Search

The rapid growth of wireless electronic devices has raised concerns about the harmful effects of leaked electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on human health. Even though numerous studies have been carried out to explore the biological effects of EMR, no clear conclusions have been drawn about the effect of radio frequency (RF) EMR on oligodendrocytes. To this end, we exposed oligodendroglia and three other types of brain cells to 2.4 GHz EMR for 6 or 48 h at an average input power of 1 W in either a continuous wave (CW-RF) or a pulse-modulated wave (PW-RF, 50 Hz pulse frequency, 1/3 duty cycle) pattern. RNA sequencing, RT-qPCR, and Western blot were used to examine the expression of C/EBPβ and its related genes. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to examine the levels of expression of C/EBPβ-interacting proteins. Our results showed that PW-RF EMR significantly increased the mRNA level of C/EBPβ in oligodendroglia but not in other types of cells. In addition, the expression of three isoforms and several interacting proteins and targeted genes of C/EBPβ were markedly changed after 6-h PW-RF but not CW-RF. Our results indicated that RF EMR regulated the expression and functions of C/EBPβ in a waveform- and cell-type-dependent manner.

Current photoacoustic (PA) imaging modalities typically require either serial detection with a single-element transducer or parallel detections with an ultrasonic array, indicating a dilemma between system cost and imaging throughput. Photoacoustic topography through ergodic relay (PATER) was recently developed to address this bottleneck. However, PATER requires object-specific calibration due to varied boundary condition, and must be re-calibrated through pointwise scanning for each object before measurements, which is time-consuming and severely limits practical application. Here, we develop a new method, photoacoustic imaging through a spatiotemporal encoder (PAISE), which is capable of single-shot widefield PA imaging with a single-element transducer, and does not require object-specific calibration. We validated PAISE through comprehensive numerical simulations and experiments, and demonstrated that PAISE can image different objects with a single calibration. Together, these results highlight the potential of PAISE for significant impact in both scientific research and clinical applications.

Wntless (WLS), an evolutionarily conserved multi-pass transmembrane protein, is essential for secretion of Wnt proteins. Wnt-triggered signaling pathways control many crucial life events, whereas aberrant Wnt signaling is tightly associated with many human diseases including cancers. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of human WLS in complex with Wnt3a, the most widely studied Wnt, at 2.2 Å resolution. The transmembrane domain of WLS bears a GPCR fold, with a conserved core cavity and a lateral opening. Wnt3a interacts with WLS at multiple interfaces, with the lipid moiety on Wnt3a traversing a hydrophobic tunnel of WLS transmembrane domain and inserting into membrane. A β-hairpin of Wnt3a containing the conserved palmitoleoylation site interacts with WLS extensively, which is crucial for WLS-mediated Wnt secretion. The flexibility of the Wnt3a loop/hairpin regions involved in the multiple binding sites indicates induced fit might happen when Wnts are bound to different binding partners. Our findings provide important insights into the molecular mechanism of Wnt palmitoleoylation, secretion and signaling., The transmembrane protein Wntless (WLS) is essential for the secretion of Wnt proteins, which are signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways. Here, the authors present the 2.2 Å cryo-EM structure of human WLS in complex with Wnt3a and discuss mechanistic implications for the palmitoleoylation of Wnt3a that is required for WLS mediated Wnt secretion.

