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【Objective】 The leaf area index (LAI) is an important trait of plant canopies but challenging to measure accurately at large scales. We studied the feasibility of using multispectral imaging and machine learning to estimate the LAI of spring wheat. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in a spring wheat field on the Tumochuan Plain in the Yellow River Basin, Inner Mongolia. Images of the spring wheat at the jointing, booting, and grain-filling stages were acquired using a multispectral camera mounted on a DJI P4M UAV. Selected vegetation indices were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), and the resulting components were used to estimate LAI. We compared six models: multiple linear regression (MLR), decision tree regression (DTR), backpropagation neural network regression (BPNN), gradient boosting decision tree regression (GBDT), support vector machine regression (SVR), and random forest regression (RFR). LAI was calculated separately for each growth stage using different vegetation indices. 【Result】 LAI was significantly correlated with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified simple ratio (MSR), ratio vegetation index (RVI), difference vegetation index (DVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and normalized difference red edge index (NDRE). It showed a weak correlation with the renormalized difference vegetation index (RDVI) during the heading and grain-filling stages, with their correlation coefficients being 0.23 and 0.21, respectively. The BPNN model was most accurate during the jointing stage, with R2, RMSE, and MAE being 0.822, 0.305, and 0.257, respectively. In contrast, the RFR model performed best during the heading, grain-filling, and entire growth periods, with R2 being 0.613, 0.811 and 0.834, RMSE being 0.189, 0.150 and 0.174, and MAE being 0.126, 0.121 and 0.133, respectively. Additionally, the RFR model constructed using data from all three stages was more accurate than models derived from data at individual growth stages. 【Conclusion】 Multispectral data acquired via UAV, combined with machine learning algorithms, can accurately estimate the LAI of spring wheat at various growth stages. Models constructed using data from multiple growth stages are more accurate than those based on a single stage. The models are most accurate for the booting stage and least for the heading stage. Overall, the RFR model provided the most accurate LAI estimates across the three growth stages.

【Objective】 Subsurface drip irrigation is a water-saving technique that involves burying emitters in the soil. Its efficacy depends on irrigation amount. This paper investigates the impact of irrigation amount in subsurface drip irrigation on root growth and water use efficiency of maize cultivated in the Xiliao River Plain, Northeastern China. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in a maize field in the Keerqin District of Tongliao City, comprising six treatments with its associated irrigation amount being 220 mm (CK), 195 mm (W1), 170 mm (W2), 145 mm (W3), 120 mm (W4), and 95 mm (W5), respectively. For each treatment, we measured root distribution and water use efficiency. 【Result】 The spatial distribution patterns of root dry matter, root length, root surface area, and root diameter in the 0-40 cm soil layer at the maturity stage were similar across all treatments. As the irrigation amount decreased, these root characteristics initially increased and then decreased. The total water consumption of the maize during its growing season decreased with reduced irrigation amount, while the relationship between kernel yield and irrigation amount followed a quadratic pattern. With increasing irrigation amount, water use efficiency initially increased and then declined, with W2 achieving the highest water use efficiency at 2.46 kg/m3. Grain yield showed significant positive correlations with root weight density, root length density, and root surface area density in the 0-20 cm soil layer, and root diameter in the 30-40 cm soil layer. Net benefit increased with reduced irrigation among initially and then declined, with the highest net benefit of 20 098 Yuan/hm2 achieved when the irrigation amount was 170 mm. 【Conclusion】 Subsurface drip irrigation is a water-saving technology, applicable for maize production in Xiliao River Plain in the northeastern China. The optimal irrigation amount was 170 mm.

Objective To conduct hazard vulnerability analysis(HVA) in a blood bank, aimed to identify high-risk events and optimize emergency management measures. Methods The risk event evaluation index system was established by referring to the Kaiser model and the situation of Guangzhou Blood Center, and risk events were ranked by risk matrix and Borda count. Results The top five events with the highest risk values identified by Kaiser model were information system emergencies (39.61%), extreme weather (38.03%), major public sentiment (37.86%), public health events (37.37%) and policy changes (37.24%). The results of risk matrix and Borda count revealed 1 extremely high-risk indicator as information system emergency, 5 high-risk indicators with the highest risk being major public sentiment, 11 medium-risk indicators with the highest risk being major medical disputes and 1 low-risk indicator as external fires. Conclusion Conducting HVA in combination with the actual situation of blood banks can effectively identify high-risk events and provide theoretical basis for improving emergency management measures.

Abstract Simultaneous manipulation of multiple degrees of freedom of light lies at the heart of photonics. Nonlinear wavefront shaping offers an exceptional way to achieve this goal by converting incident light into beams of new frequencies with spatially varied phase, amplitude, and angular momenta. Nevertheless, the reconfigurable control over structured light fields for advanced multimode nonlinear photonics remains a grand challenge. Here, we propose the concept of nonlinear geometric phase in an emerging ferroelectric nematic fluid, of which the second-order nonlinear susceptibility carries spin-dependent nonlinearity phase. A case study with photopatterned q-plates demonstrates the generation of second-harmonic optical vortices with spin-locked topological charges by using cascaded linear and nonlinear optical spin-orbit interactions. Furthermore, we present the dynamic tunability of second-harmonic structured light through temperature, electric field, and twisted elastic force. The proposed strategy opens new avenues for reconfigurable nonlinear photonics, with potential applications in optical communications, quantum computing, high-resolution imaging, etc.

Cerebellar mutism syndrome (CMS) is a prevalent postoperative complication in children following posterior fossa tumor surgery, with a significantly variable incidence rate across different pathological types of tumors, being highest in medulloblastoma (24%-30%). The pathogenesis of CMS remains to be elucidated, but it is believed to be associated with damage to the cerebellocerebral circuits, harm to the fastigial nuclei of cerebellum and periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain, and alterations in brain networks. Predictive models constructed based on the risk factors of CMS have not yet demonstrated the anticipated stability and have not been widely adopted in clinical settings. Pharmacological treatments are primarily based on clinical experience, yet their efficacy requires further validation, hence there is currently a lack of a clearly effective treatment method; non-pharmacological treatments, such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, have shown some effect on improving the long - term quality of life. This review summarizes the pathogenesis and therapeutic advances of CMS, and future research should be dedicated to exploring the pathophysiological mechanisms of CMS, constructing more accurate predictive models, devising personalized treatment plans, and enhancing the long-term prognosis for children.

Based on the existing situation that natural aggregates are over-exploited and man-made aggregates have become a growing trend, this paper uses economical and abundant agricultural by-product, moso bamboo, as coarse aggregates to partially replace natural coarse aggregate (NCA) for casting a novel bamboo aggregate concrete (BAC), to minimize the use of NCA and to explore feasible sustainable construction materials. Monotonic axial compression tests were conducted on BAC to investigate the effects of bamboo coarse aggregate (BCA) replacement rate (r=0%∼45%) and modification methods (unmodified and epoxy mortar-modified) on failure modes, key mechanical property indexes, and compressive stress-strain relationship. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to analyze the chemical composition and microstructure of BAC. Results showed that when r ≥ 15%, the strength of epoxy mortar-modified BAC can meet the strength requirements of most non-special structural components in general construction while exhibiting good ductility, so it is recommended to use r ≥ 15% epoxy mortar-modified BCA. Finally, the conversion equations between the main mechanical property indexes and the stress-strain constitutive equations of BAC were proposed. The proposal of BAC is in line with the industry demand of vigorously promoting green building and sustainable building materials, and the study of its compression properties lays a theoretical foundation for its future engineering applications and structural design.

