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Summary Background The optimal perioperative chemotherapeutic regimen for locally advanced gastric cancer remains undefined. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of perioperative and postoperative S-1 and oxaliplatin (SOX) compared with postoperative capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CapOx) in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer undergoing D2 gastrectomy. Methods We did this open-label, phase 3, superiority and non-inferiority, randomised trial at 27 hospitals in China. We recruited antitumour treatment-naive patients aged 18 years or older with historically confirmed cT4a N+ M0 or cT4b Nany M0 gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, with Karnofsky performance score of 70 or more. Patients undergoing D2 gastrectomy were randomly assigned (1:1:1) via an interactive web response system, stratified by participating centres and Lauren classification, to receive adjuvant CapOx (eight postoperative cycles of intravenous oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 on day one of each 21 day cycle plus oral capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 twice a day), adjuvant SOX (eight postoperative cycles of intravenous oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 on day one of each 21 day cycle plus oral S-1 40–60 mg twice a day), or perioperative SOX (intravenous oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 on day one of each 21 day plus oral S-1 40–60 mg twice a day for three cycles preoperatively and five cycles postoperatively followed by three cycles of S-1 monotherapy). The primary endpoint, assessed in the modified intention-to-treat population, 3-year disease-free survival to assess the superiority of perioperative-SOX compared with adjuvant-SOX and the non-inferiority (hazard ratio non-inferiority margin of 1·33) of adjuvant-SOX compared with adjuvant-CapOx. Safety analysis were done in patients who received at least one dose of the assigned treatment. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01534546. Findings Between Aug 15, 2012, and Feb 28, 2017, 1094 patients were screened and 1022 (93%) were included in the modified intention-to-treat population, of whom 345 (34%) patients were assigned to the adjuvant-CapOx, 340 (33%) patients to the adjuvant-SOX group, and 337 (33%) patients to the perioperative-SOX group. 3-year disease-free survival was 51·1% (95% CI 45·5–56·3) in the adjuvant-CapOx group, 56·5% (51·0–61·7) in the adjuvant-SOX group, and 59·4% (53·8–64·6) in the perioperative-SOX group. The hazard ratio (HR) was 0·77 (95% CI 0·61–0·97; Wald p=0·028) for the perioperative-SOX group compared with the adjuvant-CapOx group and 0·86 (0·68–1·07; Wald p=0·17) for the adjuvant-SOX group compared with the adjuvant-CapOx group. The most common grade 3–4 adverse events was neutropenia (32 [12%] of 258 patients in the adjuvant-CapOx group, 21 [8%] of 249 patients in the adjuvant-SOX group, and 30 [10%] of 310 patients in the perioperative-SOX group). Serious adverse events were reported in seven (3%) of 258 patients in adjuvant-CapOx group, two of which were related to treatment; eight (3%) of 249 patients in adjuvant-SOX group, two of which were related to treatment; and seven (2%) of 310 patients in perioperative-SOX group, four of which were related to treatment. No treatment-related deaths were reported. Interpretation Perioperative-SOX showed a clinically meaningful improvement compared with adjuvant-CapOx in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer who had D2 gastrectomy; adjuvant-SOX was non-inferior to adjuvant-CapOx in these patients. Perioperative-SOX could be considered a new treatment option for patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. Funding National Key Research and Development Program of China, Beijing Scholars Program 2018–2024, Peking University Clinical Scientist Program, Taiho, Sanofi-Aventis, and Hengrui Pharmaceutical. Translation For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

The ultradense network (UDN) has been identified as a promising technology to address the challenge of the ever increasing demands on data rates or massive accesses, especially for Internet of Things (IoT)-oriented applications. However, the severe co-channel interference (CCI) generated by densely deployed femtocells in UDN poses a critical issue. The conflict graph is widely recognized as an effective representation of the underlying interference constraints in the network and a powerful tool for interference management. Different from most prior studies that construct conflict graphs based on accurate geographical distance information, which is usually hard to obtain in reality, an accurate and practical machine-learning-based conflict graph construction approach is proposed in this article. Based on the constructed graph, the throughput maximization problem, which is NP-hard, is decoupled into a user clustering subproblem and a subchannel allocation subproblem. The former is solved by proposing a low complexity user clustering algorithm with modified balanced Min $k $ -Cut, which identifies low-interference entities (i.e., clusters) for spectrum reuse; and the latter is solved by presenting a subchannel allocation algorithm with accumulative intercluster interference considered, which could further reduce the interference caused by spectrum reuse. Moreover, to further improve the spectrum efficiency, a supplementary allocation algorithm is deployed to allocate the remaining subchannels. The simulation results show that the proposed approach improves the aggregate throughput by up to 186.68%, compared with the other existing methods.

