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Supplementary Figure S1. Complement regulates IL-10 production in CD8+ TILs. Supplementary Figure S2. Non-CD8+ T cell responses in tumor bearing mice. Supplementary Figure S3. T cell exhaustion markers expressed on CD8+ TILs after IL-10 culture. Supplementary Figure S4. Anaphylatoxins regulate IL-10 production through C3aR and C5aR.

A graphene-supported highly dispersed cobalt catalyst with abundant Co–Nx active sites was synthesized to boost 1O2 production from H2O2 activation, exhibiting excellent degradation efficiency towards the model organic pollutant methylene blue.

This work is to analyze a nonlocal dispersal model governed by a Volterra type integral and two space integrals. A weighted integral is included, and an existence result of solutions for this model is proved. We assume a suitably Hartman-type sign condition and use a sufficiently regular measure of noncompactness. Finally, the degree theory referring to condensing operators is applied.

This paper deals with a nonlinear Volterra delay evolution inclusion subjected to a nonlocal implicit initial condition. The evolution inclusion involves an $m$-dissipative operator (possibly multivalued and/or nonlinear) and a noncompact interval. We first consider the evolution inclusion subjected to a local initial condition and prove an existence result for bounded $C^0$-solutions. Then, using a fixed point theorem for upper semicontinuous multifunctions with contractible values, we obtain a global solvability result for the original problem. Finally, we present an example to illustrate the abstract result.

This work is to study a control problem for a nonlinear Volterra nonautonomous evolution inclusion subjected to a local initial condition. The evolution inclusion involves a family of (possibly unbounded) operators. It is proved that the solution set for the control problem has Aronszajn-type regularity (also called Rδ-structure). Moreover, the reachability set for the control problem is invariant under nonlinear perturbations. Then, we obtain that the control problem is approximately controllable under some supplementary conditions. We finally present an example to illustrate the applicability of the abstract results.

By electronically wiring-up living cells with abiotic conductive surfaces, bioelectrochemical systems (BES) harvest energy and synthesize electric-/solar-chemicals with unmatched thermodynamic efficiency. However, the establishment of an efficient electronic interface between living cells and abiotic surfaces is hindered due to the requirement of extremely close contact and high interfacial area, which is quite challenging for cell and material engineering. Herein, we propose a new concept of a single cell electron collector, which is in-situ built with an interconnected intact conductive layer on and cross the individual cell membrane. The single cell electron collector forms intimate contact with the cellular electron transfer machinery and maximizes the interfacial area, achieving record-high interfacial electron transfer efficiency and BES performance. Thus, this single cell electron collector provides a superior tool to wire living cells with abiotic surfaces at the single-cell level and adds new dimensions for abiotic/biotic interface engineering., Efficient management of electron transfer between living cells and solid abiotic surfaces is quite challenging. Here, the authors report the assembling of single cell electron collector for individual cell to promote the biotic/abiotic interfacial electron transfer at the single-cell level.

Inflammation response is a complex physiological process and suppression of inflammation activated in macrophages induced by LPS is an important target for treatment of various chronic diseases. A crude extract produced by Streptomyces ssp. (R31 crude extract) which was isolated from a mangrove sediment showed a significant inhibitory effect in LPS-stimulated inflammatory response. In this study, R31 crude extract decreased the NO production dose-dependently. The release of IL-6 and IL-10 in macrophages were reduced upon pretreatment of R31 crude extract. In addition, R31 crude extract treatment inhibited the translocation of NF-κB and NFAT into the nucleus and the phosphorylation of MAPKs as well as AKT. On the other hand, R31 crude extract induced HO-1 expression in LPS-stimulated macrophage. Collectively, these findings indicate that R31 crude extract exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect and is a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

PASND can be quickly started using activated sludge as the sole seed and can treat C and N with low energy consumption.