Sophisticated infrared detection technology, operating through atmospheric transmission windows (usually between 3 and 5 μm and 8–13 μm), can detect an object by capturing its emitted thermal radiation, posing a threat to the survival of targeted objects. As per Wien’s displacement law, the shift of peak wavelength towards shorter wavelengths as blackbody temperature rises, underscores the significance of the 3–5 μm range for ultra-high temperature objects (e.g., at 400 °C), emphasizing the crucial need to control this radiation for the objects’ viability. Additionally, effective heat management is essential for ensuring the consistent operation of these ultrahot entities. In this study, based on a database with high-temperature resist materials, we introduced a material-informatics-based framework aimed at achieving the inverse design of simultaneous thermal camouflage (low emittance in the 3–5 μm range) and radiative cooling (high emittance in the non-atmospheric window 5–8 μm range) tailored for ultrahigh-temperature objects. Utilizing the transfer matrix method to calculate spectral properties and employing the particle swarm optimization algorithm, two optimized multilayer structures with desired spectral characteristics are obtained. The resulted structures demonstrate effective infrared camouflage at temperatures up to 250 °C and 500 °C, achieving reductions of 86.7 % and 63.7 % in the infrared signal, respectively. At equivalent heating power densities applied to the structure and aluminum, structure 1 demonstrates a temperature reduction of 29.4 °C at 0.75 W/cm2, while structure 2 attains a temperature reduction of 57.5 °C at 1.50 W/cm2 compared to aluminum, showcasing enhanced radiative cooling effects. This approach paves the way for attenuating infrared signals from ultrahigh-temperature objects and effectively managing their thermal conditions.

【Objective】 A pre-planting border irrigation in spring coupled with a drip irrigation in summer during crops growth season is an irrigation technique to reduce soil salinity and safeguard crops growth in the salt-affected soils in the Hetao Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia. This paper investigates the impact of different combinations of irrigation amounts in the dual irrigations on changes in soil water and salt, as well as the growth of sunflower. 【Method】 The field experiment compared two spring (S) irrigation amounts: 95 mm and 135 mm, and three summer (W) irrigation amounts: 68, 100 mm and 135 mm. In each treatment, we measured the spatiotemporal changes in soil water and salt, as well as crop growth characteristics. 【Result】 ① The soil water content in the S135W135 treatment was the highest among all treatments during the experimental period, with the average soil water content and saturation being 17.10% and 75.53%, respectively. The coefficient of variation of soil water content in the S95W135 treatment was 22.40%, the lowest among all treatments. ② Depending on the summer irrigation amount, the desalination rate of the 0-80 cm soil layer under S135 and S95 varied from 32.64% to 50.50% and 21.8% to 38.87%, respectively. Although the spring irrigation amounts did not significantly affect immediate post-irrigation salt content, the S135W100 and S95W135 combinations showed deeper leaching depths and higher desalination rates (40.77% and 33.37%, respectively) than other treatments. ③ Aboveground dry matter production was significantly higher in the S95W135 and S135W100 combinations than in other combinations, surpassing the S135W135 combination by 10.55% and 9.94%, respectively. The S135W100 combination achieved the highest water use efficiency at 21.59%, an increase of 13.03% compared to S135W135. 【Conclusion】 Reducing spring irrigation by 30% to 95 mm combined with a summer drip irrigation of 135 mm is the most efficient irrigation scheme for sunflower cultivation in the salt-affected soils in the Hetao Irrigation District.

Abstract Recent findings indicate that fluctuations in blood glucose could potentially increase the risk of unfavourable outcomes in individuals with cardiovascular conditions. The objective of the research was to assess the correlation between glycaemic variability (GV) and the mortality of patients with heart failure (HF) through a comprehensive review and meta‐analysis. Longitudinal follow‐up studies comparing the mortality risk between HF patients with higher and lower GV were identified by searching Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. The results were combined using a random‐effects model that accounted for the potential variability. The meta‐analysis included nine cohort studies involving 76 843 patients diagnosed with HF, out of which 35 853 patients died within a follow‐up period of up to 86 months. The combined findings indicated that a significant increase in GV was linked to an elevated risk of mortality in patients with HF during the follow‐up period (RR 2.18, 95% CI 1.61 to 2.96, P 0.05). A high GV could be a risk factor of mortality of patients with HF.

Cities constitute a critical component of the “dual carbon” strategy, highlighting the importance of examining the carbon emission trends within various city categories to formulate a low-carbon development path. In this paper, 21 cities (prefectures) in Sichuan province were divided into 4 categories (service-based cities, resource-based cities, industry-based cities, and other cities) through K-means clustering, and the differences in driving factors of carbon emissions in different types of cities were explored. At the same time, baseline scenarios, technological innovation scenarios, controlled development scenarios, and mandatory emission reduction scenarios were set up to dynamically simulate the evolution path of urban carbon emissions in the next 30 years from the bottom-up. The results show that: (1) Input scale is the main driving factor for carbon emission growth in Sichuan province, while input carbon intensity is the leading factor for carbon emission reduction. Environmental input and population scale have opposite effects on carbon emission of different urban types. (2) Resource-based cities face challenges in completing the phased goal of “carbon peaking” under both baseline scenarios and controlled development scenarios. These cities have gradually become the predominant city type of emission source in Sichuan province, surpassing service-based cities. (3) Except for the normal scenario, Sichuan province can achieve the target of “carbon peaking” in other scenarios, and is expected to achieve the target of 90 % greenhouse gas reduction by 2050. (4) Among the 81 development paths derived from the urban scenario combinations, the path labeled M−B−C−M exhibits the lowest economic-ecological comprehensive impact coefficient. The bottom-up carbon emission scenario analysis framework established in this paper offers a novel perspective for the study of “carbon peaking” and can provide theoretical support for policymakers in devising regional low-carbon development strategies.

Granary is an important facility to ensure the safety of grain storage. The granary is a large closed space with dim lighting and poor air circulation. Operations such as fumigation and air conditioning increase personnel safety risks. The identification and analysis of abnormal behaviors of workers through security videos in the granary has become a key safe operations for workers as an important technical guarantee. This paper proposed a video recognition algorithm for abnormal behavior of workers in a granary based on a skeleton sequence multi-algorithm. First, the YOLOv3tiny model was used to quickly detect the human body, combined with Sort to track the motion trajectories of multiple targets, and the human skeleton coordinate sequence and weight information were extracted through the AlphaPose model. Then, based on the real spacial graph (RSG) composed of natural connection nodes of the human skeleton and virtual spacial graph (VSG) constructed by interconnecting the center of gravity of the virtual human body with the head, hands, and feet, the bin was extracted based on the balance of the interaction between the center of gravity of the human body dynamics and the hands and feet. Spatial characteristics of abnormal behavior of internal workers and spatiotemporal characteristics of concatenated temporal convolution (TC). Finally, a virtual-real combining spatial temporal graph convolution network (VR-STGCN) video recognition algorithm for abnormal behavior of granary workers was proposed. At the same time, a hybrid dataset was built, and comparative experiments and analysis were conducted between VR-STGCN and four algorithms such as SSD, PCANet, Two-StreamCNN, and STGCN. The results showed that all indicators of VR-STGCN were better than those of the other four algorithms. VR-STGCN can accurately identify abnormal behaviors such as falling, crawling, and lying down of people in the granary in complex environments such as insufficient light, multiple targets, and long distances. The recognition accuracy reached 97.7%, and the processing speed was 18.67fps, which can analyze the abnormal behavior of workers in real time. The research results could provide a new and efficient technology for the safety of granary workers in complex environments.

