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We propose a novel systematization of positron-decaying atomic nuclei, for which we first focus on determining the kinetic energy of the most energetic positron at the moment it is emitted from the nucleus. We find that this energy is inversely proportional to the number of nucleons A making up the nucleus. Further on, for A > 6 0 , we figure out that the measured kinetic energy of positrons detected in the laboratory turns out to be substantially less than what one would classically expect based on the electrical interaction between the nucleus and the positron, starting from the moment the latter gets emitted. We particularly disclose that the initial kinetic energy of the positron escaping from the nucleus can be formally negative at A > 6 0 , which indicates that the positron in question is not released from the classically conceived nuclear surface, but from much above the said surface. This requires the need to involve the quantum mechanical properties of the system composed of "the nucleus and the positron". Finally, we show how the half-life, mass, kinetic energy and size involved in positron-decay are interrelated in a way already established through Yarman's approach (YA) for polyatomic molecules and α -decaying nuclei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yarman’s Approach, which serves as the basis of YARK gravitation theory (as abbreviated from “Yarman-Arık-Kholmetskii”), together with its recently developed extension QTG (Quantal Theory of Gravity), motivated us to question the suitability of Natural Units commonly used in Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and other areas of physics. That and the consensus of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) towards the establishment of “New SI” inspired us to explore an appropriate way of normalizing the metric system in order to make the utmost theoretical speed limit of light c and the Planck Constant h unities, as well as universal constants, respectively. Our metrological approach herein reveals that the correction factor k introduced to the retired definition of vacuum permeability µ0 — as extracted from an indiscriminate Fine-Structure Constant α value — does not suffice to align the computed α with the latest experimental measurements of α. One may therefore require a rectified value for the elementary charge e along with the need to restore its uncertainty digits. All this is especially relevant within the context of the 20 May 2019 international decision to fix the Planck Constant to a definite value while letting the kilogram vary instead. One thus remarkably ends up with the necessity to either restore the uncertainty parts of the elementary charge in contrast to the SI redefinition, or to recalculate the correction factor k that latterly appears in vacuum permeability, or both. Another far-reaching option is the idea of restituting the uncertainties for the Planck Constant and/or lightspeed too when SI is normalized and then re-normalized without disturbing the meaningfulness of the related physical dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recall that a consistent description of the Thomas precession and Thomas–Wigner rotation is impossible without introducing a "tracking rule" into the structure of the special theory of relativity (STR), as we have shown in our publications (A.L. Kholmetskii and T. Yarman. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 132, 400 (2017); A.L. Kholmetskii, O.V. Missevitch, T. Yarman, and M. Arik. Europhys. Lett. 129, 3006 (2020)). The purely phenomenological origin of this rule in the framework of STR allows assuming the existence of a more general theory of empty space–time than STR, where the "tracking rule" is intrinsically incorporated into its structure. We find a possible way of developing such a generalized theory of empty space–time, where the "tracking rule" naturally arises, and propose an experimental scheme for its verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We predict anomalous gravitational bending of gamma rays using the gravitational framework of Yarman's approach, abbreviated hereinafter as 'YARK' from the initials of the co-authors to designate their teamwork. In contrast to the metric layout of the general theory of relativity (GTR), YARK theory is founded directly on the energy conservation law pertaining to interaction between masses. Despite the fact that predictions made respectively by GTR and YARK regarding cornerstone astrophysical observations appear remarkably identical to each other, the philosophies behind them are irreconcilably different. To test which theory comes closer to the reality, one should propose ways to distinguish their success at the experimental level. Note that bending of light in GTR represents a purely metric effect, which cannot depend on the energy of photons, whereas YARK conceptually allows the deflection of photons across a gravitational environment contingent upon either their wave-like or corpuscular-like behavior. In the case of 'wave-like propagation', which we deem particular to low-energy photons (including the visible range), YARK arrives at the same results as GTR; whereas for high-energy gamma-quanta, which we deem to signify 'corpuscular-like propagation', the deflection in a gravitational field practically vanishes in YARK. Given this opportunity to test YARK theory against GTR, we discuss possible experimental setups relevant to the subject. Key words: gravitational bending of light, YARK gravitation theory, general theory of relativity. Nous predisons une deflexion anomale des rayons gamma en utilisant le cadre gravitationnel dit approche de Yarman (YA), abreviation YARK pour souligner les noms des co-auteurs. Contrairement au cadre metrique de la relativite generale (GTR), la theorie YARK est fondee directement sur la loi de conservation de l'energie pertinente a l'interaction entre les masses. Malgre le fait que les predictions faites par GTR et YARK sur les mesures astrophysiques les plus marquantes soient remarquablement identiques, les philosophies qui les soutiennent sont irreconciliables. Afin de verifier quelle theorie est la plus proche de la realite physique, il faut trouver une facon de les distinguer au niveau experimental. Notons que la deflexion de la lumiere en GTR est un effet purement geometrique qui ne peut dependre de l'energie des photons, alors que YARK predit une deflexion de la lumiere qui peut varier selon que la lumiere est du type onde ou du type particule. Dans le cas du comportement onde, qui s'applique mieux aux photons de basse energie (incluant le visible), YARK et GTE donnent le meme resultat. Par contre pour le comportement du type particule, mieux associe aux photons de haute energie, YARK ne predit pratiquement aucune deflexion. Etant donnee cette difference, nous discutons ici d'un test possible entre les deux theories. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: deflexion gravitationnelle de la lumiere, theorie YARK de la gravite, theorie de la relativite generale. PACS No.: 04.20.-q., 1. Introduction Yarman's approach (YA), which describes gravitational interaction for any plausible celestial setup, was originally presented in refs. 1-8, and has since been further developed with the participation of [...]

