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How to utilize inexhaustible solar light as a means of disinfection technology for its cheap and green remains a challenge. In this work, core-shell ZnO@ZIF-8 was synthesized and used for bacterial inactivation synergizing with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) under visible light irradiation. It took 50 min to achieve thorough sterilization for 7.5-log {\it{Escherichia coli (E. coli)}} cells in vis/PMS/ZnO@ZIF-8 system, compared with that 4.5-log reduction completed in Vis/PMS/ZnO system under the same conditions. The enhanced photocatalytic disinfection mechanisms of fabricated ZnO@ZIF-8 were investigated by UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra, electrochemical impedance spectra and Mott-Schottky plots. The promoted bactericidal efficiency was attributed to higher charge-separation efficiency and stronger oxidation ability of photo-generated holes. Moreover, it was found that 1O2 and •OH induced bacterial cell lesion process, and the former was the main active species. The external reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused a series of cell wall damage, intercellular ROS up-regulation and genome DNA unwinding, finally resulted in irreversible bacterial death. A two-route mechanism in vis/PMS/ZnO@ZIF-8 system was proposed, in which the generation of 1O2 was supposed as the product of the oxygen oxidation of photo-generated holes and PMS dissociation. Our work is expected to provide advanced information about a low-cost water disinfection technology of visible light photocatalysis.

The study aimed to develop a machine learning (ML)-coupled interpretable radiomics signature to predict the pathological status of non-palpable suspicious breast microcalcifications (MCs). We enrolled 463 digital mammographical view images from 260 consecutive patients detected with non-palpable MCs and BI-RADS scored at 4 (training cohort, n = 428; independent testing cohort, n = 35). Subsequently, 837 textures and 9 shape features were subsequently extracted from each view and finally selected by an XGBoost-embedded recursive feature elimination technique (RFE), followed by four machine learning-based classifiers to build the radiomics signature. As a result, 10 radiomic features constituted a malignancy-related signature for breast MCs as logistic regression (LR) and support vector machine (SVM) yielded better positive predictive value (PPV)/sensitivity (SE), i.e., 0.904 (95% CI, 0.865–0.949)/0.946 (95% CI, 0.929–0.977) and 0.891 (95% CI, 0.822–0.939)/0.939 (95% CI, 0.907–0.973) respectively, outperforming their negative predictive value (NPV)/specificity (SP) from 10-fold cross-validation (10FCV) of the training cohort. Our optimal prognostic model was obtained by SVM with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.906 (95% CI, 0.834–0.969) and accuracy (ACC) 0.787 (95% CI, 0.680–0.855) from 10FCV against AUC 0.810 (95% CI, 0.760–0.960) and ACC 0.800 from the testing cohort. The proposed radiomics signature dependens on a set of ML-based advanced computational algorithms and is expected to identify pathologically cancerous cases from mammographically undecipherable MCs and thus offer prospective clinical diagnostic guidance.

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based photocatalysis is a promising alternative approach for wastewater disinfection. Singlet oxygen (

Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast (MCB) is a rare type of breast carcinoma, and there are only limited data about the MRI findings of MCB. This article aimed to review the MRI features of MCB and correlate the MRI findings with clinical and histopathologic characteristics.A total of 23 patients were enrolled from a signal institution. The clinical data, histological diagnosis and MRI findings were retrospectively reviewed.The average age of the 23 patients was 51.6 years. Twenty-one (91.3%) patients presented with a palpable mass. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common subtype (10/23, 43.5%). Axillary lymph node metastasis was detected in 4 (17.4%) patients. The immunohistochemical profile showed the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor-2 (Her-2) expression were negative in 87.0%, 95.7%, and 91.3% of the patients respectively. On MRI, most cases exhibited an irregular mass (18/23, 78.3%) with high signal intensity on T2-weighted images (22/23,95.7%), non-circumscribed margin (19/23, 82.6%), heterogeneous enhancement (13/23, 56.5%), Type III (12/23, 52.2%) time intensity curve, and diffusion restriction (20/23, 87.0%) on diffusion weighted images (DWI).MCB most commonly demonstrated definitely malignant MRI features, which may reflect the histopathologic characteristic of this rare and aggressive breast carcinoma.