Macrolide antibiotics are one of the major groups of emerging pharmaceutical contaminants that have been detected in aquatic systems. Photocatalytic degradation under UV light is useful for mineralization of various pharmaceutical pollutants but very limited studies are available for degradation of azithromycin (AZY) using visible light. In the present study, a novel ZrO2/Ag@TiO2 nanorod ternary nanocomposite was prepared by a simple hydrothermal and photodeposition method for efficient degradation of AZY under visible light. The composite was detailed characterized by XRD, XPS and TEM analyses, which revealed the formation of cubic ZrO2 and Ag nanoparticles on TiO2 nanorods (TNR). More than 90% of azithromycin (20 mg/L) was degraded after 8 h of visible light irradiation. The plausible transformation pathway for azithromycin was proposed based on the LC/MS-IT-TOF analysis. The phytotoxicity evaluation of the azithromycin and its degraded products was assessed on Vigna radiata. The germination index (GI) of azithromycin was found to be 12.3% before degradation while it increased to 81.05% after 8 h of degradation, indicating this photodegradation process achieved nearly complete detoxification. Furthermore, the toxicity of the degradation products was determined on the basis of Escherichia coli colony forming unit assay which confirmed high detoxification efficiency. Thus, this work demonstrated an efficient strategy for visible light degradation and detoxification of azithromycin, which provided new insight on macrolide antibiotic photodegradation and would be promising for antibiotic wastewater treatment.

A bioelectrochemical sensing system (BES) based on electroactive bacteria (EAB) has been used as a new and promising tool for water toxicity assessment. However, most EAB can reduce heavy metals, which usually results in low toxicity response. Herein, a starvation pre-incubation strategy was developed which successfully avoided the metal reduction during the toxicity sensing period. By integrating this starvation pre-incubation procedure with the amperometric BES, a sensitive, robust and mediator-free biosensing method for heavy metal toxicity assessment was developed. Under the optimized conditions, the IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values for Cu2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and Cr6+ obtained were 0.35, 3.49, 6.52, 2.48 mg L−1, respectively. The measurement with real water samples also suggested this method was reliable for practical application. This work demonstrates that it is feasible to use EAB for heavy metal toxicity assessment and provides a new tool for water toxicity warning.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) showed great potential to harness sustainable electric energy from wastewater. Exploration of natural and high-performance electrode materials was highly required to overcome the big challenge of sustainability for microbial energy harvesting with MFCs. In this study, Spirogyra, a wide-spread biopollutant, was explored as a superior material to fabricate high performance and sustainable electrodes for MFCs. By simple carbonization, tens of centimeters long and conductive carbon belts with a self-constructed carbon nanoparticle coating were synthesized from Spirogyra filaments. Impressively, the carbon belts formed 3D non-woven interconnected macroporous networks with intriguing features of light weight and high biocompatibility. More strikingly, they activated highly efficient extracellular electron transfer due to excellent cell/electrode interaction, which is usually not achievable by conventional carbon electrodes. Consequently, Spirogyra electrodes outperformed other natural material derived or commercial electrodes in MFCs, suggesting that Spirogyra was the most superior natural material for sustainable electrodes, which provides new opportunities for more sustainable energy harvesting with MFCs.

Controllable synthesis of uniform graphene–metal oxide nanocomposites is of great interest in energy storage applications, due to the combination of their merits and the synergistic effects on the enhancement of their electrochemical performance. Herein, we report a controllable synthesis of uniform mesoporous H-Nb2O5/rGO nanocomposites, which exhibit higher reversible specific capacity (∼190 mA h g−1), and better rate capability and cycling stability (the capacitance retention is 96.5% over 500 cycles) than pristine H-Nb2O5 microflowers, attributed to their large specific surface area (364.17 m2 g−1), porous structure, and intimate interface. More remarkably, the H-Nb2O5/rGO-based lithium ion hybrid supercapacitor (LIHS) delivered a high energy density of 100.2 W h kg−1 at 50 W kg−1 and still retained 18.3 W h kg−1 at an ultrahigh power density of 20 000 W kg−1, as well as an excellent cycling stability. It is worth noting that some other nanocomposites, including Zn2Ti3O8/rGO, Si/rGO, NaNbO3/rGO, Nb4N5/rGO, and H-Nb2O5/2D g-C3N4, have also been successfully synthesized by this method, demonstrating that it can be extended to prepare other functional nanocomposites for applications in energy conversion and storage, photocatalytic hydrogen production, sensors, and so on.