Abstract The development of stretchable electronic devices is a critical area of research for wearable electronics, particularly electronic textiles (e-textiles), where electronic devices embedded in clothing need to stretch and bend with the body. While stretchable electronics technologies exist, none have been widely adopted. This work presents a novel and potentially transformative approach to stretchable electronics using a ubiquitous structure: the helix. A strip of flexible circuitry (‘e-strip’) is twisted to form a helical ribbon, transforming it from flexible to stretchable. A stretchable core—in this case rubber cord—supports the structure, preventing damage from buckling. Existing helical electronics have only extended to stretchable interconnects between circuit modules, and individual components such as printed helical transistors. Fully stretchable circuits have, until now, only been produced in planar form: flat circuits, either using curved geometry to enable them to stretch, or using inherently stretchable elastomer substrates. Helical e-strips can bend along multiple axes, and repeatedly stretch between 30 and 50%, depending on core material and diameter. LED and temperature sensing helical e-strips are demonstrated, along with design rules for helical e-strip fabrication. Widely available materials and standard fabrication processes were prioritized to maximize scalability and accessibility.

The autonomous navigation capability of drones in post disaster mines is a prerequisite for their capability to perform rescue and disaster relief tasks. The autonomous pose estimation technology in unknown three-dimensional space is one of the key technologies for autonomous navigation of drones. At present, vision based pose estimation algorithms are prone to blurred scale and poor positioning performance due to the inability of monocular cameras to directly obtain depth information in three-dimensional space and the susceptibility to underground dim light. However, laser based pose estimation algorithms are prone to errors due to the small viewing angle, uneven scanning patterns, and constraints on the structural characteristics of mining scenes caused by LiDAR. In order to solve the above problems, an autonomous pose estimation algorithm of underground disaster rescue drones based on visual and laser fusion is proposed. Firstly, the monocular camera and LiDAR carried by the underground drone are used to obtain the image data and laser point cloud data of the mine. The ORB feature points are uniformly extracted from each frame of the mine image data. The depth information of the laser point cloud is used to recover the ORB feature points. The visual based drone pose estimation is achieved through inter frame matching of the feature points. Secondly, feature corner points and feature plane points are extracted from each frame of underground laser point cloud data, and laser based drone pose estimation is achieved through inter frame matching of feature points. Thirdly, the visual matching error function and the laser matching error function are placed under the same pose optimization function, and the pose of the underground drone is estimated based on vision and laser fusion. Finally, historical frame data is introduced through visual sliding windows and laser local maps to construct an error function between the historical frame data and the latest estimated pose. The optimization and correction of the drone pose under local constraints are completed through nonlinear optimization of the error function, avoiding the accumulation of estimated pose errors that may lead to trajectory deviation of the drone. The simulation experiments that simulating the complex environment after a mine disaster are conducted. The results show that the average relative translation error and relative rotation error of the pose estimation algorithm based on visual and laser fusion are 0.001 1 m and 0.000 8°, respectively. The average processing time of one frame of data is less than 100 ms. The algorithm does not experience trajectory drift during long-term operation underground. Compared to pose estimation algorithms based solely on vision or laser, the accuracy and stability of this fusion algorithm have been improved, and the real-time performance meets the requirements.

GB/T 3836.1-2021 Explosive atmospheres-Part 1: Equipment-General requirements stipulates that the threshold power of RF equipment in explosive environments shall not exceed 6 W. This regulation limits the application of high-power RF equipment in coal mines. However, existing research on electromagnetic safety in explosive environments lacks comprehensive theoretical analysis and experimental verification. In order to solve the above problems, the electromagnetic wave thermal effect equation is derived. It is analyzed that the controllable parameters affecting the generation of thermal energy from the mixture of gas and coal dust coupled by electromagnetic waves are the electromagnetic wave coupling time, the electric field strength and the electromagnetic wave frequency. Based on the regulation in GB/T 3836.1-2021 that the maximum surface temperature of electrical equipment that may accumulate coal dust cannot exceed 150 ℃, simulation experiments are conducted using the multi physics field simulation software COMSOL to evaluate the thermal safety of gas and coal dust mixtures coupled with electromagnetic waves of different emission powers. The results show that the emission power that meets the safety threshold of electromagnetic wave thermal effect with a temperature not exceeding 150 ℃ is 16.48 W. With the increase of electromagnetic wave emission power, the safe duration of electromagnetic wave thermal effect (the corresponding time period that the thermal energy generated by the mixed gas of electromagnetic wave coupling gas and coal dust not causing the ambient temperature to exceed 150 ℃) gradually decreases. However, as long as the safe duration is maintained, the emission power of electromagnetic waves is not limited.

This article discusses the types and characteristics of platform margin belts on both sides of the Kaijiang-Liangping trough in the Sichuan Basin during the Late-Permian Changhsingian age combined with the seismic reflection characteristics. The results show that there are four types of platform margin belts on both sides of the Kaijiang-Liangping trough: (1) steep-slope, single-platform margin belts controlled by faults; (2) steep-slope, single-platform margin belts controlled by paleogeomorphology; (3) steep-slope, multiple-platform margin belts controlled by paleogeomorphology; and (4) gentle-slope, multiple-platform margin belts controlled by paleogeomorphology. Reefs developed in the different types of platform margin belts exhibit different morphological characteristics and stacking patterns. Among all the reefs that developed in steep-slope, platform marginal belts are mainly characterized by aggradational accretion and different degrees of lateral migration in different directions. In contrast, the reefs developed in gentle-slope platform margin belts show distinctive characteristics of multiple bandings and lateral extension. Research suggests that the differences in the platform margin belts’ structure and reefs’ development rules are jointly controlled by a combination of syn-sedimentary fault activities, paleogeomorphology, and sea-level fluctuations. These results can be used to explore and predict reef reservoirs on carbonate platform margins.

The Ahe Formation in the Dibei Area is a key natural gas exploration formation in the northern structural belt. Based on geological data such as formation tests and physical properties, the tight reservoirs were determined using the empirical statistics method, distribution function method, oil-bearing occurrence method, and bound fluid saturation method reasonably. The lower limit of the oil-bearing physical properties of the layer was further analyzed for the differences between the methods. The pore-throat structure of tight sandstone was characterized by high-pressure mercury intrusion data, and the classification and evaluation standard of tight sandstone in the Ahe Formation in the Dibei Area was established combining fractal theory and physical property data. The results show that the lower physical limit porosity of the tight reservoir of the Ahe Formation in the Dibei Area is 2.4%, and the lower permeability limit is 0.021 × 10−3 μm2. According to the fractal dimension characteristics of the mercury injection curve, the different structural characteristics of four types of pores (fracture, macropore, mesopore, and small pore) can be divided with the boundary values are 3,000, 1,000, and 100 nm; the tight reservoir of the Ahe Formation in Dibei Area can be classified into four categories: (a) type I reservoir (Ф > 7%), mainly composed of fracture and macropore; (b) type II reservoir (4% < Ф < 7%), mainly made up of macropore and mesopore; (c) type III reservoir (2% < Ф < 4%), mainly formed by mesopore; and (d) type IV reservoir (Ф < 2%) dominated by small pore, followed by mesopore.

Establishing a sustainable industrial structure system is imperative for transforming the society to high-quality development and achieve the ''carbon peak'' and ''carbon neutrality'' goals. In this study, we explored a low-carbon pathway of regional industrial structure optimization to achieve a balance among economic growth, social security, and environmental conservation. A multi-objective optimization model of industrial structure of economic-social-environmental system was constructed by minimizing carbon emissions and maximizing economic benefits and social employment. In this study, we explored the scientific allocation path for industrial structure and set various scenarios to meet the diverse preferences and development requirements of decision-makers. Southwest China was used as a practical case to validate the model's efficacy, offering a decision-making framework for the sustainable development of the regional economy. After optimization, carbon emissions reduced by 0.9 %∼3.2 %, economic benefits increased by 2.5 %∼4.8 %, and employment levels nearly doubled. The proportion of the transportation industry in southwest China decreased by 11.58 %. The raw coal was the energy source with the highest contribution to carbon emissions, 2494.2 × 108 kgCO2eq.