Objectives This study aims to evaluate the frequency and absolute number of circulating innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets and their associations with clinical and serological features in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients and methods We recruited 28 SLE patients (6 males, 22 females; mean age 37.57 years; range, 18 to 56 years) and 13 healthy controls (4 males, 9 females; mean age 32.08 years; range, 19 to 48 years). Circulating ILC subsets were identified by flow cytometry. Associations between all detected cells and SLE disease activity, clinical manifestations, and serum autoantibodies were analyzed. Results In this study, significantly higher frequencies of ILC2s and ILC3s, lower frequencies of ILC1s, and higher ILC1/ILC3 and ILC1/ILC2 ratios were observed in SLE patients than in healthy controls. The frequencies and number of ILC3s were positively associated with SLE disease activity index 2000 score and anti-double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid titers in patients with SLE. Decreased ILC1 frequencies, increased ILC3 frequencies, and decreased ILC1/ILC3 and ILC2/ILC3 ratios were observed in patients with arthritis compared to those without arthritis. Conclusion Our results indicated biased altered distributions of circulating ILC subsets in SLE. ILC3s were associated with SLE disease activity, and ILC1s, ILC3s, and ILC1/ILC3 and ILC2/ILC3 ratios were associated with SLE accompanied with arthritis. Taken together, these results suggest that ILCs may serve as cellular biomarkers for disease activity and arthritis involvement in SLE.

In order to reveal the influence of nanoparticle shape on heat transfer in nanofluid nucleate boiling process, a three-dimensional numerical investigation of nanofluid thermocapillary convection around a gas bubble is conducted. Five different shaped nanoparticles are used in this study and the nanofluid flow is simulated by two-phase mixture model. The thermocapillary convection intensity of nanofluid with spherical nanoparticles is the largest, which is followed by blade, brick, cylinder and platelet shapes, respectively. Non-spherical nanoparticles with a suitable shape and relatively high volume fraction are beneficial for heat transfer enhancement, and nanofluid containing blade shaped nanoparticles has the largest heat transfer enhancement, which is followed by platelet, cylinder and blade shapes respectively. In particular, as αp = 0.05 the average Nusselt number of nanofluid with blade, platelet, cylinder and blade shaped nanoparticles are increased by 22.8%, 11.7%, 7.7% and 2.8% relative to that of with spherical nanoparticle respectively. Moreover, the total entropy generation increases with nanoparticle sphericity increasing.

Background Highly myopic eyes differ in morphology from emmetropic eyes, and the correct estimation of the vitreous volume is difficult. To explore an effective method to estimate ocular volume using refractive factors in children. Methods This is a retrospective study of children with high myopia who visited the Shenzhen Shekou People’s Hospital (July-December 2018) before undergoing posterior scleral reinforcement surgery. Data on refractive factors and ocular 3D reconstruction imaging based on high-end CT were collected for linear correlation and linear regression analyses. Results Ten patients (20 eyes) were included. There are nine males and one female. They were 4 to 12 years of age. The spherical equivalent ranges from + 0.25 to -20.00 D. The cylindrical equivalent ranges from − 0.50 to -6.25 D. The AL(axial length, AL) ranges from 21.78 to 33.90 mm. The corneal curvature (mean) ranges from 42.44 to 46.75. The 3D reconstruction of the CT images shows that the ocular volume ranges from 4.591 to 10.988 ml. The ocular volume of the 20 eyes decreases with the increase of diopter and total curvature, both presenting a linear trend, with the Pearson correlation coefficients being − 0.776 (P P = 0.003), respectively. The ocular volume of the 20 eyes increases with the increasing AL, also presenting a linear trend, with the Pearson correlation coefficient being 0.939 (P Conclusions In children, the ocular volume is negatively and linearly correlated with the diopter and curvature, and positively and linearly correlated with the AL.

Immunotherapy is a major emerging treatment for breast cancer (BC). However, not all breast cancer patients derive benefit from immunotherapy. Predictive biomarkers of immunotherapy, such as tumor mutation burden and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, are promising to stratify the patients with BC and optimize the therapeutic effect. Various targets of the immune response pathway have also been explored to expand the modalities of immunotherapy. The use of nanotechnology for the imaging of predictive biomarkers and the combination with other therapeutic modalities presents a number of advantages for the immunotherapy of BC. In this review, we summary the emerging therapeutic modalities of immunotherapy, present prominent examples of immunotherapy in BC, and discuss the future opportunity of nanotechnology in the immunotherapy of BC.