The single nucleotide polymorphism T-1031C has shown to have an important role in the regulation and transcription efficiency of TNF-α gene. Yet, the relationship between TNF-α T-1031C gene polymorphism and the development of endometriosis (EM) still remains unclear. The aim of this meta-analysis was to summarize the effects of TNF-α T-1031C gene polymorphism and clarify their possible association with EM. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (up to August 10, 2019). A fixed- or random-effects model was employed according to the heterogeneity among studies. The log odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated in the models of allele comparison (T vs C), homozygote comparison (TT vs CC) and (TC vs CC), dominant (TT vs TC + CC), hyperdominant (TT + CC vs TC), and recessive (TT + TC vs CC) to estimate the strength of the associations. A total of 7 case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, significant associations between TNF-α T-1031C and EM were identified from (T vs C: log OR [95% CI] = 0.31 [-0.09, 0.71]; TT + CC vs TC: 0.27 [0.04, 0.50]; TC + CC vs TT: -0.83 [-1.19, -0.47]). On the other hand, no significant correlation was found in other gene models (TT vs TC: log OR [95% CI] = 0.89 [0.64, 1.13]; TT vs CC: 0.3 [-0.74, 1.36]; TT + TC vs CC: 0.17 [-0.81, 1.15]). In subgroup analyses by ethnicity or HWE P-value, there was a statistically significant association between TNF-α T-1031C polymorphisms and EM in the dominant model (TT vs TC + CC: log OR [95%] = -0.84 [-1.60, -0.09]) for the European population, and in hyperdominant model (TT + CC vs TC: log OR [95%] = 0.24 [0.001, 0.49]) for Asian population. To sum up, this meta-analysis showed that TNF-α T-1031C polymorphism was associated with EM susceptibility and has a protective effect in Asian and European populations.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial cells can biosynthesize palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) and utilize those in situ assembled nanoparticles for synergistic bio‐abiotic catalysis, which is promising for pollutant remediation. However, such synergistic catalysis is restricted due to the low cell viability and inefficient palladium immobilization. RESULTS: In this study, conductive and two‐dimensional reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was explored for nanocoating of Shewanella oneidensis cells and the construction of a self‐assembled Shewanella@rGO bionanohybrid. Impressively, after in situ biosynthesis of Pd NPs on the Shewanella@rGO bionanohybrid, a Shewanella@rGO@Pd bionanohybrid was assembled, which showed about 10 times higher cell viability and 2.4 times more immobilized palladium content than the bionanohybrid without rGO. More importantly, the improved cell viability and enhanced Pd immobilization synergistically promoted Cr(VI) removal using the Shewanella@rGO@Pd bionanohybrid, which was 10 times that of native cells and five times that of the bionanohybrid without rGO. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides a promising strategy for biosynthesis and in situ assembly of Pd NPs with living bacterial cells, which is promising for synergistic bio‐abiotic removal of Cr(VI) and should extend the application of Pd NPs in pollutant remediation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

In this study, biogenic iron sulfide nanoparticles (FeS NPs) were synthesized by Shewanella and used for Cr(VI) removal. To control the size of FeS NPs, the biological S(-II) releasing rate was proposed as the key parameter in Fe(III) reduction and was subtly tuned with the aid of a kinetic model. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) observation revealed that gradually increased S(-II) releasing rate lead to the formation of FeS NPs with size from 30 nm to 90 nm. Impressively, the biogenic FeS NPs with 30–40 nm showed high removal rate and large removal capacity (565.6 mg/g) for removal of aqueous Cr(VI). Further analyses revealed that the improved performance of small FeS NPs was ascribed to the reduced passivation of FeS. Therefore, this study provided a facile approach for size-controlled biosynthesis of FeS NPs, and demonstrated the promise to use biogenic FeS NPs for chromate remediation.

Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are widely used in modern industry and are considered as harmful pollutants due to their high toxicity and mutagenesis. Moreover, as the NACs contain one or more electron-withdrawing nitro-groups, they are resistant to biodegradation and are classified as recalcitrant pollutants. Thus, reduction of the nitro groups in NACs to form more biodegradable derivatives was considered as the most important step for NACs removal. Interestingly, it was found that some bacteria are able to reduce the nitro groups in NACs, and bioreduction was proved as a cost-effective way for NACs reduction. Particularly, the electroactive bacteria (EAB) with high NACs reduction efficiency have been identified recently. In this review, the transformation pathways for NACs bioreduction and the identified EAB species are summarized. Furthermore, the electron transfer pathways and strategies for augmentation on NACs bioreduction with EAB are highlighted. The research directions and perspectives for NACs bioreduction by EABs are also discussed.