The structure of an FRP-confined square lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) column was investigated, and it was found to significantly decrease the self-weight while improving the deformation capacity and bearing capacity. Twelve FRP-confined LWAC columns and three unconfined LWAC columns underwent monotonic axial compression tests. The influences of the FRP thickness and type on the compressive performance, stressstrain relationship and strain cloud maps were investigated based on digital image correlation (DIC) technology. Both types of FRP materials demonstrated a noticeable enhancement in both the strength and deformation capacity of LWAC, with CFRP having the greatest effect on strength and BFRP having the greatest effect on ductility. Compared to LWAC columns without confinement, the compressive strength of LWAC confined by BFRP or CFRP increased by 9.4∼21.9% and 24.9∼53.3%, respectively, and the ultimate strain increased by 10.6–14.2 times and 8.0–10.9 times, respectively, with increasing the thickness of FRP. DIC technology was used to accurately measure changes in the strain and the crack development of the specimens, thereby obtaining an accurate rupture strain of the FRP material. The existing models were evaluated using test data, and new models were proposed for FRP-confined square LWAC.

The bamboo is widely distributed around the world and the product process is developed well, the biomass bamboo fiber composite is potential to providing strong confinement for concrete, therefore in this paper, bamboo sheet twining tube-confined concrete columns with an inner original bamboo tube (BSTCB) is proposed. This column is a new structure that consists of an external bamboo fiber composite tube and an internal original bamboo tube filled with concrete between the outer and inner tubes. A total of 18 specimens were tested in axial compression. The effects of BCT thickness and original bamboo tube diameter on the mechanical properties of the specimens were analyzed. The experimental results suggested that BCT has a strong lateral confinement ability. The strength and deformability of concrete increased significantly when BCT thickness increased. When the number of BCT layers was in the range of 6–18 layers, the increase in peak stress ranged from 7.7 % to 12.8 % and the increase in ultimate strain ranged from 6.4 % to 24.0 %. The increase in the diameter of the original bamboo tubes had a positive effect to the deformation capacity, while limited effect on the concrete compressive strength. Within the change in diameter from 90 mm to 110 mm, the reduction in concrete strength is within 6.0 %, and the change in ultimate strain ranges from 8.5 % to 14.1 %. Finally, the peak stress and strain of the concrete were evaluated using the existing FRP-confined concrete model, and the full stress-strain curve of the concrete was obtained.

Objectives: Killer cell lectin like receptor G1 (KLRG1) is identified as a co-inhibitory receptor for NK cells and antigen-experienced T cells. The role of KLRG1 in immune regulation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains poorly understood. Materials and Methods: We measured the proportion and immune function of KLRG1+CD8+ T cells derived from peripheral blood in patients with NSCLC by flow cytometry. Besides, using data from the gene expression profiles and single-cell sequencing, we explored the expression and immune role of KLRG1 in tumor tissues of patients with NSCLC. We further determined the prognostic value of KLRG1 in terms of overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients. Results: We found that the proportion of KLRG1+CD8+T cells in peripheral blood significantly increased in patients with NSCLC as compared to those with benign pulmonary nodules and healthy donors. Peripheral KLRG1+CD8+T cell proportion was increased in elder subjects compared to that in younger ones, implying an immunosenescence phenotype. Moreover, the KLRG1+CD8+T cell levels were positively correlated with tumor size and TNM stage in the NSCLC cohort. In vitro stimulation experiments demonstrated that the KLRG1+CD8+T cells from peripheral blood expressed higher levels of Granzyme B and perforin than the KLRG1−CD8+ T cells. However, single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed that the KLRG1+CD8+ T cells were less infiltrated in tumor microenvironment and exhibited impaired cytotoxicity. The KLRG1 gene expression levels were significantly lower in tumor tissues than that in normal lung tissues, and were inversely correlated with CDH1 expression levels. Moreover, higher expression of CDH1 in tumor tissues predicted worse overall survival only in patients with KLRG1-high expression, but not in the KLRG1-low subset. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that KLRG1+CD8+T cells were associated with tumor immune evasion in NSCLC and suggests KLRG1 as a potential immunotherapy target.

Traditional reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls have insufficient deformation capacity under strong earthquake conditions and are difficult to repair due to severe post-earthquake damage. Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a cement-based composite material with high strength and toughness, which can be applied to shear walls. Therefore, a new type of RC shear walls with UHPC boundary columns was proposed. A rectangular-shaped shear wall and two shear walls with barbell-shaped sections were tested under axial force and lateral cyclic load, and the effects of UHPC distribution, sectional shape and stirrup strength were studied. The hysteresis characteristics, ductility behavior, energy dissipation and stiffness degradation of all the specimens were analyzed and discussed. The test showed that the shear wall with UHPC boundary columns had good crack-width control ability and the damage degree was greatly alleviated even under large axial forces. The addition of UHPC could enhance the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of shear walls, especially for rectangular-shaped walls. Besides, an efficient shear-flexure interaction (SFI) model was developed for the shear walls and it could accurately capture the lateral load versus lateral displacement relationship and crack orientations. This nonlinear analysis model had fast calculation speed and effective results, with a prediction error of less than 5 % for peak loads.

With the growing number of user-side resources connected to the distribution system, an occasional imbalance between the distribution side and the user side arises, making short-term power load forecasting technology crucial for addressing this issue. To strengthen the capability of load multi-feature extraction and improve the accuracy of electric load forecasting, we have constructed a novel BILSTM-SimAM network model. First, the entirely non-recursive Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) signal processing technique is applied to decompose the raw data into Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF) with significant regularity. This effectively reduces noise in the load sequence and preserves high-frequency data features, making the data more suitable for subsequent feature extraction. Second, a convolutional neural network (CNN) mode incorporates Dropout function to prevent model overfitting, this improves recognition accuracy and accelerates convergence. Finally, the model combines a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BILSTM) network with a simple parameter-free attention mechanism (SimAM). This combination allows for the extraction of multi-feature from the load data while emphasizing the feature information of key historical time points, further enhancing the model's prediction accuracy. The results indicate that the R2 of the BILSTM-SimAM algorithm model reaches 97.8%, surpassing mainstream models such as Transformer, MLP, and Prophet by 2.0%, 2.7%, and 3.6%, respectively. Additionally, the remaining error metrics also show a reduction, confirming the validity and feasibility of the method proposed.

Abstract Hemoproteins have recently emerged as promising biocatalysts for new-to-nature carbene transfer reactions. However, mechanistic understanding of the interplay between productive and unproductive pathways in these processes is limited. Using spectroscopic, structural, and computational methods, we investigate the mechanism of a myoglobin-catalyzed cyclopropanation reaction with diazoketones. These studies shed light on the nature and kinetics of key catalytic steps in this reaction, including the formation of an early heme-bound diazo complex intermediate, the rate-determining nature of carbene formation, and the cyclopropanation mechanism. Our analyses further reveal the existence of a complex mechanistic manifold for this reaction that includes a competing pathway resulting in the formation of an N-bound carbene adduct of the heme cofactor, which was isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography, UV-Vis, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. This species can regenerate the active biocatalyst, constituting a non-productive, yet non-destructive detour from the main catalytic cycle. These findings offer a valuable framework for both mechanistic analysis and design of hemoprotein-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions.