In order to reveal the impact mechanism of gravity acceleration on thermocapillary convection instability in two-layer system, the flow characteristics of two-layered thermocapillary convection in annular pool under various gravity levels is investigated by 3D numerical simulation, in which the outer and inner walls are differentially heated. The interface of fluids is assumed to be a flat non-deformable interface, where thermocapillary forces act on. The computational results show that, with the increase of gravitational acceleration the convective structure of the upper layer changes from multi-cell structure to singe cell structure, then to multi-cell structure; while in the lower layer the flow changes from multi-cell to single cell structure. The convection instability mode also is modified, and the wave number at the interface decreases from seven to six. The average oscillatory amplitude of azimuthal velocity decreases with the increase of gravitational acceleration.

Investigation of natural convection heat transfer enhancement and entropy generation of nano liquid-metal fluid in a differentially heated cavity is carried out for three types of nanofluids, copper-Ga (Cu Ga), diamond-Ga (Diam-Ga) and carbon nanotubes-Ga (CNT Ga), in which Grashof number varies from 104 to 106 and nanoparticles volume fraction from 0.01 to 0.15. The nanofluid flow is simulated by the two-phase mixture model. The studied results show that the convective intensity, heat transfer and local entropy generation increase with the increase of Grashof number. The average Nusselt number of nano liquid-metal fluid increases monotonically with increasing of Grashof number and nanoparticles volume fraction, and the total entropy generation also increases monotonically. The heat transfer performance of CNT-Ga is the highest, that of Diam-Ga is the second and the Cu Ga is the lowest.

In view of the fact that thermocapillary convection is an important heat transfer mechanism in nucleate boiling, and nanofluids is used to be heat transfer medium extensively. The present paper reports the numerical investigation of nanofluids thermocapillary convection around a gas bubble in a cavity, and the effects of nanoparticles volume fraction and size on flow characteristics, heat transfer performance and entropy generation are studied. The results show that, with more nanoparticles add to base fluid can enhance the heat transfer performance of gas bubble thermocapillary convection, the convective intensity is reduced, and the local entropy generation decreases and its distribution becomes more uniform. However, with larger nanoparticles diameter the results are just the opposite, namely, the heat transfer performance is weakened, the convective intensity is enhanced and the total entropy generation increases and its distribution becomes more nonuniform. These findings are of significance for the heat transfer enhancement in nanofluid boiling heat transfer.

The addition of nanoparticles into base fluid not only can improve thermophysical properties, but also can change its surface tension, so the flow and heat transfer of nanofluids surface tension driven convection can be significantly influenced by nanoparticles. The present paper reports the analysis of flow and heat transfer of nanofluids surface tension driven convection in a rectangular cavity, in which two types of nanofluids of distilled water–Al2O3 and PGW(60% propylene glycol and 40% water by mass)-ZnO are considered, and the two-phase Mixture model is used to simulate the nanofluids flow. The computational results show that, for nanofluid distilled water–Al2O3, the convective intensity and heat transfer performance indicates a nonmonotonic change with nanoparticles volume fraction increasing, however, for nanofluid PGW–ZnO the convective intensity and heat transfer performance decreases monotonously. Moreover, the flow characteristics and entropy generation under different nanoparticles volume fractions are analyzed in detail.

Buoyant-thermocapillary convection is an important heat transfer mechanism in nucleate boiling and nanofluids has been used as heat transfer medium extensively, so it is necessary to study the heat enhancement mechanism of nanofluids buoyant-thermocapillary convection around gas bubble. The present paper first reports the flow, heat transfer and entropy generation characteristics of nanofluids buoyant-thermocapillary convection around a gas bubble in a cavity, and the effects of nanoparticles volume fraction and size on buoyant-thermocapillary convection are discussed. The results show that, as nanoparticles volume fraction increases from 0 to 0.05, the convective intensity and entropy generation of buoyant-thermocapillary convection decreases gradually, and the average Nusselt number of bottom wall first increases and then decreases. As nanoparticles volume fraction is 0.02 the average Nusselt number is the largest and increased by 3.1% relative to that of pure fluid. As nanoparticles diameter increases from 20 nm to 80 nm, the temperature and flow fields indicate as the same structure, but the entropy generation increases gradually. The average Nusselt number of bottom wall increases slightly with nanoparticles diameter increasing, particularly, the average Nusselt number for nanoparticles diameter (dp) 80 nm is increased by 2.28% relative to that of dp = 20 nm.