The electrochemical activity of electroactive bacteria is unique and essential for bioelectrochemical systems (BES) with promising energy and environment applications. However, the strategies for bacterial electrochemical activity modulation are still limited. Herein, a novel approach for engineering of bacterial electrochemical activity with global regulator (sigma factor RpoS) manipulation was developed. By knockout of rpoS in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, the biofilm formation on the electrode was enhanced and the bacterial cells were adapted to a new electron shuttle, which promoted the extracellular electron transfer and improved the performance of BES. This work demonstrated that global regulator manipulation could be efficient for electrochemical activity engineering and offered new opportunities for BES applications. Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Electroactivity, Sigma factor, Extracellular electron transfer, Global regulator

Microbial induced carbonate precipitation has been widely used in the biomineralization of heavy metals Cd2+. However, the low Cd-tolerance of ureolytic bacteria limits the applications with only low Cd2+concentrations. In this study, we discovered a simple approach to significantly enhance the Cd2+ resistance of ureolytic bacteria through an immediate supplement of Ca2+. The Ca2+ protected the cells by reducing the extracellular and intracellular Cd2+ concentration by about 50%. As a result, the Cd2+ removal efficiency was notably improved by about 100% (52.72% to 99.43%, Cd = 5 mM) with Ca2+ supplement. Moreover, extremely high concentration of Cd2+ could be almost completely removed (99.46% at C0 = 20 mM and 99.60% at C0 = 50 mM) within 24 h. Microstructure analyses indicated that the mineralized precipitates were rhombohedral-shaped CdCO3, CaCO3, and (Ca0.67, Cd0.33)CO3. Furthermore, Ca2+ could also protect ureolytic bacteria against toxicity from other heavy metals.

Shi-Yang Xie, Guang Li, Chong Han, Yang-Yang Yu, Nan Li Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China Abstract: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is exceptionally deadly because the tumors lack sensitive early-stage diagnostic biomarkers and are resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. Here, we investigated the role and mechanism of Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) in NSCLC radioresistance. The clinical data showed that the RKIP expression level was generally lower in radioresistant NSCLC tissues than in radiosensitive tissues. Reduced RKIP expression was related to NSCLC radioresistance and poor prognosis. In vitro experiments showed that RKIP knockdown increased radioresistance and metastatic ability in NSCLC cell lines. Mechanistically, RKIP reduction activated the Shh signaling pathway by derepressing Smoothened (Smo) and initiating glioma-associated oncogene-1 (Gli1)-mediated transcription in NSCLC. In addition, the inappropriately activated Shh–Gli1 signaling pathway then enhanced cancer stem cell (CSC) expression in the cell lines. The increasing quantity of CSCs in the tumor ultimately promotes the radiation resistance of NSCLC. Together, these results suggest that RKIP plays a vital role in radiation response and metastasis in NSCLC. RKIP reduction enhances radioresistance by activating the Shh signaling pathway and initiating functional CSCs. This role makes it a promising therapeutic target for improving the efficacy of NSCLC radiation treatment.Keywords: RKIP, radiosensitivity, Shh signaling pathway, CSCs, NSCLC&nbsp

A facile strategy for fabrication of conductive polyaniline (PANI) nanoflower modified carbon cloth electrode was developed and its application for microbial energy harvesting was also demonstrated. By simply tuning the concentration of aniline monomer, uniformly distributed PANI nanoflowers assembled from PANI nanoflakes anchored on the surface of carbon cloth electrode were fabricated with in-situ polymerization. Electrochemical and spectral analyses indicated that the synthesized PANI nanoflower was in conductive emeraldine salt form. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis revealed PANI nanoflower modification reduced the charge transfer resistance of carbon cloth electrode, indicating the PANI nanoflower had excellent electrochemical activity. Furthermore, the PANI nanoflower modified electrode was used as the anode of microbial fuel cells (MFC), which delivered 2.6 and 6.5 times higher voltage and power output than these of pristine carbon cloth electrode, respectively. This work provided a controllable synthesis strategy for PANI nanostructure and demonstrated its promise in microbial energy harvesting.