We herein show that the classical Pound-Rebka (P-R) result is furnished within the framework of Yarman-Arik-Kholmetskii gravitation theory, which we will call YARK in short, in terms of the energy shift of resonant [gamma]-radiation under Earth's gravitational field. Previous successes of YARK in satisfactorily dealing with the precession of the perihelion of Mercury, gravitational redshift, Shapiro delay, lensing effect, anomalous light-bending of gamma quanta, dark energy, accelerated cosmic expansion, analytical derivation of the Hubble constant, and additional time dilation in Mossbauer rotor setups makes it further applicable to past experiments like P-R that has so far been thought to validate the general theory of relativity (GTR). We discuss the P-R outcome of YARK and compare it with what is furnished by GTR. Key words: YARK gravitation theory, Pound and Rebka experiment, general theory of relativity. Nous montrons ici que les resultats classiques de Pound-Rebka (P-R) sont reproduits dans le cadre de la theorie de la gravitation de Yarman-Arik-Kholmestkii, appelee ici YARK, en termes du deplacement en energie de la radiation [gamma] resonante dans le champ de gravite de la Terre. Les succes passes de la theorie YARK pour decrire la precession de la perihelie de Mercure, le deplacement vers le rouge gravitationnel, le delai de Shapiro, l'effet de lentille, la courbure anomale de la trajectoire des rayons [gamma], l'energie sombre, l'expansion cosmique acceleree, la derivation analytique de la constante de Hubble et la dilation temporelle additionnelle dans les rotors de Mossbauer, la rendent encore plus applicable aux experiences passees, comme P-R qu'on croyait jusqu'a maintenant valider la theorie generale de la relativite (TGR). Nous discutons l'apparition de P-R dans YARK et la comparons avec le resultat fourni par TGR. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: theorie de la gravitation YARK, l'experience de Pound et Rebka, la theorie de la relativite generale. PACS No.: 95.30.Sf., 1. Introduction We have been asked on different occasions whether Yarman-Arik-Kholmetskii (YARK) gravitation theory--which is erected on the original foundation long ago advanced by Yarman--satisfactorily yields the Pound and Rebka [...]