Objective The objective of this study was to characterize secular trends in the sex-specific, age-standardized incidence of lung cancer by histological type in Beijing, China, from 2000 to 2016 based on data from a population-based cancer registry. Methods Data on the incidence of cancer from 2000 to 2016 were obtained from the Beijing Cancer Registry. We examined trends in the sex-specific, age-standardized incidence of lung cancer by histological type using a Joinpoint regression model. Results A total of 117,409 cases of lung cancer were diagnosed from 2000 to 2016. Overall, 73,062 (62.23%) patients were males. The most common histological type among both sexes was adenocarcinoma; however, the proportion of adenocarcinoma differed significantly between males and females (45.36% vs. 77.14%, respectively, P

Objective We firstly assessed the extent and nature of occupational burnout among clinical research associates (CRAs) in China for the first time, and evaluated influencing factors in view of developing effective countermeasures. Methods CRAs were evaluated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and a self-designed questionnaire. Detected occupational burnout was used as the index. We examined possible influencing factors of burnout using wilcoxon rank test, KW rank and Spearman correlation analysis; influencing factors were screened out with multivariate ordinal logistic regression modelling. Results Overall, 438 surveys were completed. Results indicated that 82.2% of participating CRAs had some degree of job burnout; among those, 19.9% had mild burnout, 49.8% had moderate burnout, and 12.5% had severe burnout. A total of 76.7% suffered from emotional exhaustion, 65.5% experienced depersonalization, and 15.3% felt a low sense of accomplishment. For all categories of burnout, statistically significant influencing factors were: work mode, working hours, whether the hospital provided work support and likelihood of promotion (p . Conclusion Occupational burnout was common among Chinese CRAs. To alleviate this situation and ensure the quality of clinical trials, companies and hospitals should take effective measures to establish support systems involving both hardware and software.

Traditional anomaly detection and root cause analysis in radio access network are not accurate and efficient enough to enable automatic network operation and maintenance in large-scale 4G/5G heterogeneous network. In this paper, we designed a framework of anomaly detection and root cause analysis, which was used in the field trial. In the framework, we proposed an algorithm of anomaly detection together with a labeled dataset of radio access network. The algorithm is proved to be more efficient with slightly performance loss compared with the existing State-of-the-Art algorithm. In addition, the automatic network closed-loop method for capacity problem, including the proposed anomaly detection and root cause analysis, has been verified in several base station sites based on O-RAN architecture.

Ultradense networks have been identified as a promising technology to accomplish objectives of the fifth-generation wireless networks. However, the severe mutual interference generated by the densely deployed femtocells constitutes a great challenge. Different from the most prior studies that center on femtocell access points (FAPs) and neglect the influence of users’ location when allocating subchannels, a centralized user-centric merge-and-split rule based coalition formation game, which can be well supported in the framework of the cloud/centralized radio access network, is proposed. This user-centric game makes it possible to utilize user information (e.g., distance) in estimating interuser interference so that the interference mitigation can be more accurate and effective. Besides, a novel resource allocation algorithm based on graph theory is presented. It can eliminate intratier interference efficiently by allocating users who may severely interfere each other in the conflict-graph with orthogonal subchannels as far as possible in a distance-aware sequence, and allocating subchannels in a profit-calculating method if idle subchannels are unavailable. Furthermore, in order to overcome the limitation that “only one subchannel can be allocated to each user” in previous coalitional games, a supplementary allocation algorithm is put forward to allocate remainder subchannels such that the system spectral efficiency can be improved. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms improve the aggregate throughput up to 51.04%, 62.70%, 157.46%, and 482.42% comparing with the coalition formation game transmitted in a time-division multiple access (TDMA) manner within each coalition with virtual multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) case, the reuse 1 case, the FAP-centric coalition formation game with modified recursive core case, and the coalition formation game transmitted in a TDMA manner among users with virtual MIMO case, respectively. The coalitional game proposed in this paper converges to a final stable partition in finite iterations.

Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) is widely used in modern communications which attempts to predict the best available rate and select the most suitable modulation and coding scheme (MCS) by estimating the real-time channel quality to obtain higher throughput of communication system. However, due to the characteristics of wireless channel fading, there are a lot of uncertainties in the communication process, which makes deviation between the channel estimate and the true value and can affect performance of AMC system. Bayesian network is an important tool to research uncertainty. This paper considers learning with the multi-entities bayesian network (MEBN) as a new framework for adaptive modulation and coding which avoids the flaw of flexibility in traditional Bayesian network (BN). Simulation results show that our algorithm has more validity in the selection MCS and lower bit error rate (BER) by considering estimate deviation in MEBN-AMC system. We also provide the further simulation results by using Bayesian structure learning and parameter learning.

Objective In this study, we aimed to estimate the updated incidence and mortality rate of stomach cancer based on the cancer registration data in 2014, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry of China (NCCRC). Methods In 2017, 339 registries' data were qualified based on the criteria of data quality control of the NCCRC. Cases of stomach cancer were retrieved from the national database. We estimated numbers of stomach cancer cases and deaths in China using age-specific rates and corresponding national population stratified by area, sex, age-group (0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, …, 85+). Chinese standard population in 2000 and Segi's world population were applied for age-standardized incidence and mortality rates. Results In 2014, 410,400 new stomach cancer cases and 293,800 cancer-associated deaths were estimated to have occurred in China. The crude incidence rate of stomach cancer was 30.00/100,000, age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 19.62/100,000 and 19.51/100,000, respectively. The crude mortality rate of stomach cancer was 21.48/100,000, age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) were 13.44/100,000 and 13.30/100,000, respectively. Incidence and mortality rates in rural areas were both higher than that in urban areas. Stomach cancer has a strong relationship with gender and age. The disease has occurred more frequently among men than women with a male to female ratio of 2.4 for ASIRC. After age group of 40-44 years, incidence rates are substantially higher in men than in women, same pattern was seen for age-specific mortality rates. Conclusions There is still a heavy burden of stomach cancer in China. The incidence and mortality patterns of stomach cancer show substantial gender and regional disparities. Great effort is needed to provide more accessible health services, sufficient financial resources, and adequate cancer-care infrastructure for the Chinese population, especially for people living in rural areas.

Cloud-Radio Access Network (C-RAN) architecture has been considered widely in wireless network research. Software Defined Radio (SDR) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) technologies realize flexible deployments of C-RAN. In our paper, a testbed based on SDR and NFV is built for splitting C-RAN into several independent units: Centralized Unit Control Plane (CU-CP), Centralized Unit User Plane (CU-UP) and Distributed Unit (DU). To realize communications among the different units, we focus on the scheme of communication framework and the modification of signaling flow. In addition, the three units are deployed on different virtual machines as an experimental testbed for functional validation and performance testing. Finally, we provide socket and Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) with three different encryption algorithms in CU-CP/CU-UP testing. The results show the proposed architecture indeed has an effective performance.

Objective The objective of this study was to characterize secular trends in the sex-specific, age-standardized incidence of lung cancer by histological type in Beijing, China, from 2000 to 2016 based on data from a population-based cancer registry. Methods Data on the incidence of cancer from 2000 to 2016 were obtained from the Beijing Cancer Registry. We examined trends in the sex-specific, age-standardized incidence of lung cancer by histological type using a Joinpoint regression model. Results A total of 117,409 cases of lung cancer were diagnosed from 2000 to 2016. Overall, 73,062 (62.23%) patients were males. The most common histological type among both sexes was adenocarcinoma; however, the proportion of adenocarcinoma differed significantly between males and females (45.36% vs. 77.14%, respectively, P

Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) is widely considered a significant part of fifth generation (5G) networks. This paper offers flexible Software Defined Radio (SDR) testbed for C-RAN researchers and developers to verify network function and evaluate system performance. In 5G C-RAN architecture, a Baseband Unit (BBU) of C-RAN is split into a Centralized Unit (CU) and a Distributed Unit (DU). As a consequence, a SDR testbed based on OpenAirInterface is built and extended to support the CU/DU split. In order to support communications between the CU and DU units, a succinct and effective interface protocol is designed. Specifically, the CU/DU control plane split at the RRC/RLC point is primarily addressed, so that User Equipment (UE) can complete attach UE and detach UE procedures through the decoupled CU and DU units. Besides, the CU/DU user plane split at the PDCP/RLC point is accomplished. Therefore, two independent units, CU and DU, can substitute for BBU. Finally, this paper evaluates the testbed using a real network setup, a commercial Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a remote radio head (RRU) and several commercial UEs. The results show that the testbed can successfully attach UE, detach UE and transmit data to commercial UEs over the air.