Abstract Background and objective Loneliness is detrimental to mental health, with university students at higher risk of feeling lonely than other population groups. The mental health of college students is a hot topic at present. Despite numerous studies exploring interventions for loneliness among university students. However, little research has explored early psychological manifestations of university students with different levels of loneliness. Despite numerous studies exploring interventions for loneliness among university students, little research has explored early psychological manifestations of university students with different levels of loneliness. Initial sandplay is a good tool to reveal psychological activity. Therefore, our study aims to explore the characteristics of initial sandplay application among university students with different levels of loneliness. Methods We recruited 60 volunteers from a university to perform a sandplay experiment from January to April 2021. The UCLA Loneliness Scale measured the levels of loneliness. These 60 participants were divided into the experimental group (n = 30) and control group (n = 30) according to their levels of loneliness. The experimental group included participants with a scale score of more than 44. Other participants with a scale score of less than 44 belong to the control group. We recorded their sandplay artwork and statistically analyzed it by the Sandplay Process Record Form. Group comparisons were performed using the t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables, and the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. The logistic regression analysis by forward stepwise method was conducted to analyze the sandplay theme features for loneliness. Results Regarding the sandplay tools, the experimental group used fewer transportation tools (t=-3.608, p

In this work, a flexible textile-based capacitive respiratory sensor, based on a capacitive sensor structure, that does not require direct skin contact is designed, optimised, and evaluated using both computational modelling and empirical measurements. In the computational study, the geometry of the sensor was examined. This analysis involved observing the capacitance and frequency variations using a cylindrical model that mimicked the human body. Four designs were selected which were then manufactured by screen printing multiple functional layers on top of a polyester/cotton fabric. The printed sensors were characterised to detect the performance against phantoms and impacts from artefacts, normally present whilst wearing the device. A sensor that has an electrode ratio of 1:3:1 (sensor, reflector, and ground) was shown to be the most sensitive design, as it exhibits the highest sensitivity of 6.2% frequency change when exposed to phantoms. To ensure the replicability of the sensors, several batches of identical sensors were developed and tested using the same physical parameters, which resulted in the same percentage frequency change. The sensor was further tested on volunteers, showing that the sensor measures respiration with 98.68% accuracy compared to manual breath counting.

Reinforced concrete beam bridges are usually retrofitted by a steel plate or FRP. However, these two methods tend to result in disadvantages, e.g., construction complexity and debonding failure, owing to the corresponding material properties. In this study, a steel- and CFRP-based method is proposed to achieve the merits of typical retrofitting methods by combining a CFRP plate, a steel plate, and angle steel. To investigate the effect of the cooperative strengthening, six full-scale beam specimens were designed and are evaluated through a monotonic four-point bending test. The failure mode, load–deflection relationship, critical parameters, and crack development are systematically and sequentially analyzed. Finally, a predicting method is proposed to calculate the flexural capacity. The retrofitted beam is characterized by an acceptable load-bearing capacity and deformation capacity. With continuous retrofitting, the crack load and ultimate load can be improved up to 84.9% and 4.41 times, respectively. The steel plate and angle steel function in both the load bearing and the anchorage to the CFRP plate contributes more to the ultimate bearing capacity after the steel components yield. Finally, a calculating model is shown to accurately predict the ultimate bearing capacity after retrofitting, with an average error of 4.03%.

This study describes the non-bracket oblique traction-hoisting construction strategy for cable-truss structures, which is to assemble the upper and lower radial cables, hoop cables, sling cables, and compression rods without stress at a low altitude, then hoist the cable-strut system to a high altitude by oblique traction of the upper radial cables through the jack fixed on the upper radial anchorage nodes, and finally actively tension the lower radial cables to achieve the designed shape and prestress level of the entire structure. This strategy assembles at a low altitude, requires simple operations, results in high tensioning efficiency, and does not require brackets, which could guarantee both quality and quantity in terms of completing the construction of cable-truss structures. The semilune-shaped canopy of Yueqing Stadium is constructed using this strategy. The construction simulation and disturbance stability analyses of the structure in the traction-hoisting state and prestress tensioning state are conducted using a nonlinear dynamic finite element method. In the traction-hoisting stage, the deformation changes sharply, and the hoop cables and upper radial cables make up the primary bearing substructure, while the lower radial cables are in a suspended hanging state. In the forming process, the forces of the radial and hoop cables increase gradually, and the structure finally reaches the designed state. For cable-trusses with crossed upper and lower radial cables, the additional stabilizing tooling ropes should be tied at the top of the middle rods to ensure geometric stability because they are susceptible to excessive out-of-plane displacement or even overturning, which is the least desirable at the beginning of traction hoisting.

Temperature compensation is the main measure to solve the problem that the detection accuracy of non-dispersive infrared CO2 gas sensor is affected by temperature. As the measurement accuracy of the non-dispersive infrared CO2 gas sensor is easily affected by the ambient temperature, this article analyzes the reasons why the sensor is affected by temperature, and proposes a temperature compensation method that integrates the Whale Algorithm (WOA) and BP neural network. The whale algorithm is used to optimize the weights and thresholds of the BP neural network to build a temperature compensation model for the non-dispersive infrared CO2 gas sensor and compare the superiority with the traditional BP neural network model and particle swarm optimization (PSO) BP neural network model. The experimental results show that the temperature compensation model error of WOA-BP algorithm is lower than 30 ppm, and the average absolute error percentage is 3.86%, which is far better than BP neural network and PSO-BP neural network, and effectively reduces the influence of temperature on the accuracy of the sensor.

With the rapid development of urbanization in China, urban energy consumption increases rapidly, leading to energy shortages and environmental pollution, of which building operational energy consumption carbon emissions (BECCE) account for a large proportion. It has a vital impact on global warming and urban green and sustainable development. Chengdu city in Sichuan Province is taken as the research area in this paper. First, basic information and power data on four types of single buildings, including large-sized buildings, small- and medium-sized buildings, government agencies, and residential buildings, are collected. Second, the characteristics of the four types of buildings are extracted, and the calculation model of BECCE (“electricity-carbon” model) based on particle swarm optimization algorithm–support vector machine (PSO–SVM) is constructed, and the model is trained and verified using the method of five-fold cross-validation. Then, according to the mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and R2 evaluation indicators, the constructed “electricity-carbon” model is compared and evaluated. Finally, the generalization ability of the “electricity-carbon” model is verified. The research results show that (1) the “electricity-carbon” model constructed in this paper has a high accuracy rate, and the fitting ability of the PSO–SVM model is significantly better than that of the support vector regression (SVR) model; (2) in the testing stage, the fitting situation of large buildings is the best, and MAE, RMSE, and R2 are 858.7, 1108.6, and 0.91, respectively; and (3) the spatial distribution map of regional BECCE can be quickly obtained using the “electricity-carbon” model constructed in this paper. The “electricity-carbon” model constructed in this paper can provide a scientific reference for building emission reduction.

Osteonecrosis is a devastating orthopedic disease in clinic that generally occurs in the femoral head associating with corticosteroid use up to 49 % in patients. In particular, glucocorticoids induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head is closely related to the local immune response that characterized by abnormal macrophage activation and inflammatory cell infiltration at the necrotic site, forming a pro-inflammatory microenvironment dominated by M1 macrophages, and thus leads to failure of bone repair and regeneration. Here, we report a bone regeneration strategy that constructs an immune regulatory biomaterial platform using an injectable thiolated hyaluronic acid hydrogel with lithium-doped nano-hydroxyapatite (Li-nHA@Gel) delivery for osteonecrosis treatment. Li-nHA@Gel achieved a sustain and longterm release of Li ions, which might enhance M2 macrophage polarization through the activation of the JAK1/STAT6/STAT3 signaling pathway, and the following induced pro-repair immune microenvironment mediated the enhancement of the osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that Li-nHA@Gel enhanced M2 macrophage polarization, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis, and thus promoted the bone and blood vessel formation. Taken together, this novel bone immunomodulatory biomaterial platform that promotes bone regeneration by enhancing M2 macrophage polarization, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis could be a promising strategy for osteonecrosis treatment.