We continue to analyze the implications of the gravitational framework of our theoretical approach, christened YARK (abbreviated from Yarman-Arik-Kholmetskii), with respect to super-massive celestial bodies. We emphasize in particular that a gravitating test particle in the presence of a ponderable mass must adhere to the law of energy conservation, which remarkably does not yield any singularity according to YARK. Even so, for a given spherically shaped extremely compact super-massive body, one can achieve a theoretical radius below which 'light' of, say, the visible frequency range can indeed be trapped. Yet, such a radius comes out to be tens of times shorter than the threshold radius for black hole formation as established by the general theory of relativity (GTR). In accordance with our derivations, the minimal mass for a celestial object capable of recapturing emitted light in its environs--similar to textbook 'intermediate class black holes'--is found to be about [10.sup.3]MS, where MS stands for the mass of the Sun. For less massive celestial objects, the crucial radius that produces a 'YARK black hole' (i.e., without singularity) corresponds to a higher density than the density of a baryon; and hence, such entities cannot apparently exist in nature. Black holes allowed therefore in our approach are not related, in any case, to the singularity conceptualization of GTR. As a consequence, we are able to present a resolution to the 'black hole information paradox'. The findings of YARK will be discussed hereinafter with regards to the foundations of observational cosmology. Key words: black hole, singularity, event horizon, general theory of relativity, YARK theory, Yarman's Approach. Nous continuons a analyser les implications du cadre gravitationnel de notre approche theorique, baptisee YARK (pour Yarman-Arik-Kholmestkii), applicable aux corps celestes super-massifs. Nous soulignons en particulier le fait qu'une particule test gravitant autour d'une masse ponderable doit obeir a la loi de conservation de l'energie qui, remarquablement, ne montre aucune singularite dans le cadre YARK. Malgre tout, pour un corps super-massif extremement compact de symetrie spherique, on peut trouver un rayon theorique sous lequel de la lumiere, disons visible, serait captive. Neanmoins, ce rayon est des dizaines de fois plus court que le rayon seuil de formation d'un trou noir tel que donne par la relativite generale (GTR). Dans notre modele, nous calculons que la masse minimale pour qu'un objet celeste soit capable de capturer de la lumiere dans ses environs--similaire a la classe intermediaire de trous noirs des manuels scolaires--est de l'ordre de [10.sup.3] MS ou MS est la masse du soleil. Pour des objets celestes moins massifs, le rayon critique qui produit un trou noir YARK (sans singularite) correspond a une densite plus elevee que celle d'un hadron et, de ce fait, ne semble pas pouvoir exister dans la nature. Les trous noirs prevus dans notre approche n'ont aucun rapport avec ceux de la GTR qui resultent d'une singularite. Comme consequence, nous sommes capables de presenter une solution au paradoxe de l'information (dans le trou noir). Nous discutons ci-dessous les consequences de YARK sur les fondements de la cosmologie observationnelle. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : trou noir, singularite, horizon des evenements, theorie de la relativite generale, theorie YARK, approche de Yarman. PACS Nos.: 95.30.Sf, 1. Introduction General theory of relativity (GTR) predicts the existence of black holes in the Universe owing to singularity of spatial metric in the case of a radially symmetric gravitational [...]

We show that the familiar 4/3 problem originates from the incorrect determination of the momentum of the electromagnetic field generated by an isolated charged particle, which results from an incorrect application of the Poynting theorem to the field. To demonstrate this, we consider a macroscopic problem: splitting a charged oil droplet into two identical smaller droplets in the rest frame K of the original droplet, and in another inertial frame K' moving with respect to K with some constant velocity, and arrive at a physically senseless solution in the framework of the standard approach. To solve this problem in a correct way, we suggest a modified Poynting theorem for an isolated charge and recalculate the momentum of the electromagnetic field of this charge, which yields the usual relativistic relationship between the field energy and momentum. Our approach is not at odds with the idea about 'Poincare stresses'; however, in contrast to the standard method, it provides a usual relationship between the 'Poincare stress-energy' and the associated momentum stress component. Finally, the continuity equation in four-dimensional form for the case of isolated moving charge is also proposed, which completely resolves the 4/3 problem. PACS No.: 41.20.-q. Nous montrons que le probleme familier du 4/3 vient d'une evaluation incorrecte de la quantite de mouvement du champ electromagnetique genere par une particule chargee isolee, resultant d'une application incorrecte du theoreme de Poynting au champ electromagnetique. Afin d'en faire la demonstration, nous considerons le probleme macroscopique ou on separe une gouttelette d'huile chargee en deux gouttelettes identiques plus petites dans le referentiel au repos K de la gouttelette originale et dans un autre referentiel inertiel K' se deplacant a une vitesse constante par rapport a K ; l'approche habituelle mene alors a une solution qui n'a pas de sens physique. Afin de resoudre correctement ce probleme, nous proposons un theoreme de Poynting modifie pour une charge isolee et recalculons la quantite de mouvement du champ electromagnetique de cette charge, qui donne une relation relativiste habituelle entre l'energie du champ et sa quantite de mouvement. Notre approche n'est pas en desaccord avec les contraintes de Poincare, en effet, contrairement a l'approche standard elle produit une relation habituelle entre l'energie-impulsion de Poincare et la composante d'impulsion associee. Finalement, nous proposons une equation de continuite en 4 dimensions pour la charge isolee en mouvement qui resout completement le probleme du facteur 4/3. [Traduit par le Redaction], 1. Introduction The 4/3 problem was formulated soon after the development of classical electrodynamics, and it is considered to this day as a manifestation of the self-inconsistency of this theory [...]