INTRODUCTION The nuclear pore complex (NPC) resides on the nuclear envelope (NE) and mediates nucleocytoplasmic cargo transport. As one of the largest cellular machineries, a vertebrate NPC consists of cytoplasmic filaments, a cytoplasmic ring (CR), an inner ring, a nuclear ring, a nuclear basket, and a luminal ring. Each NPC has eight repeating subunits. Structure determination of NPC is a prerequisite for understanding its functional mechanism. In the past two decades, integrative modeling, which combines x-ray structures of individual nucleoporins and subcomplexes with cryo–electron tomography reconstructions, has played a crucial role in advancing our knowledge about the NPC. The CR has been a major focus of structural investigation. The CR subunit of human NPC was reconstructed by cryo–electron tomography through subtomogram averaging to an overall resolution of ~20 Å, with local resolution up to ~15 Å. Each CR subunit comprises two Y-shaped multicomponent complexes known as the inner and outer Y complexes. Eight inner and eight outer Y complexes assemble in a head-to-tail fashion to form the proximal and distal rings, respectively, constituting the CR scaffold. To achieve higher resolution of the CR, we used single-particle cryo–electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to image the intact NPC from the NE of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Reconstructions of the core region and the Nup358 region of the X. laevis CR subunit had been achieved at average resolutions of 5 to 8 Å, allowing identification of secondary structural elements. RATIONALE Packing interactions among the components of the CR subunit were poorly defined by all previous EM maps. Additional components of the CR subunit are strongly suggested by the EM maps of 5- to 8-Å resolution but remain to be identified. Addressing these issues requires improved resolution of the cryo-EM reconstruction. Therefore, we may need to enhance sample preparation, optimize image acquisition, and develop an effective data-processing strategy. RESULTS To reduce conformational heterogeneity of the sample, we spread the opened NE onto the grids with minimal force and used the chemical cross-linker glutaraldehyde to stabilize the NPC. To alleviate orientation bias of the NPC, we tilted sample grids and imaged the sample with higher electron dose at higher angles. We improved the image-processing protocol. With these efforts, the average resolutions for the core and the Nup358 regions have been improved to 3.7 and 4.7 Å, respectively. The highest local resolution of the core region reaches 3.3 Å. In addition, a cryo-EM structure of the N-terminal α-helical domain of Nup358 has been resolved at 3.0-Å resolution. These EM maps allow the identification of five copies of Nup358, two copies of Nup93, two copies of Nup205, and two copies of Y complexes in each CR subunit. Relying on the EM maps and facilitated by AlphaFold prediction, we have generated a final model for the CR of the X. laevis NPC. Our model of the CR subunit includes 19,037 amino acids in 30 nucleoporins. A previously unknown C-terminal fragment of Nup160 was found to constitute a key part of the vertex, in which the short arm, long arm, and stem of the Y complex meet. The Nup160 C-terminal fragment directly binds the β-propeller proteins Seh1 and Sec13. Two Nup205 molecules, which do not contact each other, bind the inner and outer Y complexes through distinct interfaces. Conformational elasticity of the two Nup205 molecules may underlie their versatility in binding to different nucleoporins in the proximal and distal CR rings. Two Nup93 molecules, each comprising an N-terminal extended helix and an ACE1 domain, bridge the Y complexes and Nup205. Nup93 and Nup205 together play a critical role in mediating the contacts between neighboring CR subunits. Five Nup358 molecules, each in the shape of a shrimp tail and named “the clamp,” hold the stems of both Y complexes. The innate conformational elasticity allows each Nup358 clamp to adapt to a distinct local environment for optimal interactions with neighboring nucleoporins. In each CR subunit, the α-helical nucleoporins appear to provide the conformational elasticity; the 12 β-propellers may strengthen the scaffold. CONCLUSION Our EM map–based model of the X. laevis CR subunit substantially expands the molecular mass over the reported composite models of vertebrate CR subunit. In addition to the Y complexes, five Nup358, two Nup205, and two Nup93 molecules constitute the key components of the CR. The improved EM maps reveal insights into the interfaces among the nucleoporins of the CR. Cryo-EM structure of the double-layered CR of the X. laevis NPC. The X. laevis CR, containing eight repeating subunits, is modeled on the basis of cryo-EM reconstructions (top left panel). One CR subunit is shown in two different views to highlight nucleoporins of key interest (bottom left and right panels). The inner and outer Y complexes are colored dark and light gray, respectively. Two Nup205, two Nup93, and five Nup358 molecules are colored blue, red, and purple, respectively.