Objective We aimed to establish a representative exposure response function between PM2.5 and lung cancer to evaluate the impact on lung cancer burden and the benefits gained in association with the environmental policy change in Beijing, China. Methods Based on population-based cancer registration data during 2001–2016, using a spatiotemporal Poisson regression model, long-term concentrations of PM2.5 were linked to sex-age adjusted incidence rates of total lung cancer and its pathological subtypes. We calculated the health and monetary benefits associated with air quality improvement using the cost of illness method. Results In the constructed regression model, a 10 μg/m3 increment of PM2.5 was associated with increases of 6.0% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 4.3%, 7.7%), 14.8% (10.3%, 19.4%), and 6.5% (3.3%, 9.8%) in the incidence of total lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, respectively. The estimated associations indicate that long-term exposure to PM2.5 contributed 1947 to 3059 incident cases of lung cancer per year among the residents in Beijing during the study period. Clean air actions saved 4978 (95% CI: 2711, 7417) lung cancer cases, which brought a savings of 218 (118, 324) million RMB (~31 [17, 46] million US dollars) in direct inpatient medical expenditures. If air quality had met national standards of long-term PM2.5 (35 μg/m3) in 2014–2016, 10,003 (95% CI: 9325, 10,650) lung cancer cases could have been prevented and direct inpatient medical expenditures of 438 (409, 466) million RMB (~63 [58, 67] million US dollars) could have been saved. Conclusions This study enriches epidemiological study, confirming the association between exposure to PM2.5 and lung cancer or its subtypes, and provides novel evidence for the notable reduction in lung cancer burden and medical expenditure savings that were achieved through air quality improvements in Beijing from 2014 to 2016.

Ultra-dense networks (UDNs) have been widely regarded as a promising technology to meet higher requirements of the fifth generation (5G) network. However, densely deployed femtocells bring an unprecedented challenge of importing severe co-channel interference (CCI), which greatly limits the performance of the network. Therefore, interference management in UDNs is particularly important. The conflict-graph is widely recognized as the representation of underlying interference constraints of the network. Most prior studies establish conflict-graphs based on accurate geographical distance information which is usually unavailable by the network operators in practice. A more practical neural network based conflict-graph construction approach, which utilizes up-link signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) data and up-link resource block (RB) allocation data, is proposed in this paper. These data are used to train a neural network for predicting the up-link SINR under single interfering user conditions. Utilizing the predicted SINR data as the edge weights of the constructed conflict-graph considers both the influence of inter-user interference and the interference tolerance ability of each user, which better reflects the resource reuse conflict between users. Users can collaborate and coordinate their resource allocation strategies according to the constructed conflict-graph so as to mitigate severe CCI in the network. Therefore, the proposed approach facilitates the realization of the intelligent resource allocation optimization. Furthermore, the proposed conflict-graph construction approach achieves quite a high accuracy, which has been verified by simulation results.

Objective To analyze cancer incidence data in Beijing in 2014 and temporal trends for selected common cancers during 2005 and 2014. Methods A total of 144 secondary and tertiary hospitals reported newly diagnosed cancer cases to Beijing Cancer Registry, which covers 13 million residents in Beijing. The cancer incidence rate was calculated in strata by cancer type, sex, age group and area. The population composition of China in 1982 and Segi's population structure were used to calculate age-standardized rates. Extensive procedures were used to assure the quality of the data. Results The overall data quality indicators of the percentage of morphology verification (MV) (%), the percentage of death certificate-only (DCO) (%) and the mortality to incidence ratio (M/I) were 72.15%, 0.94% and 0.54 respectively. A total of 45,300 new cancer cases were diagnosed in Beijing in 2014. The incidence rate was 341.92/100,000 (343.50/100,000 in males, 340.33/100,000 in females), and the age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 143.48/100,000 and 182.99/100,000, respectively. The cumulative incidence rate for cancer before 75 years was 20.61%. Cancers of lung, colorectum, liver, stomach and prostate were the top five common cancer types for males, while cancers of breast, lung, thyroid, colorectum and uterus were the top five common cancer types for females. The different patterns were also observed between rural and urban areas. Regarding temporal trends, the incidence of thyroid cancer has the fastest growth between 2005 and 2014. The incidence of liver cancer decreased, and stomach and esophageal cancer also decreased significantly for males in the last decade. Incidence rate for lung cancer was relatively stable during that period of time. Conclusions With more than 45,000 new cases in Beijing in 2014, cancer remains an important public health problem. Actions should be taken to diminish total cancer incidence in Beijing.