The use of electrospinning technology to construct edible nano-delivery carriers has been one of the most important way to improve the utilize efficiency of novel localized drugs or food active components. However, it is still challenging to develop nanofibers with natural polymers due to many problems such as the toxicity of organic reagent and difficulty in forming the nanostructure. In this study, natural plant polysaccharide guar gum （guar gum，GG） were selected as the fiber forming substrate to co-load corn starch（starch，ST）, and successfully developed a edible GG/ST composite nanofiber delivery carrier. The results showed that the minimum molecular entanglement concentration of GG as a fiber forming matrix was 1.1 wt%. A series of GG/ST composite solution were prepared (4∶1, 2∶1, 1∶1, and 1∶4). Through static and dynamic rheological testing of GG/ST solution and characterization of fiber microstructure, it was found that the ratio of GG/ST at 2∶1 was the optimal concentration to obtain the uniform and smooth fiber nanostructure. When the ST content is 5w%~10w%, beaded fiber morphology in the structure and unnormal distribution of diameter was observed, and electrospinning process had little effect on the improvement of the fiber structure. This study provide a support for developing edible nano carriers and offered a basis for developing targeted drugs or functional foods in the future.

This study investigates the impact of dissolved carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and agar on the dolomitization reaction of calcite at 200 °C. Previous studies have suggested that CMC and agar promote dolomite precipitation at room temperature. However, this study found that their decomposition products hinder the reaction at 200 °C, with uncertainty about their role at other temperatures. The inhibitory effect of the decomposition products could be attributed to their adsorption onto calcite surfaces, which hinders their dissolution. This results in a longer reaction induction period and replacement period. Regression analysis demonstrates that the 0.1 g/L agar and 0.2 g/L CMC series decrease the cation ordering rate of dolomite produced from synthetic calcite when compared with series without polysaccharides. In contrast, the 0.1 g/L CMC series shows a slight increase in the cation ordering rate compared with series without polysaccharides. The findings of this study suggest a notable potential impact of the decomposition products of polysaccharides on the ordering of dolomite, although it is uncertain whether they inhibit this ordering process. The inhibitory effect observed in the decomposition products of CMC and agar could also exist in the decomposition products of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and bacteria cell walls found in sedimentary rocks during burial diagenesis. Therefore, further research is necessary to understand the role of EPS and bacteria cell walls in dolomitization, since their impact is not always predictable.

In order to solve the problem of difficulty in achieving individual scheduling for large-scale electric vehicles entering the grid and the existence of "dimensionality disaster" in cluster scheduling, a hierarchical and partitioned optimization operation model for active distribution network based on vehicle-to-grid(V2G) mode is established. The upper level optimization model schedules the electric vehicle agent (EVA) of electric vehicles, optimizes the charging and discharging power of EVA in each region, and serves as input for the lower level optimization model. Lower level optimization model adjusts various voltage regulation methods. In terms of optimization algorithm, a self adaptive differential evolution biogeography based optimization (SaDE-BBO) algorithm is proposed and simulated in the improved IEEE 33-node distribution system. The results show that under different charging control strategies, the coordinated interaction between V2G mode and various voltage regulation methods has significant advantages in reducing EVA operating costs in various regions, suppressing load fluctuations, and ensuring the safe and economic operation of active distribution networks. Compared with other optimization algorithms, the SaDE-BBO algorithm has better solutions and convergence.

Abstract Background Two-dimensional ultrathin Ti3C2 nanosheets are increasingly being used in biomedical applications owing to their special physicochemical properties. But, the biological effects of its exposure on the reproductive system is still unclear. This study evaluated the reproductive toxicity of Ti3C2 nanosheets in the testes. Results Ti3C2 nanosheets at doses of 2.5 mg/kg bw and 5 mg/kg bw in mice caused defects in spermatogenic function, and we also clarified an underlying molecular mechanism of it in vivo and in vitro model. Ti3C2 nanosheets induced an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in testicular and GC-1 cells, which in turn led to the imbalance in oxidative and antioxidant systems (also known as oxidative stress). Additionally, oxidative stress often induces cellular DNA strand damages via the oxidative DNA damages, which triggered cell cycle arrest in the G1/G0 phase, leading to cell proliferation inhibition and irreversible apoptosis. ATM/p53 signaling manifest key role in DNA damage repair (DDR), and we demonstrate that ATM/p53 signaling was activated, and mediated the toxic damage process caused by Ti3C2 nanosheet exposure. Conclusion Ti3C2 nanosheet-induced disruption of proliferation and apoptosis of spermatogonia perturbed normal spermatogenic function that was mediated by ATM/p53 signaling pathway. Our findings shed more light on the mechanisms of male reproductive toxicity induced by Ti3C2 nanosheets. Graphical abstract

To promote the sustainable development of the construction industry, this study examined the influence of the rubber particles addition on the fresh and hardened engineering properties of rubber particle (RP) modified 3D printable sustainable cementitious composites (3DPSCC) incorporating polypropylene (PP) fibers, in which RP derived from waste tires partially replaced sand between 0% and 100% volume replacement. A series of flowability tests, printing tests and mechanical tests in different loading directions were carried out to investigate the printability and anisotropic mechanical properties of the 3DPSCC. The results show that all test specimens can be successfully printed due to their good workability, extrudability, and buildability in the fresh state. The compressive, flexural strength, and impact strengths of 3DPSCC, in general, decreased with the increasing RP content and exhibited obvious anisotropy, which could be owing to the presence of both inter-layer and intra-layer interfaces in each group of specimens during the printing process. The impact resistant of the modified specimens improved with the addition of RP, as the average maximum displacement gradually increased from 0.41 mm to 0.92 mm, despite the weakening strength. The optimal mixture was regarded as RP-40 (40% RP replacement) exhibiting comparable anisotropic compressive strength (higher than 30 MPa), enough anisotropic flexural strength (higher than 4 MPa), and superior energy dissipation capacity (highest among all 3DPSCC), which can meet the strength requirement of concrete (i.e., 25 MPa for steel reinforced concrete structure) and is suitable for structural applications as a sustainable impact-resistant material.

This paper experimentally and numerically investigates the effect of pre-tightening forces on bolted connection for double-lap FRP-steel joints, considering varied levels of pre-tightening forces. In the experimental phase of this study, six bolted double-lap pull-pull specimens with varying pre-tightening degrees (preloaded of 0, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9 N·m, respectively) were examined. Test results indicated that all specimens exhibited bearing failure of FRP plates and the load capacity was significantly influenced by the pre-tightening forces applied through bolts. The highest loading capacity (27.1 kN) was recorded for the specimen with a preloaded of 6 N·m. In order to study the stress distribution of FRP plate for the bolted specimens, three-dimensional finite element (FE) models were conducted. Based on the FE analyzing results, the pre-tightening coefficient Pc (the coefficient of the preload increment per pre-tightening torque of bolts) of 750 m−1 was concluded and further proved by the analysis of the stress in contact zones for specimens preloaded by 0, 3, and 6 N·m.