SignificanceWater and lipid are key participants of many biological processes, but there are few label-free, non-contact optical methods that can spatially map these components in-vivo. Shortwave infrared meso-patterned imaging (SWIR-MPI) is an emerging technique that successfully addresses this need. However, it requires a dedicated SWIR camera to probe the 900- to 1300-nm wavelength region, which hinders practical translation of the technology.AimCompared with SWIR-MPI, we aim to develop a new technique that can dramatically reduce the cost in detector while maintaining high accuracy for the quantification of tissue water and lipid content.ApproachBy utilizing water and lipid absorption features in the 900- to 1000-nm wavelength region as well as optimal wavelength and spatial frequency combinations, we develop a new imaging technique based on spatial frequency domain imaging to quantitatively map tissue water and lipid content using a regular silicon-based camera.ResultsThe proposed method is validated with a phantom study, which shows average error of 0.9 ± 1.2 % for water content estimation, and -0.4 ± 0.7 % for lipid content estimation, respectively. The proposed method is also demonstrated for ex vivo porcine tissue lipid mapping as well as in-vivo longitudinal water content monitoring.ConclusionsThe proposed technique enables spatial mapping of tissue water and lipid content with the cost in detector reduced by two orders of magnitude compared with SWIR-MPI while maintaining high accuracy. The experimental results highlight the potential of this technique for substantial impact in both scientific and industrial applications.

Plain strain deformation trials were carried out on samples of pipeline steels at 1473 K, 1673 K and 1723 K, respectively. The deformation of inclusions in the solid steel at different temperatures and in the semi-solid steel was studied. The composition of inclusions changed from 60.62%Al2O3–16.10%CaO–10.27%MgO–13.01%CaS before deformation to 60.59%Al2O3–13.03%CaO–12.74%MgO–13.63%CaS, 59.69%Al2O3–7.04%CaO–11.51%MgO–21.76%CaS, and 68.26%Al2O3–22.56%CaO–6.68%MgO–2.5%CaS with corresponding deforming temperatures of 1473 K, 1673 K and 1723 K. While the average aspect ratio of inclusions increased from 1.28 to 2.23, 1.32, and 1.35, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations performed by FactSage 7.0 verified the composition transformation from CaO to CaS during the solidification and cooling process of the steel. A kinetic model was used to calculate the dynamic transformation of the inclusion composition at compression temperatures. The inclusion transformation ratio from CaO to CaS increased from 38.28% at 1473 K to 50.50% at 1673 K. For the deformation in the solid steel at the temperature below 1673 K, the thickness of the hard phase CaS increased with the soaking temperature, while the hardness of the steel matrix decreased. The larger hardness difference between inclusions and the steel matrix led to a higher aspect ratio of inclusions after deformation. For the deformation in the semi-solid steel, the small difference of hardness between the soft inclusion phase and the soft steel matrix resulted in a low aspect ratio of inclusions in the semi-solid steel after deformation.

Water and lipids are key participants in many biological processes, but there are few non-invasive methods that provide quantification of these components in vivo, and none that can isolate and quantify lipids in the blood. Here we develop a new imaging modality termed shortwave infrared meso-patterned imaging (SWIR-MPI) to provide label-free, non-contact, spatial mapping of water and lipid concentrations in tissue. The method utilizes patterned hyperspectral illumination to target chromophore absorption bands in the 900–1,300 nm wavelength range. We use SWIR-MPI to monitor clinically important physiological processes including edema, inflammation, and tumor lipid heterogeneity in preclinical models. We also show that SWIR-MPI can spatially map blood-lipids in humans, representing an example of non-invasive and contact-free measurements of in vivo blood lipids. Together, these results highlight the potential of SWIR-MPI to enable new capabilities in fundamental studies and clinical monitoring of major conditions including obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular disease., Quantifying lipid and water content in tissues non-invasively is difficult, and no method exists to quantify lipids in blood non-invasively. Here the authors develop an imaging approach called shortwave infrared meso-patterned imaging (SWIR-MPI) to detect and spatially map tissue water and lipids in preclinical models.

