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We study a modified version of the classical Ulrich modules, which we call $c$-Ulrich. Unlike the traditional setting, $c$-Ulrich modules always exist. We prove that these modules retain many of the essential properties and applications observed in the literature. Additionally, we reveal their significance as obstructions to Cohen-Macaulay properties of tensor products. Leveraging this insight, we show the utility of these modules in testing the finiteness of homological dimensions across various scenarios., Comment: 22 pages

We study the vanishing of (co)homology along ring homomorphisms for modules that admit certain filtrations, and generalize a theorem of O. Celikbas-Takahashi. Our work produces new classes of rigid and test modules, in particular over local rings of prime characteristic. It also gives applications in the study of torsion in tensor products of modules, for example, concerning the Huneke-Wiegand conjecture.

Let $M$ and $N$ be modules over a commutative ring $R$ with $N$ Noetherian. We define the injective capacity of $M$ with respect to $N$ over $R$ to be the supremum of the values $t$ for which $N^{\oplus t}$ embeds into $M$. In a dual fashion, we deem the number of cogenerators of $N$ with respect to $M$ over $R$ to be the infimum of the numbers $t$ for which $N$ embeds into $M^{\oplus t}$. We demonstrate that the global injective capacity is the infimum of its local analogues and that the global number of cogenerators is the supremum of the corresponding local invariants. We also prove enhanced versions of these statements and consider the graded case., Comment: 9 pages

We extend the notion of Frobenius Betti numbers and F-splitting ratio to large classes of finitely generated modules over rings of prime characteristic, which are not assumed to be local. We also prove that the strong F-regularity of a pair $(R,\mathscr{D})$, where $\mathscr{D}$ is a Cartier algebra, is equivalent to the positivity of the global F-signature ${\rm s}(R,\mathscr{D})$ of the pair. This extends a result previously proved by these authors, by removing an extra assumption on the Cartier algebra., Comment: 31 pages

Let $(R,\mathfrak{m})$ be a Noetherian local ring, and let $M$ be a finitely generated $R$-module of dimension $d$. We prove that the set $\left\{\frac{l(M/IM)}{e(I, M)} \right\}_{\sqrt{I}=\mathfrak{m}}$ is bounded below by ${1}/{d!e(\overline{R})}$ where $\overline{R}=R/Ann(M)$. Moreover, when $\widehat{M}$ is equidimensional, this set is bounded above by a finite constant depending only on $M$. The lower bound extends a classical inequality of Lech, and the upper bound answers a question of St\"{u}ckrad--Vogel in the affirmative. As an application, we obtain results on uniform behavior of the lengths of Koszul homology modules., Comment: 24 pages, minor changes. To appear in Advances in Mathematics

Let $R$ be a commutative Noetherian Cohen-Macaulay local ring that has positive dimension and prime characteristic. Li proved that the tensor product of a finitely generated non-free $R$-module $M$ with the Frobenius endomorphism ${}^{\varphi^n}\!R$ is not maximal Cohen-Macaulay provided that $M$ has rank and $n\gg 0$. We replace the rank hypothesis with the weaker assumption that $M$ is locally free on the minimal prime ideals of $R$. As a consequence, we obtain, if $R$ is a one-dimensional non-regular complete reduced local ring that has a perfect residue field and prime characteristic, then ${}^{\varphi^n}\!R \otimes_{R}{}^{\varphi^n}\!R$ has torsion for all $n\gg0$. This property of the Frobenius endomorphism came as a surprise to us since, over such rings $R$, there exist non-free modules $M$ such that $M\otimes_{R}M$ is torsion-free.

We give new proofs of two results of Stafford, which generalize two famous Theorems of Serre and Bass regarding projective modules. Our techniques are inspired by the theory of basic elements. Using these methods we further generalize Serre's Splitting Theorem by imposing a condition to the splitting maps, which has an application to the case of Cartier algebras., Comment: 15 pages, comments welcome

In this paper we define and study the global Hilbert-Kunz multiplicity and the global F-signature of prime characteristic rings which are not necessarily local. Our techniques are made meaningful by extending many known theorems about Hilbert-Kunz multiplicity and F-signature to the non-local case.

In preparing the paper "Some extensions of Hilbert-Kunz multiplicity", we had occasion to perform an intricate set of computations pertaining to a single illustrative example. In the end, we have decided not to include the computations in the main paper, but instead to publish them here for later reference. In particular, the current preprint gives an example where the converse to one of our main theorems holds, even though it does not fit into any of the previously known cases where a converse holds., Comment: 7 pages, comments welcome. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1103.4730

We compute the Frobenius complexity for the determinantal ring of prime characteristic $p$ obtained by modding out the $2 \times 2$ minors of an $m \times n$ matrix of indeterminates, where $m > n \ge 2$. We also show that, as $p \to \infty$, the Frobenius complexity approaches $m-1$., Comment: 18 pages, comments welcome; new material added regarding the limit of Frobenius complexity as p goes to infinity and connections to the Perron-Frobenius theorem. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1401.0234