Toxicity assessment of water is of great important to the safety of human health and to social security because of more and more toxic compounds that are spilled into the aquatic environment. Therefore, the development of fast and reliable toxicity assessment methods is of great interest and attracts much attention. In this study, by using the electrochemical activity of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 cells as the toxicity indicator, 3,5-dichlorophenol (DCP) as the model toxic compound, a new biosensor for water toxicity assessment was developed. Strikingly, the presence of DCP in the water significantly inhibited the maximum current output of the S. oneidensis MR-1 in a three-electrode system and also retarded the current evolution by the cells. Under the optimized conditions, the maximum current output of the biosensor was proportional to the concentration of DCP up to 30 mg/L. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of DCP determined by this biosensor is about 14.5 mg/L. Furthermore, simultaneous monitoring of the retarded time (Δt) for current generation allowed the identification of another biosensor signal in response to DCP which could be employed to verify the electrochemical result by dual confirmation. Thus, the present study has provided a reliable and promising approach for water quality assessment and risk warning of water toxicity.

The influence of Cr-, Nb- and W-doping on the mechanical properties of C11 b MoSi 2 has been investigated using first-principles calculations. Firstly, the formation enthalpies of both C11 b - and C40-structured MoSi 2 with various doping concentrations are calculated and compared, revealing that the C11 b structure can retain good structural stability at low doping concentrations of Cr, Nb or W up to ∼9.2 at.%. Based on the calculated elastic constants, the elastic moduli, hardness and several thermodynamic properties of doped MoSi 2 have been further predicted. Cr-doping decreases the elastic moduli drastically and W-doping decreases the Debye temperature, while doping with Nb increases the B/G ratio and Poisson ratio significantly, leading to good ductility and strong metallic bonding. As revealed in the three-dimensional contours of the elastic moduli, Cr- and W-doping does not obviously affect the anisotropy of the Young's and shear moduli, but Nb-doping shows a remarkable influence. Finally, in order to clarify the doping effects, the electronic properties of doped MoSi 2 are further discussed, based on the analysis of the charge density and density of states.

A novel graphene/riboflavin (RF) composite electrode was developed and its potential application as microbial fuel cell (MFC) anode was demonstrated. Graphene layers were first grown on the surface of graphite electrode by a one-step in-situ electrochemical exfoliation approach. Then, noncovalent functionalization of the graphene layers with RF was achieved by a simple spontaneous adsorption process. The graphene/RF electrode was extensively characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman analysis, and cyclic voltammetry analysis. Remarkably, when applied as the anode of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 inoculated MFCs, the graphene/RF electrode significantly decreased charge transfer over-potential and enhanced cell attachment, which in turn delivered about 5.3- and 2.5-fold higher power output, when compared with that produced by the bare graphite paper electrode and graphene electrode, respectively. These results demonstrated that electron shuttle immobilization on the electrode surface could be a promising and practical strategy for improving the performance of microbial electrochemical systems.

Objective This article is dedicated to finding important genes related to the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), looking for a new gene that may affect tumor radiosensitivity, and conducting basic experiments to verify the relationship between this gene and the radiosensitivity of LUAD. Methods The gene expression profiles GSE32863, GSE33532, and GSE43458 were obtained from NCBI-GEO. GEO2R and a Venn diagram were used to identify upregulated genes. STRING and Cytoscape were applied to develop a protein-protein interaction network (PPI) and analyze the modules. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) was used to process the GO and KEGG pathway analysis. The Kaplan Meier plotter and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) were applied to get the significant prognostic information and differential expression between LUAD tissues and normal lung tissues. Western blotting and Q-PCR were used to detect the expression of PKMYT1 in tissues. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used to knockdown PKMYT1. The colony survival experiment was used to assess the effect of PMYT1 on the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. Cell cycle analysis was used to assess cell cycle distribution. Results We identified 14 genes (PKMYT1, TTK, CHEK1, CDC20, PTTG1, MCM2, CDC25C, MCM4, CCNB1, CDC45, MAD2L1, CCNB2, BUB1, and CCNA2) that are important for LUAD and may be potential therapeutic targets. We confirmed that PKMYT1 is highly expressed in LUAD and firstly demonstrated that artificially silencing the expression of PKMYT1 can abrogate IR-induced G2/M phase arrest and increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation. Conclusion In summary, we obtained 14 core genes related to the poor prognosis of LUAD via bioinformatical analysis. We identified that PKMYT1 was significantly upregulated in LUAD tissues and firstly demonstrated that knockdown of PKMYT1 can eliminate the radiation-induced G2/M arrest, resulting in a lower survival rate for cells receiving radiation therapy. Our findings suggested that PKMYT1 is a promising target to improve the radiosensitivity of LUAD.