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) mediates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Here we present single-particle cryo-EM structure of the cytoplasmic ring (CR) from the Xenopus laevis NPC at 4.1-4.7 Å resolutions. The structure of an N-terminal domain of Nup358 was resolved at 3.0 Å, facilitating identification of five Nup358 molecules in each CR subunit. Aside from unveiling the assembly details of the two Y-shaped multicomponent complexes (Y complexes) in each CR subunit, the improved resolutions reveal the C-terminal fragment of Nup160 to be an organizing center at the vertex of each Y complex. Our structures show that the scaffold of a CR subunit comprises five Nup358, two Nup205 and two Nup93 molecules in addition to the previously characterized Y complexes.One-Sentence SummaryImproved resolutions of the cytoplasmic ring (CR) of the Xenopus laevis nuclear pore complex reveal that five Nup358 molecules, together with two copies of interweaved Nup205, Nup93 and Y complexes, constitute the scaffold of each CR subunit.

Nuclear pore complex (NPC) mediates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Here we present single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structure of the inner ring (IR) subunit from the Xenopus laevis NPC at an average resolution of 4.2 Å. A homo-dimer of Nup205 resides at the center of the IR subunit, flanked by two molecules of Nup188. Four molecules of Nup93 each places an extended helix into the axial groove of Nup205 or Nup188, together constituting the central scaffold. The channel nucleoporin hetero-trimer of Nup62/58/54 is anchored on the central scaffold. Six Nup155 molecules interact with the central scaffold and together with the NDC1–ALADIN hetero-dimers anchor the IR subunit to the nuclear envelope and to outer rings. The scarce inter-subunit contacts may allow sufficient latitude in conformation and diameter of the IR. Our structure reveals the molecular basis for the IR subunit assembly of a vertebrate NPC.

Nuclear pore complex (NPC) shuttles cargo across the nuclear envelope. Here we present single-particle cryo-EM structure of the nuclear ring (NR) subunit from Xenopus laevis NPC at an average resolution of 5.6 Å. The NR subunit comprises two 10-membered Y complexes, each with the nucleoporin ELYS closely associating with Nup160 and Nup37 of the long arm. Unlike the cytoplasmic ring (CR) or inner ring (IR), the NR subunit contains only one molecule each of Nup205 and Nup93. Nup205 binds both arms of the Y complexes and interacts with the stem of inner Y complex from the neighboring subunit. Nup93 connects the stems of inner and outer Y complexes within the same NR subunit, and places its N-terminal extended helix into the axial groove of Nup205 from the neighboring subunit. Together with other structural information, we have generated a composite atomic model of the central ring scaffold that includes the NR, IR, and CR. The IR is connected to the two outer rings mainly through Nup155. This model facilitates functional understanding of vertebrate NPC.

Objective The expression of ERGIC3 is increased in a variety of tumors and promotes the growth and metastasis of liver cancer, but the molecular mechanism needs to be further studied.In this study, we aimed to analyze the molecular mechanism of ERGIC3 regulating the proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) SMMC-7721 cells using transcriptomics. Methods ERGIC3 was knocked down in SMMC-7721 cells by RNAi technique, and the expression of ERGIC3 was detected by Q-RT-PCR and Western Blot. RNA sequencing was performed in the Illumina HiSeq platform in the control group and the ERGIC3i group and bioinformatics methods were selected to analyze the data. Results The expression of ERGIC3 was reduced to 10% in SMMC-7721 cells by RNAi technique, and 176 genes were up-regulated and 34 genes were down-regulated in ERGIC3i group compared with the control group. Analysis of the pathways and biological processes that enrich the function of differentially expressed genes showed thatthese differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in vesicular transport, growth factors, PI3K-Akt, NOD-like, Jak-STAT, NF-kappa B and other protein kinase-coupled receptors mediated signal transduction pathways, tumor immune response, collagen-integrin receptor-actin axis, and miRNA pathways. More importantly, most of the significantly altered pathways were related to immunity. ERGIC3 may be a key immune-related gene. Conclusion Based on the transcriptomic analysis, the mechanism of ERGIC3 promoting the growth of HCC is link with the transport of growth factor receptor, cytokine receptor and collagen. Then it is involved in signal transduction pathways mediated by protein kinase-coupled receptors, PI3K-Akt, NOD-like, Jak-STAT and NF-kappa B. In particular, the mechanism is also involved in the ERGIC3-dependent immune pathways. ERGIC3 is a potential target for prevention and treatment of HCC.