We introduce a new invariant for local rings of prime characteristic, called Frobenius complexity, that measures the abundance of Frobenius actions on the injective hull of the residue field of a local ring. We present an important case where the Frobenius complexity is finite, and prove that complete, normal rings of dimension two or less have Frobenius complexity less than or equal to zero. Moreover, we compute the Frobenius complexity for the determinantal ring obtained by modding out the $2 \times 2$ minors of a $2 \times 3$ matrix of indeterminates, showing that this number can be positive, irrational and depends upon the characteristic. We also settle a conjecture of Katzman, Schwede, Singh and Zhang on the infinite generation of the ring of Frobenius operators of a local normal complete $\mathbb{Q}$-Gorenstein ring., Comment: 20 pages, minor revisions

Let $R$ be an excellent Noetherian ring of prime characteristic. Consider an arbitrary nested pair of ideals (or more generally, a nested pair of submodules of a fixed finite module). We do \emph{not} assume that their quotient has finite length. In this paper, we develop various sufficient numerical criteria for when the tight closures of these ideals (or submodules) match. For some of the criteria we only prove sufficiency, while some are shown to be equivalent to the tight closures matching. We compare the various numerical measures (in some cases demonstrating that the different measures give truly different numerical results) and explore special cases where equivalence with matching tight closure can be shown. All of our measures derive ultimately from Hilbert-Kunz multiplicity., Comment: 22 pages

Let $R$ be a commutative Noetherian ring. We give criteria for flatness of $R$-modules in terms of associated primes and torsion-freeness of certain tensor products. This allows us to develop a criterion for regularity if $R$ has characteristic $p$, or more generally if it has a locally contracting endomorphism. Dualizing, we give criteria for injectivity of $R$-modules in terms of coassociated primes and (h-)divisibility of certain $\Hom$-modules. Along the way, we develop tools to achieve such a dual result. These include a careful analysis of the notions of divisibility and h-divisibility (including a localization result), a theorem on coassociated primes across a $\Hom$-module base change, and a local criterion for injectivity., Comment: 19 pages

It is proved that when R is a local ring of positive characteristic, $\phi$ is its Frobenius endomorphism, and some non-zero finite R-module has finite flat dimension or finite injective dimension for the R-module structure induced through $\phi$, then R is regular. This broad generalization of Kunz's characterization of regularity in positive characteristic is deduced from a theorem concerning a local ring R with residue field of k of arbitrary characteristic: If $\phi$ is a contracting endomorphism of R, then the Betti numbers and the Bass numbers over $\phi$ of any non-zero finitely generated R-module grow at the same rate, on an exponential scale, as the Betti numbers of k over R., Comment: 14 pages. This has been accepted for publication in the Math. Ann

We show that, under mild conditions, the (normalized) Frobenius splitting numbers of a local ring of prime characteristic are lower semicontinuous., Comment: 13 pages, revised version, to appear in Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

This paper studies Frobenius powers of parameter ideals in a commutative Noetherian local ring $R$ of prime characteristic $p$. For a given ideal $\fa$ of $R$, there is a power $Q$ of $p$, depending on $\fa$, such that the $Q$-th Frobenius power of the Frobenius closure of $\fa$ is equal to the $Q$-th Frobenius power of $\fa$. The paper addresses the question as to whether there exists a {\em uniform} $Q_0$ which `works' in this context for all parameter ideals of $R$ simultaneously. In a recent paper, Katzman and Sharp proved that there does exists such a uniform $Q_0$ when $R$ is Cohen--Macaulay. The purpose of this paper is to show that such a uniform $Q_0$ exists when $R$ is a generalized Cohen--Macaulay local ring. A variety of concepts and techniques from commutative algebra are used, including unconditioned strong $d$-sequences, cohomological annihilators, modules of generalized fractions, and the Hartshorne--Speiser--Lyubeznik Theorem employed by Katzman and Sharp in the Cohen--Macaulay case., Comment: This is to appear in the Journal of Algebra

We give a new and simple proof that unmixed local rings having Hilbert-Kunz multiplicity equal to 1 must be regular.

For finitely generated modules $N \subsetneq M$ over a Noetherian ring $R$, we study the following properties about primary decomposition: (1) The Compatibility property, which says that if $\ass (M/N)=\{P_1, P_2, ..., P_s\}$ and $Q_i$ is a $P_i$-primary component of $N \subsetneq M$ for each $i=1,2,...,s$, then $N =Q_1 \cap Q_2 \cap ... \cap Q_s$; (2) For a given subset $X=\{P_1, P_2, ..., P_r \} \subseteq \ass(M/N)$, $X$ is an open subset of $\ass(M/N)$ if and only if the intersections $Q_1 \cap Q_2\cap ... \cap Q_r= Q_1' \cap Q_2' \cap ... \cap Q_r'$ for all possible $P_i$-primary components $Q_i$ and $Q_i'$ of $N\subsetneq M$; (3) A new proof of the `Linear Growth' property, which says that for any fixed ideals $I_1, I_2, ..., I_t$ of $R$, there exists a $k \in \mathbb N$ such that for any $n_1, n_2, ..., n_t \in \mathbb N$ there exists a primary decomposition of $I_1^{n_1}I_2^{n_2}... I_t^{n_t}M \subset M$ such that every $P$-primary component $Q$ of that primary decomposition contains $P^{k(n_1+n_2+...+n_t)}M$., Comment: AMS-LaTeX