A novel type of underwater pier reinforcement technology was proposed. A non-dispersive mortar (NDM) and stainless steel tube (SS) were adopted to strengthen an underwater concrete column. The strengthened column takes advantage of the good adhesion of NDM and the corrosion resistance of SS. The NDM pouring and curing processes were both conducted in an underwater environment, which simulated the environment of underwater bridge pier reinforcement. An axial compression test was carried out on 16 strengthened columns and 3 unconfined concrete columns to explore the reinforcement effect of SS thickness and NDM type, including the 2–6 mm thickness of SS, the epoxy-based NDM, and the cement-based NDM. The test results indicated that all the specimens showed extrusion expansion failure. The increase in the thickness of SS resulted in a significant improvement in the load capacity of the specimens, and the stress-strain curves showed the strengthening stage and softening stage according to the confinement factor of the SS thickness. After adding cement-based NDM and epoxy-based NDM, the strength of the specimens increased by 6.2–21.4 % and 8.8–31.5 %, respectively. In the case of the same thickness of SS, cement-based NDM showed a better reinforcement effect. The stress-strain curves for the strengthened columns can be divided into three stages. Calculation models were proposed to predict the full stress-strain curves, including the calculation method of the capacity. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

From the perspective of food packaging design, the interaction between packaging and consumer behaviors was explored through the analysis of their demand trends. This review analyzed the performance characteristics of consumer experience at instinct level, behavior level and reflection level between users and packaging, and discussed the design strategies of food packaging at different levels. In view of the multi-dimensional needs of consumers, the emotional responses to products from visual and non-visual sensory experience at the instinct level can be responded and thereby attract their attentions. At the behavioral level, it starts from interesting, humanized and intelligent interaction, prompt and feedback to expand the use function of the product and create a good use experience. On the reflection level, starting from creating interactive experience to stimulate users' creativity. The creation of interactive experience and stimulation of user creativity were focused on to systematically shape deep emotional experience at the reflection level. Integrating user experience into food packaging design effectively and exploring the process of information experience will be a new idea and direction of food packaging design in the future.

Objective: In order to improve freshness preservation quality of the fresh-cut shiitake mushroom. Methods: Carbon quantum dots were synthesized from dragon fruit peel and ethylenediamine, and characterized for stability and toxicity. Fresh-cut shiitake mushrooms were studied, and stored at 4 ℃ for 10 d after coating with 0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mL/100 mL carbon quantum dots-chitosan （N-CDs/CH） for preservation treatment. During the period of preservation, the weight loss, color difference, soluble solids and polyphenol oxidase were measured every 24 h to evaluate the preservation effect of the composite films. Results: The synthesized N-CDs had the typical characteristics, which had good fluorescence stability, hydroxyl and amino groups on outer surface, and no cytotoxicity. After fresh-cut shiitake mushrooms were treated with different concentrations of N-CDs/CH until the 10th day of storage, 4.5 mL/100 mL N-CDs/CH coating group had weight loss of 3.31%, coloration of 10.32, soluble solids of 4%, and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） activity of 104.65 U/(kg·s), all of which were significantly better than the blank group and other treatment groups （P＜0.05）. Conclusion: The preservation effect at the 4.5 mL/100 mL of N-CDs/CH coating was significantly better than that of blank and others （P＜0.05）. N-CDs/CH coating inhibited water loss and PPO activity, improved color and enhanced the preservation quality of fresh-cut shiitake mushroom.

Abstract To provide a basis for further optimization of the polio sequential immunization schedule, this study evaluated the effectiveness of booster immunization with one dose of bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV) at 48 months of age after different primary polio immunization schedules. At 48 months of age, one dose of bOPV was administered, and their poliovirus types 1–3 (PV1, PV2, and PV3, respectively)-specific neutralizing antibody levels were determined. Participants found to be negative for any type of PV-specific neutralizing antibody at 24, 36, or 48 months of age were re-vaccinated with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). The 439 subjects who received a bOPV booster immunization at the age of 48 months had lower PV2-specific antibody levels compared with those who received IPV. One dose of IPV during basic polio immunization induced the lowest PV2-specific antibody levels. On the basis of our findings, to ensure that no less than 70% of the vaccinated have protection efficiency, we recommend the following: if basic immunization was conducted with 1IPV + 2bOPV (especially Sabin strain-based IPV), a booster immunization with IPV is recommended at 36 months of age, whereas if basic immunization was conducted with 2IPV + 1bOPV, a booster immunization with IPV is recommended at 48 months of age. A sequential immunization schedule of 2IPV + 1bOPV + 1IPV can not only maintain high levels of antibody against PV1 and PV3 but also increases immunity to PV2 and induces early intestinal mucosal immunity, with relatively good safety. Thus, this may be the best sequential immunization schedule for polio in countries or regions at high risk for polio.

The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of plant hosts allow insect localization through olfactory recognition. In this study, the oviposition behavior of the codling moth was investigated and the VOCs from different walnut organs were extracted and analyzed to systematically study their composition and content differences. The electrophysiological and behavioral responses of the codling moth to walnut VOCs were measured using gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and a four-arm olfactometer to screen the key active contents. The field investigation results indicated that 90.3% of the eggs spawned by the first generation of adult codling moths were adjacent to the walnut fruits. Walnut VOCs are mainly composed of terpenes, aromatics, and alkanes. Twelve VOCs can produce electroantennogenic (EAG) responses in the codling moths. Both adult males and females exhibit concentration dependence, with notable disparities in their EAG response levels. In the olfactory behavioral bioassay, linalool, eucalyptol, and high doses of geranyl acetate showed repellent effects on the codling moths, while myrcene, β-ocimene, nonanal, methyl salicylate, α-farnesene, and heptaldehyde showed the opposite. The relative levels of heptaldehyde, geranyl acetate, nonanal, and methyl salicylate were high in the fruits, which is intimately related to the localization of the walnut fruit by females. These VOCs can influence the oviposition behavior of codling moths but their application in the control of this pest needs to be confirmed and improved through further field experiments.

Urban areas with an imbalanced vulnerability to disasters have garnered attention. Building an urban resilience index helps to develop a progressively favored instrument for tracking progress toward disaster-resilient cities. However, there remains a lack of empirical studies on measuring urban resilience, with limited focus on the spatial-temporal characteristics of urban resilience to disasters, particularly relevant in developing nations like China. Thus, a refined urban resilience index to disasters based on the subcomponents of infrastructure, environment, socio-economy, and institution is suggested in this study. This index-based assessment framework is applied and validated to measure the spatial-temporal resilience using a real-world case study in Chengdu, China. The main findings of this study indicate that: (1) the overall urban resilience of Chengdu has been growing toward better conditions, with infrastructural resilience accounting for the majority of this growth. (2) The distribution of urban resilience exhibits a regional disparity and a spatially polarized pattern. (3) The agglomeration characteristics of urban resilience are significant. (4) There is a clear regional mismatch in the distribution of urban resilience to disaster risk. The validated model offers a comprehensive and replicable approach for urban resilience assessment and planning, especially for disaster-frequent regions.

Abstract The increasing demand for the multidimensional and dynamic control of light has spurred the development of stimuli‐responsive, reconfigurable, and programmable optical systems. Liquid crystals (LCs), which combine liquid‐like stimuli‐responsiveness and crystal‐like orientational ordering, have emerged as highly appealing soft materials. Owing to their exceptional optical performance and programmable functionalities, they are becoming incredibly important materials in active planar optics and photonics. Additionally, silk proteins, luminescent materials, and metasurfaces exhibit dynamic optical properties, enabling remarkable multifunctional applications. This review focuses on the advancements in stimuli‐responsive materials, including LCs, silk proteins, luminescent materials, and active metasurfaces as well as some of these materials paired with LCs. Their attractive tunable applications in optics and photonics, along with the great potential for the future development of active optical systems, are also emphasized.