In order to reveal the effect of substrate microstructure on heat transfer of nanofluid droplet evaporation, the thermocapillary flow characteristics and heat transfer performance of nanofluid droplet on different substrates are investigated. The two-phase mixture model is used to simulate the nanofluid flow, and three kinds of micro-structured substrates (namely, sawtooth, rectangle, and parabola structures) are considered. The computational results show that micro-structured substrate can affect the temperature and flow field distributions inside the droplet, and the petal structure of isotherm and flow velocity of smooth substrate is larger than that with micro-structured substrates. The average heat flux at droplet surface increases with substrate temperature increasing, the average heat flux with rectangle substrate is larger than smooth substrate, while that of sawtooth and parabola substrate is smaller. With the increase of nanoparticle volume fraction the average heat flux at droplet surface almost increases linearly.

Background: Highly myopic eyes differ in morphology from emmetropic eyes, and the correct estimation of the vitreous volume is difficult. To explore an effective method to estimate ocular volume using refractive factors in children.Methods: This is a retrospective study of children with high myopia who visited the Shenzhen Shekou People's Hospital (July-December 2018) before undergoing posterior scleral reinforcement surgery. Data on refractive factors and ocular 3D reconstruction imaging based on high-end CT were collected for linear correlation and linear regression analyses.Results: Ten patients (20 eyes) were included. There are nine males and one female. They were 4 to 12 years of age. The spherical equivalent ranges from +0.25 to -20.00 D. The cylindrical equivalent ranges from -0.50 to -6.25 D. The axial length ranges from 21.78 to 33.90 mm. The corneal curvature (mean) ranges from 42.44 to 46.75. The 3D reconstruction of the CT images shows that the ocular volume ranges from 4.591 to 10.988 ml. The ocular volume of the 20 eyes decreases with the increase of diopter and total curvature, both presenting a linear trend, with the Pearson correlation coefficients being -0.776 (PConclusions: In children, the ocular volume is negatively and linearly correlated with the diopter and curvature, and positively and linearly correlated with the axial length.

Objective: To establish a convenient and simple flow cytometry immunophenotyping panel to explore immune cellular alterations and potential cellular biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional, case–control study including 60 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 20 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. A 14-color immunophenotyping panel was applied to detect proportions of circulating immune mononuclear cells, and comparisons between patients and healthy controls, and subgroups of patients, were performed. Correlations between cellular proportions and other parameters were investigated. Results: After multivariate analysis, significantly decreased proportions of CD4−CD8− T cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells were observed in patients compared with healthy controls. The proportions of basophils were decreased significantly in patients with lupus nephritis (LN) compared with those in patients without LN. Conclusion: In the present study, we found that basophil proportions may be a biomarker of LN., Lay abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic, multisystem, autoimmune disorder that involves various abnormalities of immune cells and thus presents in a striking variety of ways. This study aimed to establish a biomarker panel that would enable the exploration of changes in immune cells and the relationships between immune cell subsets and clinical manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Our results showed that basophil cell proportions may be a biomarker of use in lupus nephritis.

In this study, a modified fir barks (MFB) was prepared by mixing fir barks (FB) and white-rot fungi (Phanerodontia chrysosporium) under aerobic fermentation. The potential of MFB for Cd2+ adsorption was investigated by batch experiments combined with kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamics analyses. The results revealed that the modification greatly increased the porous structures on the surfaces of fir barks and the surface area of MFB was much higher than that of FB. As a result, the adsorption capacity of Cd2+ on MFB (17.4 mg g−1) was more than two times higher than that on FB (7.2 mg g−1), and the adsorption of Cd2+ on MFB was controlled by physisorption and chemisorption. The immobilization of Cd by MFB in a contaminated agricultural soil was also investigated. The effect of MFB on the bioavailability of Cd was investigated using a leaching test (the European standard EN 12457–2) combined with a typical sequential extraction procedure (the community bureau of reference, BCR). The experimental results showed that the Cd leachability was reduced by 71% when the added MFB dosage was 30 mg g−1. Besides, the MFB amendment could transform Cd from unstable geochemical fractions into more stable fractions. In total, the MFB, as a chemical-free and eco-friendly material, could be potentially employed for in-situ remediation of Cd-contaminated agricultural soils.

