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The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assisted communication can significantly improve the coverage and spectrum efficiency of the Internet of Things (IoT). One main feature of IoT is short packet communication (SPC), in which the data transmission uses finite block-length codewords. The transmission rate and the packet error rate will affect the effective throughput of the IoT. In this paper, we investigate the impact of SPC on the performance of UAV-enabled spectrum sharing network. Specifically, the optimization of energy efficiency (EE) in the UAV communication system is considered since the battery of the UAV is usually limited. We design the packet error rate, the sensing duration, the normalized sensing threshold and the UAV’s transmit power to maximize the EE under the constraint that the primary user is sufficiently protected. Since the system parameters are intertwined with each other, we employ a successive optimization algorithm to solve the optimization problem by dividing it into three subproblems. Then, an efficient iterative algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal parameters. Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm can converge to global optimal value and has better EE performance than other benchmark schemes. And there is a fundamental tradeoff between the throughput and the EE.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled mobile relaying is regarded as an important wireless connectivity component in areas without infrastructure coverage due to its rapid response, strong mobility, and low cost. This paper studies a delay tolerant UAV-enabled mobile relaying system and adopts the load-carry-and-deliver paradigm. The UAV is employed to assist in the information transmission from a ground transmitter to a ground receiver with their direct link blocked. Two kinds of UAV flight trajectories are proposed in this system, i.e., a straight line and circular trajectory. Suppose that the UAV employs time-division duplexing (TDD)-based decode-and-forward (DF) relaying. This paper then aims to maximize the spectrum efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) in of the UAV-enabled relaying system by jointly optimizing the time allocation, flight speed, and the flying radius of the circular trajectory. Then, we develop an efficient algorithm by leveraging the bisection method and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Simulation results show the superiority of the proposed algorithm as compared to other benchmark schemes. In addition, numerical results show that, when the communication distance is 1000 m, the SE and EE performance of the circular trajectory is better than the SLF trajectory when the obstacle height is greater than 300 m. Thus, the height of the obstacle between the communication nodes and the trade-off between the SE and EE should be taken into account when we design the optimal trajectory of the UAV-enabled mobile relaying system.

Wireless communication with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has attracted much attention due to its flexibility and low-cost in providing wireless connectivity. In this article, we investigate the spectrum sharing between UAV and terrestrial wireless communication. Two scenarios are considered in this work. Scenario 1: the UAV is energy sufficient to transmit the required data. In this case, our objective is to minimize the time that is needed to complete data transmission. Scenario 2: the battery of the UAV is energy insufficient. In this case, the goal becomes maximizing the size of data that can be transmitted. Different scenarios require different placement of the UAV. When the UAV flies towards the primary user (PU), the sensing result will be more accurate and more opportunities can be utilized to transmit data. However, the interference to primary receiver (PR) and the propulsion energy due to UAV’s movement will be increased. In this article, the sensing performance, the power allocation and the UAV’s position are jointly optimized to satisfy different requirements of the UAV system. To efficiently utilize the licensed spectrum, a hybrid transmission mode is proposed for the UAV system, in which sensing and power control are jointly employed to protect the PR. Then, efficient iterative algorithms are proposed to solve the optimization problems. Simulations results show that proposed designs can significantly reduce the time that is required to complete data transmission in energy sufficient scenario and enhance the size of data that can be transferred in energy insufficient scenario.

Relay selection for Relay Assisted (RA) networks is an economical and effective method to improve the spectrum efficiency. Relay selection performs especially well when the source node has accurate and timely Channel State Information (CSI). However, since perfect CSI knowledge is rarely available, research of relay selection with partial (statistical) CSI is of paramount importance. In this paper, relay selection for RA networks with statistical CSI is formulated as a Multiple-Decision (MD) problem. And, the cost of obtaining the CSI is also considered in the formulated problem. Two relay selection schemes, Maximal Selection Probability (MSP) and Maximal Spectrum Efficiency Expectation (MSEE), are proposed to solve the formulated MD problem under different optimal criteria assumptions based on the optimal stopping theory. The MSP scheme maximizes the probability that the Best Assisted Relay Candidate (BARC) can be selected, whereas the MSEE scheme provides the maximal expectation of the spectrum efficiency. Experimental results show that the proposed schemes effectively improve the spectrum efficiency, and the MSEE scheme is more suitable for stable communication cases. Meanwhile, the MSP scheme is more suitable for burst communication cases.