Nuclear pore complex (NPC) mediates nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Here we present single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the inner ring (IR) subunit fromXenopus laevisNPC at an average resolution of 4.4 Å. The symmetric IR subunit comprises a cytoplasmic half and a nuclear half. A homo-dimer of Nup205 resides at the center of the IR subunit, flanked by two molecules of Nup188. Four molecules of Nup93 each places an extended helix into the axial groove of Nup205 or Nup188, together constituting the central scaffold. The channel nucleoporin heterotrimer (CNT) of Nup54/58/62 is anchored on the central scaffold. Six Nup155 molecules interact with the central scaffold and together with the NDC1-ALADIN hetero-dimers anchor the IR subunit to the nuclear envelope and to outer rings. The scarce inter-subunit contacts may allow sufficient latitude in conformation and diameter of the IR. Our structure of vertebrate IR reveals key insights that are functionally important.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals have demonstrated their practical application to reading human minds. Current neural decoding studies have made great progress to build subject-wise decoding models to extract and discriminate the temporal/spatial features in neural signals. In this paper, we used a compact convolutional neural network—EEGNet—to build a common decoder across subjects, which deciphered the categories of objects (faces, tools, animals, and scenes) from MEG data. This study investigated the influence of the spatiotemporal structure of MEG on EEGNet’s classification performance. Furthermore, the EEGNet replaced its convolution layers with two sets of parallel convolution structures to extract the spatial and temporal features simultaneously. Our results showed that the organization of MEG data fed into the EEGNet has an effect on EEGNet classification accuracy, and the parallel convolution structures in EEGNet are beneficial to extracting and fusing spatial and temporal MEG features. The classification accuracy demonstrated that the EEGNet succeeds in building the common decoder model across subjects, and outperforms several state-of-the-art feature fusing methods.

Speed and enhancement are the two most important metrics for anti-scattering light focusing by wavefront shaping (WS), which requires a spatial light modulator with a large number of modulation modes and a fast speed of response. Among the commercial modulators, the digital-micromirror device (DMD) is the sole solution providing millions of modulation modes and a pattern rate higher than 20 kHz. Thus, it has the potential to accelerate the process of anti-scattering light focusing with a high enhancement. Nevertheless, modulating light in a binary mode by the DMD restricts both the speed and enhancement seriously. Here, we propose a multi-pixel encoded DMD-based WS method by combining multiple micromirrors into a single modulation unit to overcome the drawbacks of binary modulation. In addition, to efficiently optimize the wavefront, we adopted separable natural evolution strategies (SNES), which could carry out a global search against a noisy environment. Compared with the state-of-the-art DMD-based WS method, the proposed method increased the speed of optimization and enhancement of focus by a factor of 179 and 16, respectively. In our demonstration, we achieved 10 foci with homogeneous brightness at a high speed and formed W- and S-shape patterns against the scattering medium. The experimental results suggest that the proposed method will pave a new avenue for WS in the applications of biomedical imaging, photon therapy, optogenetics, dynamic holographic display, etc.

Significance The steady increase of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the environment, particularly the wireless signal, causes serious public concern over its potential negative impact on health. However, it is challenging to examine such impact on human subjects due to associated complex issues. In this study, we establish an experimental system for the investigation of EMR impact on mice. Using this system, we uncovered a causal relationship between 2.4-GHz EMR modulated by 100-Hz square pulses and increased wakefulness in mice. This result identifies sleep alteration as a potential consequence of exposure to excessive wireless signals., Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the environment has increased sharply in recent decades. The effect of environmental EMR on living organisms remains poorly characterized. Here, we report the impact of wireless-range EMR on the sleep architecture of mouse. Prolonged exposure to 2.4-GHz EMR modulated by 100-Hz square pulses at a nonthermal output level results in markedly increased time of wakefulness in mice. These mice display corresponding decreased time of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). In contrast, prolonged exposure to unmodulated 2.4-GHz EMR at the same time-averaged output level has little impact on mouse sleep. These observations identify alteration of sleep architecture in mice as a specific physiological response to prolonged wireless-range EMR exposure.

