort properties. In case of blends, modal:viscose (50:50) gives higher mechanical and comfort properties in woven fabrics.

Due to "insensibilis perspiration" process of the human body, the textile materials for the garment products, must have vapour permeability. In order to feel the thermo physiological comfort during clothing wear, the vapour permeability values must be correlated with the environment, the body conditions and factor related to the fabrics (finishing treatments, structure, raw materials).Vapour permeability capacity through fabrics are important properties of fabrics that influence the comfort of thermo-physiological products for apparel products. Chemical finishing processes applied to textile materials can improve or reduce the vapour permeability capability depending on the destination. Textile dyeing and film finishing processes influence the vapour permeability and implicitly, the other thermophysiological comfort features (air permeability, thermal insulation) that determine the use of a textile fabric.The paper presents the results of the researches realized on samples of fabrics with different structures, made from polyester yarns in the warp system, with different length densities. The purpose of the research is to emphasize the influence of chemical finishing processes (dyeing and waterproofing through film coating) on vapour permeability values. The experimental values obtained for vapour permeability as well as the calculated coefficients of vaporization, as a direct indicator of this thermo physiological comfort feature, have allowed the determination of the range of use of the analysed fabrics.

In this experimental study, it is investigated, comparatively, the effect on abrasion resistance of the presence of different type of yarns in the structure of knitted fabrics, used for mattress covers. The most significant problem is abrasion wear, which reduce the product 's life and quantify the fabric’s durability under repetitive friction. Complex knits, with various fibrous compositions, and different masses, were subjected to rubbing wear, tested on the NU-Martindale device, then the samples were microscopically evaluated. The results demonstrated the influence of raw material and the number of friction cycles until the material fails. The polyester and viscose textile support showed the highest friction wear resistance. There were presented: the samples subjected to tests, the decrease of the abrasion resistance after the friction tests, the microscopic aspects and the mass loss of the degraded samples. Future studies will also investigate other physico-mechanical characteristics of these types of products with the most demanding requirements that offer high durability and performance.

Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) for stains found on non‐porous surfaces has matured into a powerful forensic science tool based on fluid mechanics principles. The same cannot be said when bloodstains are found on porous substrates, such as textiles. This is partially due to the complex nature of textiles with tens of thousands of different materials in addition to unknown wear characteristics. In this study, three single jersey knit fabrics were manufactured from 100% cotton ring‐spun yarns of linear densities of 12, 20, and 30 Ne (492, 295, and 197 dtex, respectively) and nearly identical twist multipliers. Single drops of porcine blood of 2, 10, 30, and 60 µL were allowed to fall 1 cm (to eliminate the impact of blood velocity) onto each fabric to understand the effects of yarn size on wicking and bloodstains. The size of the stain was then measured and compared for different fabrics and blood drop sizes. Wicking of blood into the fabric was fastest for the largest yarn fabrics, but more extensive wicking occurred on finer yarn fabrics resulting in much larger stains. All stains were highly altered due to wicking of blood. The findings from this paper might help the forensic scientists in understanding wicking in textiles and comparing stains on different textiles to gain a better understanding of bloodstains on textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auxetic materials, including textiles, exhibit a negative Poisson's ratio (NPR), which is of interest for many applications. This research aims to optimize the structural parameters of helical auxetic yarns (HAYs) and to evaluate the auxetic performance of these yarns. The research reports on the improvement of auxetic yarn quality and the yarn auxeticity through studying the effect of helical angles, diameter ratio and tensile moduli of the two plies, as well as the binder filament feeding. The maximum NPR of the optimized auxetic yarns was experimentally achieved as low as –9.6, with the helical angle of around 14.0° on average using the optimal machine setting. The optimized yarn parameters enabled the making of high-quality auxetic yarns with a wider range of machine settings than before. In parallel, theoretical and numerical studies were carried out for the engineering design of auxetic yarns, which enabled comparisons among the experimental results, calculated results and results from finite element analysis. The comparison showed that a lower initial helical angle, higher tensile modulus of the wrap ply and lower tensile modulus of the core ply led to a higher auxetic effect. A new finding is reported in that a concave relationship between the diameter ratio and the NPR was discovered. The results of this study could assist researchers in producing HAYs, and this type of HAY could be used for many potential applications, such as filtration and impact protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of nanomaterials (NMs) to a fibrous substrate has expanded the spectrum of its applications to various fields of life such as construction, medicine, protection, and energy. These promising outcomes are driving scientists to further explore this area from various aspects, including the introduction of different classes of NMs, their application through numerous approaches, and the potential achievement of various properties. A diamond nanoparticle is a biocompatible material with extraordinary thermal, mechanical, chemical, and optical properties. Nanodiamond (ND) has been extensively studied for its composites with polymers, fabrication, properties, and applications. It was attempted to combine ND with fibrous materials in nanofiber, fiber, filaments, yarns, and fabric, which opened up a new potential application area of ND in textiles. The fabrication, surface characterization, properties, and application of ND with various forms of fibrous materials are outlined in this review, which could be useful for paving the way for researchers to take some advanced steps in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical conductors based on carbons have recently attracted a growing interest due to the prospect of replacing metals. Electrical conductors without metals could represent not only an alternative for traditional wiring, but also a step forward in the progress and advancing of technology. This result can be achieved by combining high electrical conductivity with other properties, that are dexterity, light weight, environmental stability, high strength and flexibility. As the best mechanical properties, high electrical/thermal conductivity of the assembled fibers are all generally associated with low concentration of defects in the fiber backbone and in the individual carbon “building blocks”, a special attention is paid to an empirical relationship between morphology/structure/composition and the electrical properties. In this review, starting from the beginning, from the late 19th century, when the carbon filaments became the lights for urban streets, some of the recent developments in the field of “all-carbon” electrical conductors are discussed. Such conductors can be obtained by assembling nanoscale carbons (i.e., carbon nanotubes, graphene) into macroscopic fibers, yarns and ropes (hereafter fibers). In this perspective, the role played by the chemistry in particular by means of the molecular-level control and doping, is emphasized. This contribution elucidates most recent results in the field, and envisages new potential applications.