In this article we discuss the design of a new fronthaul interface for future 5G networks. The major shortcomings of current fronthaul solutions are first analyzed, and then a new fronthaul interface called next-generation fronthaul interface (NGFI) is proposed. The design principles for NGFI are presented, including decoupling the fronthaul bandwidth from the number of antennas, decoupling cell and user equipment processing, and focusing on high-performancegain collaborative technologies. NGFI aims to better support key 5G technologies, in particular cloud RAN, network functions virtualization, and large-scale antenna systems. NGFI claims the advantages of reduced bandwidth as well as improved transmission efficiency by exploiting the tidal wave effect on mobile network traffic. The transmission of NGFI is based on Ethernet to enjoy the benefits of flexibility and reliability. The major impact, challenges, and potential solutions of Ethernet-based fronthaul networks are also analyzed. Jitter, latency, and time and frequency synchronization are the major issues to overcome.

Introduction Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is the standard treatment for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) but is associated with poor chest tumor control. Here, we report results of a randomized phase 3 study comparing two CCRT regimens in improving chest tumor control by low-dose paclitaxel chemoradiation for LA-NSCLC. Methods Due to the logistics of local referral pattern, the study was designed to enroll patients with stage III LA-NSCLC who had completed 2–4 cycles of full-dose chemotherapy. One hundred thirty four were randomized to either Arm 1 [paclitaxel at 15 mg/m2, three times per week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) for 6 weeks, n = 74] or Arm 2 (weekly paclitaxel at 45 mg/m2 for 6 weeks, n = 60). Chest radiotherapy was 60–70 Gy in standard fractionation. Response rate was the primary endpoint, with recurrence-free survival (RFS) as the secondary endpoint. Results From March 2006 to February 2013, 71 patients completed Arm 1 treatment and 59 completed Arm 2 treatment. The response rate for Arm 1 was significantly higher (83.1%) than Arm 2 (54.2%) (p=0.001). RFS was superior in Arm 1: median 14.6 vs. 9.4 months, p = 0.005, Hazard ratio (HR) 1.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20, 2.90]. Overall survival was not significantly different: median 32.6 months in Arm 1 vs. 31.3 months in Arm 2, p = 0.91, HR 0.97 (95% CI 0.55, 1.70). Toxicity was significantly lower in Arm 1 for Grade 3 and 4 leukopenia/neutropenia (p

As wireless networks have been an integral part of our daily life, mobility prediction techniques have become one of the main topics in current research efforts. An accurate prediction of the next cell to which the mobile users are going can greatly improve the performance of wireless applications, such as map resource allocation, congestion control, quality of service and mobility management. It has been shown that the Markov predictor is a good mobility predictor in actual wireless local area network environments. However, from the standpoint of conditional entropy, the authors analyse that the Markov predictor has the disadvantage of performing worse when the location history is lacking or an approximate tie has happened. As a consequence, a novel improved Markov predictor is proposed, and simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. The simulation results show that the improved Markov predictor solves not only the disadvantages of Markov predictor due to the lack of location history information, but also the expansion of state space in multiple-order Markov predictors.

To explore the relationship between female breast cancer incidence and the socioeconomic status in Beijing.The data of female breast cancer patients of Beijing residents diagnosed between 2001 and 2010 were sorted from the population-based surveillance database of Beijing Cancer Registry.28, 184 cases were included, covering 58, 427, 396 female person-years. Incidence rates, rates adjusted by world population in each year, mean and median age at diagnosis and the peak age group were calculated. JoinPoint software was applied to calculate the incidence trend and the annual percentage of changing (APC). Using the data from the Beijing Statistical Yearbook in 1991-2000, we calculated the gross output value of industry, the average wage of Beijing residents, the food expenditure level and the average wage in different districts in Beijing. The relationship between female breast cancer incidence, the average age (mean, median and the peak age groups) at diagnosis and the socioeconomic status in the last 10 years was also calculated.From 2001 to 2010, the incidence rate of female breast cancer in Beijing rose from 32.03/100 000 to 58.10/100 000, a total increase of 81.39% over the last 10 years and the annual percentage change was 5.76%, after adjusted by world population (APC = 5.76%, P0.05). The relationships between female breast cancer incidence from 2001-2010 and the gross output value of industry, the average wage of Beijing residents, the food expenditure level in 1991-2000 were significant (P0.05). The Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.928, 0.957, and 0.982, respectively. In terms of the data in different districts in Beijing, the relationships between the average age (mean, median and the peak age group) in 2001-2010 and the average wage of Beijing residence in 1991-2000 were also significant with a correlation coefficient of 0.806,0.785 and 0.754, respectively (P0.05).The increase of female breast cancer incidence rate in Beijing is positively correlated with the socioeconomic status, especially with the food expenditure level of Beijing residents over the last 10 years. The higher the economic development, the peak age of onset of female breast cancer is more postponed.

