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The modern nanomedicine incorporates the multimodal treatments into a single formulation, offering innovative cancer therapy options. Nanosheets function as carriers, altering the solubility, biodistribution, and effectiveness of medicinal compounds, resulting in more efficient cancer treatments and reduced side effects. The non‐toxic nature of fluorinated graphene oxide (FGO) nanosheets and their potential applications in medication delivery, medical diagnostics, and biomedicine distinguish them from others. Leveraging the unique properties of Lissachatina fulica snail mucus (LfSM), FGO nanosheets were developed to reveal the novel characteristics. Consequently, LfSM was utilized to create non‐toxic, environmentally friendly, and long‐lasting FGO nanosheets. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy revealed a prominent absorbance peak at 235 nm. The characterization of the synthesized FGO nanosheets involved X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. The antimicrobial activity data demonstrated a broad spectrum of antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cytotoxicity efficacy of LfSM‐FGO nanosheets against pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC1) showed promising results at low concentrations. The study suggests that FGO nanosheets made from LfSM could serve as alternate factors for in biomedical applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetised attapulgite (ATP-Fe3O4) adsorbent was synthesised using a sonochemistry approach for the solid phase extraction of As3+ from stimulated and unrefined crude oil samples. The average size of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles estimated from the Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) image was 10 nm. The TEM analysis also showed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles agglomerated in the ATP's tube and on its surface. The X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) indicates that the crystallinity of the ATP reduced after the magnetisation process. The saturation magnetisation of the ATP-Fe3O4 was determined to be only 2.8 emu g-1. Under the optimum conditions (pH = 7, adsorbent dosage = 0.6 g, contact time = 90 min and sample volume = 50 mL), the As3+ removal was more than 98% for both types of oil. The limits of detection (LOD) and relative standard deviations (RSD%) were 2.88 ng mL-1 and 0.3423%, respectively. The adsorption process follows the pseudo-first-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9696) and adheres to the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.9925). The reusability study showed that ATP-Fe3O4 is highly stable and can be reused five times with almost 100% removal efficiency. This research outcome aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Goal 7, Affordable and Clean Energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial direct dyes are frequently employed in the dyeing of Jumputan, a traditional craft originating from South Sumatra, Indonesia. The introduction of synthetic dyes into the environment can have a detrimental impact on ecosystem stability, necessitating the implementation of remedial measures. There has been a growing interest in the utilization of White Rot Fungi (WRF) as a viable biological agent for the purpose of decolorizing and detoxifying synthetic colors. However, it is imperative to investigate the isolated WRF from Berbak-Sembilang National Park (TNBS) due to the varying capacities of decolorization and detoxification exhibited by each WRF. The study involved 5 WRF from TNBS screened in solid media, and grown in a liquid medium containing commercial direct dyes (direct turquoise, direct orange and direct yellow). WRF grown on liquid medium contains a single dye, mixture dyes and temperature characterization. It measured decolorization, biomass and enzyme activities. Toxicity is measured by the BSLT method. The findings indicated that 3 specific fungi, namely Phellinus noxius (BRB 11), Lentinus sajor-caju (BRB 12) and Leotrametes menziesii (BRB 73), exhibited a significant capacity to remove the color from both individual and mixture of direct dyes through the production of laccase and MnP enzymes. The optimal temperature for decolorization of the mixture of direct dyes was 35 °C for BRB 11 (61.4 %) and BRB 73 (60.7 %), whereas BRB 12 (47.4 %) exhibited optimal temperature at 30 °C. The toxicity assay conducted using A. salina showed a progressive rise in the LC50 value, from 15.37 mgL-1 in the control group to a range of 21.63 - 35.84 mgL-1 in the treated group, indicating a detoxification process. However, the most toxic isolate was BRB 12. This study proposes the potential of 2 isolates, Phellinus noxius (BRB 11) and Leotrametes menziesii BRB 73, from TNBS for degradation of single and mixture dye wastewater in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractExpanded polystyrene (EPS) is a polymer known for its remarkable resistance to degradation. Despite several studies conducted on polymer degradation, there is still limited information about the use of White Rot fungi (WRF) to degrade EPS. Our study aims to explore the potential of WRF, which are known to have several isozymes of laccase, a powerful oxidoreductases that potentially could aid in EPS biodegradation. We evaluated the results based on two parameters: (1) morphological damage observed through gravimetry and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and (2) physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of degraded EPS characterized using Universal Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (UATR-FTIR), Thermogravimetric (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS). Our findings revealed that Phelinus noxius BRB 11 and Leiotrametes menziesii BRB 73 were able to resist 10.000 ppm EPS and demonstrated growth rates of 1.86 and 1.22 cm/day, respectively, causing 16 and 1% EPS weight loss after 30 days of incubation. UATR-FTIR analysis showed significant changes in the transmittance value of treated EPS. Phelinus noxius BRB 11 exhibited the highest crystallinity and the lowest styrene percentage area compared to Leiotrametes menziesii BRB 73. Based on all parameters in this study, our results suggest that Phelinus noxius BRB 11 has the best potential as a polymer degradation agent, particularly for EPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude laccase from Trametes hirsuta EDN 082 was used in this study for the decolorization of anthraquinone and azo dyes. Characterization of degradation products from one selected dye, Acid Blue 129 (AB129), was investigated using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The results showed that laccase from T. hirsuta EDN 082 (0.25 U/mL dyes) was able to decolourize AB 129, AB 113, RBBR, AB 25, RB4, and RB5 dyes with a decolorization efficiency of 88%, 73%, 71%, 72%, 42%, and 6%, respectively for 7 h. During the degradation of AB129 dye, nine metabolites were identified and characterized by electrospray ionization–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry Quadrupole-Time of flight (ESI-LCMS-Q-TOF) analysis. Evaluation of peak area showed decreasing of the two metabolites, 1-amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonic acid (D2) and 2,4,6-trimethylaniline (D4) during 7 h reaction indicated these two compounds become the centre of the degradation after cleaving the AB129 dye, and from these results, metabolic pathways were proposed. This study offers the potency of laccase from T. hirsuta EDN 082 for bioremediation of synthetic dyes in the fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanins are a complex natural pigment that darken the skin, a phenomenon regarded as an esthetic problem in tropical countries such as Indonesia. Melanin can be degraded by various oxidative enzymes such as laccase (Lac) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) which are produced by white rot fungi (WRF). In the current study, we successfully obtained a partial purified Lac-MnP from a tropical WRF called Trametes hirsuta OK271075. Co-catalysis of Lac and MnP in the melanin degradation existed as indicated by the enhancement of degradation upon the addition of mediators for the respective enzymes. The highest degradation was up to 42% in the presence of TEMPO (0.2 mM) and MnSO4-H2O2 (0.75 mM, 0.2 mM) as mediators. The increment was up to 20% compared to treatment without mediators. A higher degradation rate achieved when specific mediators of the enzymes were utilized indicated a synergistic effect of both enzymes that could be used simultaneously for melanin degradation. FTIR and FESEM analysis revealed significant changes in melanin structure between enzyme-treated and untreated melanin. Melanin granules were cracked and exfoliated due to an enzyme attack. Based on Pyrolysis-GCMS analysis, several compounds such as phenols, epoxides, ketones, and carboxylic acids were found in higher amount in the enzyme-treated than untreated melanin. This finding revealed the potency of a new isolated T. hirsuta for new enzyme applications in biotechnology fields, especially to degrade melanin for application in natural whitening cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]