Ship detection via synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has been demonstrated to be very useful as polarimetric information helps discriminate between targets and sea clutter. Among the available polarimetric detectors, optimal polarimetric detection (OPD) theoretically provides the best detection performance under the assumption that the fully developed speckle hypothesis stands. This study proposes a polarimetric detection optimization filter (PDOF). The target clutter ratio (TCR) over the speckle variation was maximized using a matrix transform to derive the PDOF. The objective function based on a matrix transform instead of a vector transform is optimized to obtain synthetic effects by combining a polarimetric whitening filter (PWF) and a polarimetric matched filter (PMF). Subspace form of the PDOF (SPDOF) is also proposed, which gives performance comparable to the PDOF. Assuming a Wishart distribution, the exact and approximate expressions of the closed-form probability density function (PDF) of the PDOF are derived. The probability of false alarm (PFA) was derived in a closed-form expression, which allows obtaining the PDOF threshold analytically. Moreover, the gamma model is extended to a generalized gamma distribution (GΓD) to adapt complicated resolutions and sea states. Experiments with simulated and real data validate the correctness and effectiveness of the results. The PDOF detector achieves the best performance in most virtual and real-world environments, especially in cases where the target statistics and clutter are not Wishart-distributed.

Lactate blunts the anticancer immune response in breast cancer (BC). However, little is known about the exact effect of lactate transporters such as monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) on immunotherapy. In this study, we investigated the expression status and prognostic value of MCT4 in BC through large-scale transcriptome data. Our results showed that MCT4 was overexpressed in BC, particularly in the basal-like molecular subtype. Overexpression of MCT4 was significantly correlated with high BC lesion grade and poor prognosis. Enrichment analysis indicated that the MCT4-related genes were involved in immune- and metabolism-related bioprocesses, such as myeloid leukocyte activation, the adaptive immune system, and catabolic process. We also found that the expression of MCT4 in BC lesions was associated with immune cell infiltration and glycolytic rate-limiting enzymes like pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and hexokinases-3 (HK3). Our observations indicate that MCT4 may play a pivotal role in the maintenance of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) through metabolic reprogramming. The enzymes of the glycolysis pathway (MCT4, PKM2, and HK3) may thus serve as new targets to modulate the TIME and enhance immunotherapy efficiency.[Figure: see text].

The generation of sludge is the main issue in iron-based electrochemical techniques. Interestingly, in this study, the effluent was totally limpid and iron sludge did not generate when dissolved silicate (Na2SiO3) was used as the electrolyte in an electrolysis catalyzed ozone (ECO-Na2SiO3) system. More importantly, the pseudo-first-order rate constants (0.112 min−1) for DMAC degradation in ECO-Na2SiO3 process was much higher than those of ECO systems using other electrolytes. An inhibition film formed on the iron electrode surface was identified to inhibit excess corrosion of iron electrodes and efficiently catalyze decomposition of ozone simultaneously. It was confirmed that hydroxyl radical (•OH) played a dominant role for the degradation of DMAC, and O2•− and H2O2 were also contained in ECO-Na2SiO3 system. The contributions of contained oxidative reactions in ECO-Na2SiO3 system were quantitatively evaluated. Finally, the degradation pathway of DMAC was proposed. This work provides an effective way for protecting electrode from corrosion in electrochemical process.

Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based materials as the emerging catalysts for sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) applications have progressively become a burgeoning research field. Herein, an in-depth overview of state-of-the-art MOFs-based materials currently available in SR-AOPs applications for environmental remediation is presented. The synthetic strategies of different types of MOFs-based materials are summarized. Most importantly, particular emphasis is placed on the applications of MOFs-based materials in SR-AOPs for wastewater treatment. Identification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from the radical and non-radical pathways is addressed. Moreover, the theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) to predict and explore the possible reaction mechanisms in MOFs-based SR-AOPs are summarized and discussed. Special attention has been focused on the effects of structure on the catalytic activities and the circumstance of radical and non-radical reaction mechanisms in MOFs-based SR-AOPs. Finally, the unresolved challenges of the existent MOFs-based SR-AOPs are pointed out and the outlooks of future research directions are proposed.

Numerical investigation of nanofluid thermocapillary convection in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity was carried out, in which the two-phase mixture model was used to simulate the nanoparticles-fluid mixture flow, and the influences of volume fraction of nanoparticles on the flow characteristics and heat transfer performance were discussed. The results show that, with the increase of nanoparticle volume fraction, thermocapillary convection intensity weakens gradually, and the heat conduction effect strengthens; meanwhile, the temperature gradient at free surface increases but the free surface velocity decreases gradually. The average Nusselt number of hot wall and the total entropy generation decrease with nanoparticle volume fraction increasing.