To analyze the incidence of cancer during 2008-2012 in Beijing, China, and compare the cancer spectrum with that during 1998-1999.Data from the Beijing Cancer Registry (BCR), which covered 12 million residents and 16 administrative regions in Beijing, were checked and evaluated on basis of the criteria of data quality from the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) of China. Incidences were calculated stratified by cancer type, sex, areas (urban/rural), and age. The Chinese census population in 1982 and the world Segi's population were used for calculating the age-standardized incidences.A total of 177,101 new cancer cases were diagnosed in Beijing between 2008 and 2012. The crude incidence rate (CR) of all cancers was 282.64/100,000 (290.71/100,000 in males and 274.45/100,000 in females). The age-standardized rates by Chinese standard population (ASR-China) and by world standard population (ASR-world) were 124.46/100,000 and 161.18/100,000, respectively. Female breast cancer was the most common cancer, followed by lung cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, and stomach cancer, with the CR of 59.87/100,000, 59.21/100,000, 32.49/100,000, 19.81/100,000 and 17.96/100,000, respectively. In urban areas, female breast cancer (68.50/100,000) was still the most common cancer, followed by lung cancer (61.23/100,000), colorectal cancer (37.23/100,000), prostate cancer (20.49/100,000) and stomach cancer (20.07/100,000). In rural areas, lung cancer (55.94/100,000) was the most common cancer, followed by female breast cancer (45.87/100,000), colorectal cancer (24.77/100,000), liver cancer (20.68/100,000) and stomach cancer (14.52/100,000). Great changes of the cancer spectrum were found from the period of 1998-1999 to the period of 2011-2012 in Beijing.The cancer burden in Beijing was heavier than the national average level. Cancer prevention and control strategies, especially for lung, colorectal, prostate and female thyroid cancers, should be enhanced.

To analyze the incidence trends and characteristics of lymphoma in Beijing, 1998-2010.Total of 9 763 new cases diagnosed as lymphoma in 1998-2010 were extracted from the population-based database of Beijing Cancer Registry, covering population of 151 601 066 person-years. Incidence, age-adjusted incidence, cumulative incidence, truncated incidence and annual percentage change (APC) were calculated. The gender-specific, age-specific and pathology-specific incidence trends were analyzed.The incidence rate of lymphoma was 6.48/100 000 (9 763/150 720 187) during the period of 1998-2010, increased from 3.78/100 000 (410/10 850 626) in 1998 to 8.88/100 000 (1 111/12 518 114) in 2010 with an increasing rate of 136.17% (APC = 5.21%, P0.05). The incidence rate of Hodgkin lymphoma increased from 0.25/100 000 (27/10 850 626) in 1998 to 0.47/100 000 (59/12 518 114) in 2010 with an increasing rate of 88.00% (APC = 4.33%, P0.05). The incidence rate of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was increased from 2.89/100 000 (314/10 850 626) in 1998 to 5.93/100 000 (742/12 518 114) in 2010 with an increasing rate of 105.19% (APC = 4.19%, P0.05) . During the period of 1998-2010, the incidence of lymphoma was 7.78/100 000 (7 125/91 621 898) in urban areas and 4.47/100 000 (2 638/59 098 289) in rural areas, 7.40/100 000 (5 632/76 121 672) in males and 5.54/100 000 (4 131/74 598 518) in females.The incidence of lymphoma keeps increasing in 1998-2010, and the incidence was higher in males than females, urban areas than rural areas. The incidence patterns of Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were different.