We continue the analysis of Thomas-Wigner rotation (TWR) and Thomas precession (TP) initiated in (Kholmetskii and Yarman. Can. J. Phys. 92,1232 (2014). doi:10.1139/cjp-2014-0015; Kholmetskii et al. Can. J. Phys. 92,1380 (2014). doi:10.1139/cjp-2014-0140), where a number of points of serious inconsistency have been found in the relativistic explanation of these effects. These findings motivated us to address covariant ether theories (CET), as suggested by the first author (Kholmetskii. Phys. Scr. 67, 381 (2003)) and to show that both TWR and TP find a perfect explanation in CET. We briefly reproduce the main points of CET, which are constructed on the basis of general symmetries of empty space-time, general relativity principles, and classical causality, instead of Einstein's postulates of the special theory of relativity (STR). We demonstrate that with respect to all known relativistic experiments performed to date in all areas of physics, both theories, STR and CET, yield identical results. We further show that the only effect that differentiates STR and CET is the measurement of time-dependent TWR of two inertial frames, [K.sub.1] and [K.sub.2], related by the rotation-free Lorentz transformation with a third inertial frame, [K.sub.0], in the situation, where the relative velocity between [K.sub.1] and [K.sub.2] remains fixed. We discuss the results obtained and suggest a novel experiment, which can be classified as a new crucial test of STR. PACS Nos.: 03.30.+p. Nous continuons ici l'analyse de la rotation de Thomas-Wigner (TWR) et de la precession de Thomas (TP) debutee dans (Kholmetskii and Yarman. Can. J. Phys. 92, 1232 (2014). doi:10.1139/cjp-2014-0015; Kholmetskii et al. Can. J. Phys. 92, 1380 (2014). doi:10.1139/cjp-2014-0140), ou nous avons identifie de serieuses incoherences dans l'explication relativiste de ces phenomenes. Ces trouvailles nous motivent pour tester les theories covariantes de l'ether (CET) suggerees par le premier auteur (Kholmetskii. Phys. Scr. 67, 381 (2003)) et demontrer que TWR et TP trouvent une parfaite description dans CET. Nous reprenons brievement les principaux points des CET, qui sont construites sur la base de symetries generales de l'espace-temps vide, le principe de la relativite generale et la causalite classique, plutot que sur le theorie de la relativite restreinte d'Einstein (STP). Nous demontrons que CET et STR donnent des resultats identiques en decrivant toutes les mesures relativistes faites a date dans tous les domaines de la physique. Nous montrons de plus que la seule experience qui pourrait faire la difference entre CET et STR implique la mesure dependante du temps de deux TWR de deux referentiels inertiels, [K.sub.1] et [K.sub.2], relies par une transformation de Lorentz sans rotation a un troisieme referentiel inertiel [K.sub.0], dans une situation ou la vitesse relative entre [K.sub.1] et [K.sub.2] demeure fixe. Nous analysons les resultats et suggerons une experience qui serait un test crucial pour STR. [Traduit par la Redaction], 1. Introduction In our recent papers [1, 2] we have reanalyzed the Thomas-Wigner rotation (TWR) and Thomas precession (TP), revealing a number of missed points in their physical interpretation. Now [...]

We show that in the derivation of the frequency of Thomas precession, the fact of implementation of rotation-free Lorentz transformations between a laboratory frame, [K.sub.L], and Lorentz frames K(t) co-moving with a particle with spin at any time moments, t, has principal importance. Choosing for the observation of the particle's motion any other inertial frame, K, related with [K.sub.L] by the rotation-free transformation, we have to realize that the transformations between K and K(t) at any t are no longer rotation-free. This way we provide a resolution of the known paradox by Bacry (H. Bacry. Nuovo Cimento, 26,1164 (1962)) and suggest a reinterpretation of the Thomas precession, which is further discussed. PACS Nos.: 03.30.+p. Nous montrons que dans la derivation de la frequence de precession de Thomas, c'est un facteur primordial d'introduire une transformation de Lorentz sans rotation entre le referentiel du laboratoire [K.sub.L] et les referentiels comobiles K(t) avec une particule avec spin a tout moment t. Choisissant pour observer le mouvement de la particule tout autre referentiel inertiel K, relie a [K.sub.L] par une transformation sans rotation, nous devons realiser que la transformation entre K et K(t) n'est plus sans rotation. De cette facon, nous obtenons une solution au paradoxe de Bacry (H. Bacry, Nuovo Cimento, 26,1164 (1962)) et nous suggerons une reinterpretation de la precession de Thomas, que nous discutons plus avant. [Traduit par la Redaction], 1. Introduction In our paper [1] we have reanalyzed the Thomas-Wigner rotation (TWR) and Thomas precession (TP) via the definition of parallel and nonparallel coordinate systems (see, e.g., ref. 2) [...]