Hong-Li Liu,1,*Min Zong,1,* Han Wei,1Cong Wang,2Jian-Juan Lou,1Si-Qi Wang,1Qi-Gui Zou,1Yan-Ni Jiang1 1Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yan-Ni JiangDepartment of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300, Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 1 377 665 2465Fax +86 258 372 4440Email jyn_njmu@163.comBackground: Triple-negative breast cancers generally occur in young women with remarkable potential to be aggressive. It will be of great help to detect this subtype of tumor early. To retrospectively evaluate the performance of histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapsin distinguishing triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) from other subtypes of breast cancer (non-TNBC), when combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features.Materials and methods: From February 2014 to December 2018, 192 patients were included in this study taking preoperative standard MRI (s-MRI) and DWI. Seventy-six of them were pathologically confirmed with TNBC and rest 116 with other subtypes. First, their clinical-pathological features and morphological characteristics on MRI were assessed, including tumor size, foci quantity, tumor shape, margin, internal enhancement, and time-signal intensity curve types, in addition to the signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Second, whole-lesion apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis was executed. Finally, both univariate and multivariate regression analyses were applied to identify the most useful variables in separating TNBCs from non-TNBCs, and then their effects were evaluated following receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.Result: Multivariate regression analysis indicated that circumscribed margin, rim enhancement, and ADC90 were important predictors for TNBC. Increased area under curve (AUC) and improved specificity can be obtained when combined s-MRI and DWI (circumscribed margin+rim enhancement+ADC90>1.47×10−3 mm2/s) is taken as the criterion, other than s-MRI (circumscribed margin+rim enhancement) alone (s-MRI+DWI vs s-MRI; AUC, 0.833 vs 0.797; specificity, 98.3% vs 89.7%; sensitivity, 68.4% vs 69.7%).Conclusion: Circumscribed margin and rim enhancement on s-MRI and ADC90 are three important elements in detecting TNBC, while ADC histogram analysis can provide additional value in this detection.Keywords: triple-negative breast cancer, magnetic resonance imaging, morphological features, diffusion-weighted imaging, histogram analysis &nbsp

To reveal the influence of nanoparticle shapes on thermal transport performance of nanofluid convective boiling flow in minichannel, nanofluid forced flow coupled with gas bubble thermocapillary convection in minichannel is numerically investigated by two-phase mixture model. Firstly, the flow characteristics and heat transfer enhancement mechanism of mixed forced and thermocapillary convection in minichannel with different shaped nanoparticles (sphere, brick, blade, cylinder and platelet shaped particles) is disclosed. Secondly, the contribution of thermocapillary and forced flow to heat transfer is analyzed, and the relation of Nusselt number and total entropy production with nanoparticle concentration are given. Finally, the heat transfer performance of nanofluid flow with different shaped nanoparticles in minichannel is evaluated. The results show that, nanoparticle shape can effectively influence thermocapillary jet structure, and then affect the thermal transport at the vicinity of bubble. For nanofluid with spherical nanoparticle the thermocapillary jet structure is the largest, which is followed by brick, blade, cylinder and platelet shaped nanoparticles. The thermal transport performance of nanofluid with blade-shaped nanoparticle is the best, and the average Nusselt number is improved by 8.3% compared with that of nanofluid with spherical nanoaprticle as nanoparticle volume fraction is 0.05.

Liquid metal based nanofluid is expected to be the ultimate coolant, however, till date a comprehensive heat transfer analysis of this fluid flow is still lacking. The paper presents the comprehensive analysis of heat transfer, entropy generation and performance evaluation of liquid metal nanofluid laminar flow in a circular tube subject to constant wall heat flux, in which the two-phase mixture model is adopted to simulate the nanofluid flow, and three types of nanoparticles (namely Alumina (Al2O3), Diamond (Diam), Carbon nanotubes (CNT)) is considered. The computational results show that, as nanoparticles volume fraction increases, the average heat transfer coefficient of Ga-Diam and Ga-CNT increases, but that of Ga-Al2O3 decreases. The corresponding total entropy generation of Ga-Diam and Ga-CNT decreases, and that of Ga-Al2O3 increases. Particularly, as Re = 1000 and αp=0.06 the average Nusselt number of nanofluids Ga-CNT, Ga-Diam and Ga-Al2O3 relative to that of pure liquid metal Ga are increased by 17.3%, 16.1% and −2.1%, respectively. In general, the liquid metal based nanofluid with high concentration carbon nanotubes nanoparticles is a better choice for heat transfer enhancement, however, from the view point of energy utilization efficiency low concentration nanoparticles is more suitable.