Plain strain deformation was performed on solid steel samples at 1473 K and semi‐solid samples at 1743 K. The deformation of inclusions under the reductions of 10%, 20%, and 30% was studied. In the solid steel deformed at 1473 K, the average aspect ratio of inclusions increased from 1.23 in the original slab to 2.07, 2.23, and 2.30 under the reduction of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The deformation of inclusions in the semi‐solid steel was hardly influenced by the reduction. The deformation of inclusions was much more in the solid steel than that in the semi‐solid steel in the current study. Inclusion deformation was explained by the difference of hardness between the inclusion phase and the steel matrix. Stress‐strain curves during deformations indicated that the semi‐solid steel matrix at 1743 K was much softer than the solid steel matrix at 1473 K. Compared to the composition of inclusions in the original slab, the CaS content of inclusions in steel samples deformed at 1473 K was higher, while it was lower in the samples deformed at 1743 K. The CaO content changed inversely. Inclusions in steel samples deformed at 1473 K were a little harder than those in steel samples deformed at 1743 K due to the thicker CaS shell formed in the outer layer. The composition transformation of inclusions was mainly caused by the change of the thermodynamic equilibrium between the steel matrix and inclusions at various temperatures. In the solid steel at 1473 K, the strain concentrated on the soft calcium aluminate phase, resulting in a higher deformation amount of inclusions. In the semi‐solid steel at 1743 K, the soft steel matrix deformed more than inclusions, leading in turn to a smaller deformation of inclusions.\ud \ud

Among the ten subtypes of mammalian voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels, Cav3.1–Cav3.3 constitute the T-type, or the low-voltage-activated, subfamily, the abnormal activities of which are associated with epilepsy, psychiatric disorders and pain1–5. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of human Cav3.1 alone and in complex with a highly Cav3-selective blocker, Z9446,7, at resolutions of 3.3 A and 3.1 A, respectively. The arch-shaped Z944 molecule reclines in the central cavity of the pore domain, with the wide end inserting into the fenestration on the interface between repeats II and III, and the narrow end hanging above the intracellular gate like a plug. The structures provide the framework for comparative investigation of the distinct channel properties of different Cav subfamilies. Partial structures are reported for Cav3.1 both on its own and in complex with a phase II drug candidate for seizure and neuropathic pain; this presents the overall architecture of T-type Ca2+ channels, insights into their gating and permeation mechanisms, and how they are modulated by small-molecule blockers.

An algorithm of laser curve segmentation for a train wheelset based on an encoder- decoder network is proposed. Aiming at the rich local features and simple semantic features of the train wheelset laser curve image, a neural network with shallow depth, high resolution, and good detail performance was designed. The proposed neural network makes full use of the dense connection mechanism and the upsampling module to enhance feature reuse and feature propagation. It can extract context semantic information at multiple scales with fewer parameters. Experimental results show that the encoder-decoder network has better performance than other neural networks in laser curve extraction of train wheelset. Based on the encoder-decoder neural network, mIOU, Recall, Accuracy, and F1_score of the laser curve dataset of the train wheelset, the score index reached 86.5%, 89.2%, 99.9%, and 85.0%, which can accurately extract the laser stripe of the train wheelset. Additionally, the encoder-decoder network can diminish the influence of noise on the extraction of laser fringes of a train wheelset to a certain extent. Therefore, it has good application in railway safety.

The deformation of inclusions in the steel was affected by the thermal history during the physical simulation of steel processing. After plain strain compression with a reduction of 30 pct, the average aspect ratio of inclusions in the steel sample cooled down to 1673 K from semi-solid state was 1.89, which was significantly higher than 1.29 in the steel sample heated persistently up to the same temperature. The mechanism was revealed by inclusion transformation.