The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a novel biotechnology that combines wastewater treatment and energy harvest. Traditional MFCs usually consist of a bioanode in which bacteria community attached on the anode (known as biofilm) degrade organic carbon sources and transfer the electrons generated from intracellular metabolisms to electrodes. These electrons will pass through an external resistance and reach chemical or oxygen cathodes to complete electricity circuits. Many efforts have been done to improve the anode and cathode efficiency. For MFCs anode, material science development and reactor operation optimization greatly have improved the system performance in the past decade. Many studies on extracellular electron transfer (EET) mechanisms also have been done and two possible EET pathways were elucidated. The cathode development mainly focuses on investigating suitable materials and reactions to simultaneously meet the requirement on high performance and low cost. The recent development in biocathode opens the door to utilize electron generated from anode for more sophisticated application in bioremediation and bioproduction. In this thesis, we implemented a number of researches aiming at the improvement of anode performances. Different strategies were developed to improve the extracellular electron transfer and thus bioelectricity and power output. In the first work, I rationally designed a conductive artificial biofilm (CAB) which immobilized Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 into the graphite and polypyrrole matrix. In this way the biomass loading amount was greatly increased compared with naturally occurring biofilms on carbon cloth electrode. Anode performance with such CAB- equipped MFCs was greatly enhanced. In the second work, we developed an anode modification with nitrogen doped carbon nanoparticle. Cyclic Voltammetry analysis reveals that the modified electrode has the capability to retention soluble mediator flavins compared with former reported CNT. This greatly increased the MET in MFCs anode and also inspired rational design novel composite material for future applications. The bioelectrochemical behavior of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO-1 with global regulator mutation was studied in the third work. We demonstrate here that such upstream regulator random mutation is potential effective tool for improve the system performance. In the last work, we successfully developed synthesized ecosystem composes of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO-1. Maximum power density of 523.5 mW/m2 was achieved, which was the best performance in all these works. DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (SCBE)

An in vivo two-way redox cycling system based on whole-cell bidirectional electron transfer was developed and applied for independent duplexed electrochemical signal amplification. This duplexed signal amplification system was established by activating the bacterial “inwards” electron transfer at low electrode potential for oxidative cycling, while accomplishing the bacterial “outwards” electron transfer at high electrode potential for reductive cycling. Therefore, with this two-way bioredox cycling system, simultaneous and independent amplification of the electrochemical signals for oxidation and reduction was achieved. More impressively, by using this duplexed signal amplification system, ultrasensitive and simultaneous detection of two different warfare toxins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was achieved (sensitivity was improved 302 and 579 times, respectively), which makes it possible for double-checking early diagnosis of the P. aeruginosa infections.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) powered biocathode sensors are promising for self-powered monitoring of water contaminants. However, the extensive electrode potential fluctuation would occur when the MFC powered biocathode were used for detecting different concentrations of target analytes, which in turn limits the sensitivity and accuracy. To address this, for the first time, an electrokinetic model for the nitrate reduction by an MFC powered biocathode was developed. Interestingly, both the theoretical simulation and experimental results disclosed an optimal external resistance, under which the biocathode potential was dynamically controlled in the range that electron transfer from the electrode to the nitrate though biocathodic reduction was kinetically saturated, and the output current was exclusively nitrate concentration depended. With this basis, an MFC powered biocathode sensor was for the first time developed, which showed an extremely low limit of detection (0.11 μM) and wide linear detection range (1–500 μM) in nitrate detection. Moreover, this biosensing system also exhibited good reusability and excellent reliability in complex wastewater environment. This work developed an MFC powered biocathode sensing system with excellent nitrate detection capacity, and demonstrated a novel strategy to accurately quantify the target analytes with dynamically controllable electrode potential.