In this study, the authors investigate the performance of an energy harvesting cognitive cooperative multiple relays network with spectrum sensing, where secondary user accesses the licensed spectrum according to the spectrum sensing results. Particularly, if the spectrum hole is detected, the secondary nodes harvest energy from the ambient environment, otherwise, the secondary source and relays transmit with the energy collected from the primary signals. Taking the imperfect spectrum sensing results into account, exact closed-form expressions for the total outage probability and capacity of the secondary network are derived under the context of Rayleigh fading channels, where the proposed modified selective cooperative decode-and-forward relaying transmission schemes are adopted. Compared with the conventional cognitive relay network, the authors must undertake the correlations among the received signal-to-noise ratios or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios caused by both the presence of primary user's interference and energy harvesting for the system understudy. It is shown that spectrum sensing phase and data transmission phase are mutual influence and mutual restraint.

In recent years, the development of wireless communication leads to an explosive growth of energy demand, widely application of smart devices and rapid emergence of services. So, the energy efficient communication is expected urgently to save power and prolong the lifetime of the resource-constrained terminal devices. Especially in 5G age, the excellent spectrum efficiency provides more opportunity to save power by adjusting the transmission power of the delay tolerable (DT) service. Meanwhile, although the tradeoff between energy efficiency and service delay plays a non-negligible role in the energy efficient communication, it is not exploited sufficiently due to the time variation and randomness of wireless communication channel. For this reason, the fundamental tradeoff between energy efficiency and delay of the DT service is investigated and analyzed. And, the optimal problem of energy efficient communication for DT service is formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) which can be solved effectively by statistical dynamic programming (SDP) since the perfect channel state information (CSI) is hard to obtain. To improve the utility of research, the approximate SDP (ASDP) and Q-learning are also investigated to overcome the limitation of the curse of dimensionality and model-based algorithm respectively.

In order to overcome the unstable generation of amplitude spectrum and insufficient utilization of interference band in transformed domain communication system (TDCS), a multi-value amplitude spectrum generation method based on energy detection is proposed. Firstly, the channel power spectrum envelope is used to determine the distribution bands and size of noise. Then each band is labeled as an exponential power of its multiple based on the benchmark of the minimum power spectrum, which achieves an adaptive labeling of the whole spectrum. Finally, for different spectral environments, the adjustment factor is introduced into the label spectrum to change the convergence rate of interference suppression according to the spectral conditions. The results show that compared with the optimal single threshold method, this method reduces the bit error rate to less than 0.1 times, increases the spectral occupancy by 20%, and has less computational complexity when the number of sample points of the amplitude spectrum is large. It is suitable for channel environments where there are multiple interference sources in the channel and the frequency band occupancy of the interference is large.

With the consolidation of the Internet of Things (IoT), the unmanned aerial vehicle- (UAV-) based IoT has attracted much attention in recent years. In the IoT, cognitive UAV can not only overcome the problem of spectrum scarcity but also improve the communication quality of the edge nodes. However, due to the generation of massive and redundant IoT data, it is difficult to realize the mutual understanding between UAV and ground nodes. At the same time, the performance of the UAV is severely limited by its battery capacity. In order to form an autonomous and energy-efficient IoT system, we investigate semantically driven cognitive UAV networks to maximize the energy efficiency (EE). The semantic device model for cognitive UAV-assisted IoT communication is constructed. And the sensing time, the flight speed of UAV, and the coverage range of UAV communication are jointly optimized to maximize the EE. Then, an efficient alternative algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem. Finally, we provide computer simulations to validate the proposed algorithm. The performance of the joint optimization scheme based on the proposed algorithm is compared to some benchmark schemes. And the simulation results show that the proposed scheme can obtain the optimal system parameters and can significantly improve the EE.

In view of the serious multi-access interference in traditional transform domain communication systems, which can suppress the performance of users and bit error rate, a partition multiple access interference reduction method is proposed, which is suitable for large-scale transform domain multiple access communication. A multi-user method is proposed to divide users into users within the region and users outside the region for reducing interference, and the formula of bit error rate is deduced. The partition vector calculation method is proposed and CAN algorithm is introduced to improve the autocorrelation of the partition vector. The overall performance of the method is analyzed from the aspects of spectrum efficiency and bit error rate under gaussian channel, and the optimal length of the partition vector is given. Simulation results show that this method can greatly expand the number of users, ensure the bit error rate at low level, and the spectrum efficiency is stable.

To solve the problem of massive multi-source data under the background of multi-sensor big data, a data fusion method which is easy to realize is used to fuse and mine the massive big data, and the difference between the fusion data and the real data is used as the stability judgment method. Compared with the measurement errors of single sensor and average estimation, it is proved that the heterogeneous sensor using weighted least square data fusion has higher measurement accuracy. The numerical examples are consistent with the theoretical derivation, which further verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method and improves the accuracy and mining effect of big data fusion.