Among the nine subtypes of human voltage-gated sodium (Na(v)) channels, the brain and cardiac isoforms, Na(v)1.1 and Na(v)1.5, each carry more than 400 missense mutations respectively associated with epilepsy and cardiac disorders. High-resolution structures are required for structure–function relationship dissection of the disease variants. We report the cryo-EM structures of the full-length human Na(v)1.1–β4 complex at 3.3 Å resolution here and the Na(v)1.5-E1784K variant in the accompanying paper. Up to 341 and 261 disease-related missense mutations in Na(v)1.1 and Na(v)1.5, respectively, are resolved. Comparative structural analysis reveals several clusters of disease mutations that are common to both Na(v)1.1 and Na(v)1.5. Among these, the majority of mutations on the extracellular loops above the pore domain and the supporting segments for the selectivity filter may impair structural integrity, while those on the pore domain and the voltage-sensing domains mostly interfere with electromechanical coupling and fast inactivation. Our systematic structural delineation of these mutations provides important insight into their pathogenic mechanism, which will facilitate the development of precise therapeutic interventions against various sodium channelopathies.

Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) is an emerging technology that enables label-free, non-contact, and wide-field mapping of tissue optical properties, which further allows for quantification of chromophore concentrations including oxy-hemoglobin, deoxy-hemoglobin, water and lipids.

Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is an emerging technology that enables label-free, non-contact, and wide-field mapping of tissue chromophore contents, such as oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations. It has been shown that the use of more than two spatial frequencies (multi-f(x)) can vastly improve measurement accuracy and reduce chromophore estimation uncertainties, but real-time multi-f(x) SFDI for chromophore monitoring has been limited in practice due to the slow speed of available chromophore inversion algorithms. Existing inversion algorithms have to first convert the multi-f(x) diffuse reflectance to optical absorptions, and then solve a set of linear equations to estimate chromophore concentrations. In this work, we present a deep learning framework, noted as a deep residual network (DRN), that is able to directly map from diffuse reflectance to chromophore concentrations. The proposed DRN is over 10x faster than the state-of-the-art method for chromophore inversion and enables 25x improvement on the frame rate for in vivo real-time oxygenation mapping. The proposed deep learning model will help enable real-time and highly accurate chromophore monitoring with multi-f(x) SFDI.

A three-dimensional model based on a full-scale ladle and impeller was established to investigate the multiphase flow behavior and surface profile distribution. The hot metal phase, air phase, and argon gas phase were simulated using the Euler–Euler method. The effect of the argon gas injection, the baffles, and the inclination of the ladle bottom on the distribution of the fluid flow and surface level was revealed. The results indicate that the argon injection had no significant effect on the overall flow field distribution, because the effect of argon blowing was not significant compared to the vigorous stirring of the impeller. The inclination of the ladle bottom caused an asymmetrical distribution of the bottom flow field, but had little effect on the upper flow field distribution. However, the presence of the baffles directly reduced the flow field strength and smoothed the surface profile distribution.

Periodic detection in spatiotemporal data is one of the research focuses in data mining. Most previous works only focused on mining periodic patterns and hardly recognized misaligned presence of a pattern due to the intervention of repetitive data. A more flexible asynchronous periodic patterns mining model (AP2M2) based on clustering algorithm and SMCA algorithm is proposed which mainly has three steps, discovering the invisible repetitive data and clustering them into a single record to generate standard and usable dataset, finding the set of stopovers and mining the periodic patterns of moving objects at each stopover. In the experiment, the Chinese bird-watching data is used to check the effectiveness of AP2M2 model and the results show that the AP2M2 model can precisely mine the asynchronous periodic patterns with low time complexity.

Identifying the influential nodes is one of the research focuses in network information mining. Many centrality measures used to evaluate influence abilities of nodes can’t balance between high accuracy and low time complexity. The NL centrality based on the neighbors and importance of edges is proposed which considers the second-degree neighbor’s impact on the influence of a node and utilizes the connectivity and unsubstitutability of edge to distinguish topological position of a node. In order to evaluate the accuracy of NL centrality, the SIR model is used to simulate the process of virus propagation in four real-world networks. Experiment results of monotonicity, validity and efficiency demonstrate that the NL centrality has a competitive performance in distinguishing the influence of nodes and it is suitable for large-scale networks because of the high efficiency in computation.