To determine factors related to menopause symptoms among middle-aged registered nurses in Beijing.Self-administered questionnaires that included closed-ended questions on many factors possibly related to menopausal symptoms were distributed to 2100 registered nurses aged 40-55 at 20 hospitals in Beijing, China.Menopausal status was most associated with menopausal symptoms (p 0.01), including hot flashes and sweating, paresthesiae, insomnia, arthralgia/myalgia, palpitations, skin formication and an unsatisfactory sexual life. The odds ratios (ORs) were highest for hot flashes and sweating. Upsetting events in the past year and being pessimistic were significantly inversely correlated with almost all the symptoms analyzed. Hot flashes and sweating (p 0.01), paresthesiae (p 0.01), unsatisfactory sexual life (p 0.01), irritability (p 0.05), depression or suspicion (p 0.05) and dizziness (p 0.05) were negatively correlated with the frequency of sexual activity.Many factors may influence symptoms of the menopause. We found that menopausal status was most strongly associated with most menopausal symptoms, especially hot flashes and sweating. Psychosocial factors also played an important role. A higher frequency of sexual activity negatively correlated with most menopausal symptoms.

To investigate the characteristics and incidence trends of childhood cancer in Beijing, China, from 2000 to 2009.A total of 1,274 cases with childhood cancer in Beijing from 2000 to 2009 were included in the study. All rates were age-standardized using the direct method to the world standard population and expressed per million person-years. Incidence trends were characterized by calculating annual percent change (APC) using Joinpoint Regression Program.The crude incidence rate was 106.47 per million [age-standardized rate (ASR) 113.34] between 2000 and 2009 in Beijing with the most common diagnoses, leukemia (N=505, 39.64%, ASR 45.20), followed by central nervous system (CNS) tumors (N=228, 17.90%, ASR 19.28) and lymphoma (N=91, 7.14%, ASR 6.97). The incidence for all childhood cancers combined has increased during the study period, with an APC of 5.84% [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.0-10.9] after adjusted by world population. The ASR of all combined cancers in boys showed a slight, but no significant increase, with an APC of 5.33% (95% CI: -0.6-11.6); for girls, the trends increased significantly, with an APC of 6.54% (95% CI: 1.5-11.8).The incidence rate of childhood cancer in Beijing was higher than the average level of China and lower than that of western countries. The incidence trends of childhood cancer, especially leukemia among girls showed a significantly increase from 2000 to 2009. While among boys, no substantially change was seen during the observed time period. Some sex-specific trends by subcategories and trends of major cancers in different age groups by cancer site merit further investigation.

An efficient carrier allocation algorithm is important for self-organised networks SONs. SON can significantly improve network performance and user experience which greatly help relieve the heavy loading of the current multimedia applications for mobile environments. This paper proposes a distributed algorithm for carrier allocation using a reverse auction algorithm, wherein the original cells affected by newly added cells self-organise into auction groups to facilitate new carrier allocation. The computational overhead required to adapt to topology changes can be significantly reduced compared with the conventional topology-based approaches that ignore prior assignments. The number of original cells affected by the reallocation is as small as possible in the reverse auction algorithm while optimising carrier allocation. We investigate the algorithm performance in various scenarios. Our results indicate that the reverse auction algorithm exhibits significant advantages compared with traditional approaches, especially in highly dynamic networks where frequent resource re-allocation is needed.

Channel estimation algorithms are employed in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) downlink system to help with coherent demodulation. Several CRS-aided channel estimation algorithms over multipath Rayleigh fading channel have been investigated in this paper. Based on theoretical analysis and simulation, Wiener interpolation channel estimator is proposed for LTE downlink system. In consideration of practical implementation and universality for different channels, we propose that CRSs in Wiener interpolation should be contained in the time window of 10e− 3 second as well as in the frequency window of two adjacent resource blocks, which symmetrically distribute around the current estimated resource block in frequency domain.

As wireless networks have been widely deployed for public mobile services, predicting the location of a mobile user in wireless networks became an interesting and challenging problem. If we can predict the next cell which the mobile users are going to correctly, the performance of wireless applications, such as call admission control, QoS and mobility management, can be improved as well. In this paper, we propose a mobility prediction algorithm based on dividing sensitive ranges. The division is in accordance with the cell transform probability. Then different prediction methods are applied according to the sensitivity of the range to gain high precision. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. As it turns out, the simulation results show that the proposed scheme can accurately predict the location for mobile users even in the situation of lacking location history.