Aiming at the problem of low search efficiency of traditional methods, this paper proposes a method to quickly and accurately estimate the parameters of multi-component linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal. Using the rotation equivalent relationship between the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) and the Wigner distribution (WD), the calculation method of the optimal rotation angle of the LFM signal in the FRFT is deduced. Considering the problem that mutual interference between multi-component signals affects the estimation accuracy, an efficient search method is proposed to improve the estimation accuracy under the condition of less calculation amount. The simulation results show that this method can achieve fast and accurate estimation of multi-component LFM signal parameters.

Relay assisted (RA) network with energy harvesting (EH) is a promising method to realize the green communication. Meanwhile, the relay selection (RS) is an effective method to exploit the performance advantage of EHRA network. However, the performance of RS depends on the perfect channel state information (CSI) deeply. And, there is an obvious performance gap between the RS strategy with perfect CSI and partial CSI. In order to improve the performance of EH-RA network with partial CSI, a RS strategy is proposed to optimize the spectrum efficiency (SE) under an EH constraint in this paper. The upper bounder (UB) of the proposed RS strategy is also analyzed under the perfect CSI assumption. Moreover, the statistical dynamic program (SDP) is investigated to cooperate with the proposed RS strategy by optimizing threshold under the partial CSI assumption. Numerical results show that the SE performance of the proposed RS strategy with SDP is much better than the greedy algorithm and approaches to the performance UB effectively.

This paper studies the secure transmit design for a downlink multiple-input-single-output cognitive radio network (CRN) with a practical energy harvesting (EH) model. Due to the open architecture of a CRN, the confidential information intended for the secondary receiver is prone to be eavesdropped by external eavesdroppers (Eves). Specifically, considering imperfect channel state information, our aim is to jointly design the transmit beamforming vector and the power splitting ratio, such that the outage-constrained secrecy rate is maximized under the constraints of total power consumption, secrecy rate outage probability, EH and quality of service requirements. The original problem is not convex and intractable in general, in order to tackle this non-convexity issue, we utilize semidefinite relaxation and Bernstein-type inequality to transform the outage constraints into a deterministic form. We show that the optimal solution can be obtained by alternately optimizing two convex subproblems. Also, we prove that the optimal solution of the relaxed problem will always be rank one. Furthermore, we consider a large deviation inequality (LDI)-based approach to obtain a sub-optimal solution, which can significantly reduce the computational complexity. Finally, simulation results have been provided to demonstrate the performance of our proposed designs.

The performance of an underlay cognitive radio network equipped with multiple decode-and-forward relays is investigated in the presence of multiple primary transmitters and multiple primary receivers. The allowed maximum transmission powers for the secondary nodes are obtained according to the outage constraint of multiple primary users (PUs). The authors study selective cooperation scheme for the scenarios of non-direct relay transmission, direct and relay transmission with selection combining, direct and relay transmission with maximum ratio combining, and incremental relay transmission. Considering the dependence among the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios caused by multiple PUs, exact and asymptotical expressions for the outage probability of the proposed selective cooperation schemes are derived over Rayleigh fading channels under underlay spectrum sharing constraints. It is shown that the diversity order for the underlay cognitive relay network with multiple primary transmitters and multiple primary receivers is zero. Finally, simulation results are presented to verify the correctness of the authors’ theoretical derivations.

Energy harvesting techniques are promising in next generation wireless communication systems. However, most of the existing works are based on an ideal linear energy harvesting model. In this paper, a multiple-input single-output cognitive radio network is studied under a practical non-linear energy harvesting model. In order to improve the security of both the primary network and the secondary network, a cooperative jamming scheme is proposed. A robust artificial noise aided beamforming design problem is formulated under the bounded channel state information error model. The formulated problem is non-convex and challenging to be solved. Using ${\mathcal{ S}}\text {-Procedure} $ and the semidefinite relaxation method, a suboptimal beamforming can be obtained. Simulation results show that the performance achieved under the non-linear energy harvesting model may be better than that obtained under the linear energy harvesting model. It is also shown that the cooperation between the primary network and the secondary network can obtain a performance gain compared with that without this cooperation.

In this paper, we explore the cognitive cloud radio access networks with cooperative spectrum sensing in the presence of hardware impairment. Multiuser diversity technique is considered in order to enhance system capacity and improve the reliability of transmission. To avoid interfering with the primary user's communications, the BS intends to transmit messages towards the secondary user only when the spectrum hole is detected. Exact closed form expression for the outage probability of the system understudy is derived over Rayleigh fading channels. It is shown that the hardware impairment degrades the performance of the secondary system. Finally, simulation results are presented to verify the correctness of our analytical derivations.