Reinforcement of the puzzle about the proton charge radius, [r.sub.E], stimulated by the recent experiment with muonic hydrogen (Antognini et al. Science, 339,417 (2013)) induced new discussions on the subject, and now some physicists are ready to adopt the exotic properties of the muon, lying beyond the Standard Model, to explain the difference between the results of muonic hydrogen experiments ([r.sub.E] = 0.840 87(39) fm) and the CODATA-2010 value [r.sub.E] = 0.8775(51) fm based on electron-proton scattering and hydrogen spectroscopy. In the present contribution we suggest a way to achieve progress in the entire problem via paying attention on some logical inconsistency of fundamental equations of atomic physics, constructed by analogy with corresponding classical equations without, however, taking into account the purely bound nature of electromagnetic fields generated by the electrically bound particles in stationary energy states. We suggest eliminating this inconsistency via introducing some appropriate correcting factors into these equations, which explicitly involve the requirement of total momentum conservation in the system 'bound particles and their fields' in the absence of electromagnetic radiation. We further show that this approach allows us not only to eliminate long-standing discrepancies between theory and experiment in the precise physics of simple atoms, but also yields the same estimation (though with different uncertainties) for the proton size in the classic 2S-2P Lamb shift in hydrogen, 1S Lamb shift in hydrogen, and 2S--2P Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen, with the mean value [r.sub.E] = 0.841 fm. Finally, we suggest the crucial experiment for verification of the validity of pure bound field corrections: the measurement of decay rate of bound moun in various meso-atoms, especially at large Z, where the standard calculations and our predictions essentially deviate from each other, and some of the available experimental results (Yovanovitch. Phys. Rev. 117,1580 (1960)) strongly support our approach. PACS Nos.: 31.30.-i, 31.30.J-, 31.30.jf. De recents resultats experimentaux sur l'hydrogene muonique ont renforce le casse-tete du rayon de charge du proton (Antognini et al. Science, 339, 417 (2013)) et ont amene de nouvelles discussions sur le sujet. Maintenant certains physiciens sont meme prets a adopter la notion d'un muon exotique en dehors du modele standard, afin d'expliquer la difference entre le resultat de l'hydrogene muonique ([r.sub.E] = 0.840 87(39) fm) et la valeur de CODATA-2010 ([r.sub.E] = 0.8775(51) fm) qui est basee sur la diffusion proton-electron et sur la spectroscopie de l'hydrogene. Notre contribution ici est de suggerer une facon de resoudre l'ensemble du probleme en payant attention a certaines incoherences logiques dans les equations fondamentales de la physique atomique, construites par analogie avec les equations classiques correspondantes, sans tenir compte de la nature purement liee des champs electromagnetiques generes par des particules liees dans des etats stationnaires d'energie. Nous suggerons d'eliminer ces incoherences en introduisant, dans ces equations, des facteurs appropries de correction qui garantissent explicitement la conservation de la quantite de mouvement totale du systeme constitue des particules liees et de leurs champs, en l'absence de radiation electromagnetique. De plus, nous montrons que cette approche nous permet d'eliminer les divergences recurentes entre theorie et mesures precises en physique d'atomes simples. L'approche donne aussi la meme valeur (avec des imprecisions differentes) pour la grosseur electrique du proton dans le classique deplacement de Lamb 2S--2P dans l'hydrogene, le deplacement de Lamb 1S dans l'hydrogene et le deplacement de Lamb 2S--2P dans l'hydrogene muonique, avec une valeur moyenne de [r.sub.E] = 0.841 fm. Finalement, nous suggerons une experience cruciale pour verifier la validite de ces corrections de champ purement lie : la mesure du taux de desintegration du meson lie dans differents meso-atomes, specialement pour des Z eleves, ou les calculs standard et nos predictions devient essentiellement les uns des autres. Certains resultats experimentaux existants (Yovanovitch. Phys. Rev. 117,1580 (1960)) supportent notre approche. [Traduit par la Redaction], 1. Introduction In a recent paper, Antognini et al. [1] reported the new result of measurement of the proton charge radius [r.sub.E] via the laser spectroscopy in muonic hydrogen ([r.sub.E] [...]