In order to effectively solve the problems of many units involved in the war, complex command relations and large information flow in the future naval fleet battle, a set of reliable communication system is needed. Two-way multi-relay communication system have higher spectrum utilization and network throughput, and it is a research hotspot in the field of collaborative communication. This paper systematically studies the general model of two-way multi-relay communication system, optimizes the distributed relay selection scheme based on the existing research. Through simulation comparison with the optimal received SNR relay selection scheme, the optimized system channel capacity and outage probability are relatively close, and they are improved by simulation comparison with the existing distributed relay selection scheme.

A rapid method for the detection of rapeseed polyphenols (Canolol) in rapeseed oil was studied. A normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) method for the determination of Canolol was established. The Canolol in rapeseed oil were determined by using hexane to isopropanol (volume ratio 96∶4) as the mobile phase with the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, column temperature of 30 ℃, fluorescence detector with excitation wavelength of 298 nm and emission wavelength of 325 nm. The linear correlation coefficient was above 0.999, and the recovery rate was between 96% and 110%. The detection limit of the instrument was 15 ng/mL, and the precision was better than 3%. The method has the advantages of simple operation, short analysis time, high accuracy and less environmental pollution. The optimized detection method was used to determine the rapeseed oil samples from 90 different varieties of rapeseed in different regions of China. The content of Canolol ranged from 190 mg/kg to 2 246 mg/kg. At the same time, different types of vegetable oils randomly purchased from the market were tested. The results showed that Canolol was a unique component in rapeseed oil by processing of heated screw-pressing.

In recent decades, near-threshold voltage (NTV) design has become a well-known technique for improving the energy efficiency of digital integrated circuits. However, scaling down the operating voltage to the NTV raises two major challenges for robust operation: process variability and performance degradation. In this study, we propose a joint optimization technique for standard cell design to address the challenge of performance degradation in NTV design. The standard cell P/N ratio (PMOS width to NMOS width ratio) is being sized to maximize the performance with the constraint of a full diffusion (FD) layout structure, and the standard cell height is jointly optimized to further improve the circuit’s performance or energy consumption. Increasing the standard cell height improves the circuit performance at the cost of higher energy consumption, whereas lowering the standard cell height sacrifices the circuit’s performance for better energy saving. The results showed that implementing the taller library (14-track) in an AMBA high-speed bus (AHB) controller circuit can improve performance by up to 4.5%. The shortest library (7-track) resulted in 55% energy savings in the same circuit implementation. The test chip fabricated in 110-nm CMOS technology demonstrated successful operation of 8051 microcontroller down to 0.6V with the custom-designed 7-track library. The measurement results showed 4.3X energy saving compared to the operation at a supply voltage of 1.2V.

Objective To construct and validate a prognosis prediction model and a risk stratification tool for more precise and individualized evaluation of prognosis for patients following resection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and provide real-world evidence for informing optimal decision-making about adjuvant therapy. Methods The comprehensive clinical data and follow-up data were collected from consecutive patients with ESCC in the Anyang Cancer Hospital (Anyang center) from May 31, 2011 to July 31, 2018, and in the Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (Shantou center) from August 1, 2009 to December 31, 2018. Patients from the Anyang center formed the training cohort, and a two-phase selection based on backward stepwise multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression and minimization of AIC was used to construct prediction model for overall survival (OS). Bootstrap with 1 000 resamples was used for internal validation, and cohort from the Shantou center was used for external validation. Furthermore, a risk stratification tool was constructed according to the tertiles of the total points derived from nomogram in the training cohort. Results A total of 4 171 eligible patients were included in the training cohort, and 1 895 patients were included in the validation cohort. The final model incorporated nine variables: age, sex, primary tumor location, T stage, N stage, number of lymph nodes harvested, tumor size, adjuvant treatment, and preoperative hemoglobin level. A significant interaction was observed between N stage and adjuvant treatment (P < 0.001), which means that N+ stage patients were likely to benefit from addition of adjuvant therapy as opposed to surgery alone, but adjuvant therapy did not improve OS for N0 stage patients. The C-index of the model was 0.728 (95% CI: 0.713-0.742) in the training cohort, 0.722 (95% CI: 0.711-0.739) after bootstrapping, and 0.679 (95% CI: 0.662-0.697) in the external validation cohort. Calibration plots demonstrated favorable agreement between model prediction and actual observation for 1-, 3- and 5-year OS. In both training and validation cohorts, this model outperformed the seventh edition of the AJCC TNM (tumor, lymph node, and metastasis) staging system in terms of the accuracy of prognostic prediction (P < 0.05). Moreover, within each TNM staging group, this model achieved ideal risk stratification. Conclusions The prediction model constructed in this study may provide individualized survival prediction for patients with resected ESCC in China. This study also demonstrated that the N stage may be a fundamental determinant in planning postoperative adjuvant therapy for ESCC patients.

Abstract Concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns are widely used in civil engineering because of their excellent bearing capacity; however, the reinforcement of CFST columns lacks effective measures. To strengthen CFST columns quickly and effectively, two methods, namely, winding FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) or steel strips, were explored in this work. Two unconfined CFST columns, eight FRP-strengthened CFST columns and four welded steel strip-strengthened CFST columns were manufactured and tested. The failure modes and axial load–strain curves of all specimens under compression load were concluded and compared. The effects of the primary parameters, such as FRP layers (1, 2, 3 and 4 layers) and steel strip thickness (3.0 and 6.0 mm), on the bearing capacity and deformation capacity were also investigated. The ultimate load of CFST columns increased from 28.72 to 64.16% after being confined by FRP with one to four layers. The ultimate load of the welded steel strip-strengthened CFST column with 3.0 mm steel strips and 6.0 mm steel strips increased by 28.46% and 49.82%, respectively, compared with the unconfined CFST column. Thus, the increase in FRP layers and steel strip thickness can markedly improve the compressive behavior of the FRP/welded steel strip-strengthened CFST columns. The cost performance of the two different reinforcement methods also showed that the cost of the welded steel strip-strengthened CFST column is nearly 40% of that of the FRP-strengthened CFST column when the same strengthening effect was obtained, which indicated that the welded steel strip-strengthened CFST column is more cost-efficient than CFST columns confined by FRP. Finally, six existing models for the ultimate load of FRP-strengthened CFST columns were presented and evaluated. From the evaluation results, the Zhang et al.’s model, Lu et al.’s model and Hu et al.’s model for FRP-strengthened CFST columns were shown to provide the best applicability and accuracy. Based on the Mander et al.’s model, a model for the ultimate load of welded steel strip-strengthened CFST columns was proposed and evaluated. The proposed model can accurately predict the ultimate load of welded steel strip-strengthened CFST columns.

2D semiconductors are attracting increasing attention as potentially scalable channels for future transistors, but the scaling of their contact length remains challenging. Here, the authors report the realization of 1D semimetal-2D semiconductor contacts based on individual carbon nanotubes with contact length down to 2 nm.

In order to meet the development needs of economic and efficient in oilfield distribution network,and to realize the goal of low carbon more quickly,the investment decision-making method of energy-saving measures optimization is proposed. Firstly,the loading behaviors of pumps is analyzed,an calculation model for special line loss of oilfield distribution network based on load superposition characteristics is proposed,which is corrected according to the actual load of oilfield. Next, according to different energy-saving models and the GM(1,1)gray prediction model,the optimization investment decision model of oilfield distribution network is established. Then,based on the characteristics of oilfield energy-saving measures,the direct comparison objective method and the taboo search method are respectively selected to solve the solution of the different oilfield scale. Finally,a 30-node 6 kV distribution network line in an oilfield is taken as an example for simulation verification. The results show that the energy-saving and loss reduction scheme of oilfield distribution network obtained by the investment decision-making method in this paper has high cost performance and can effectively improve the voltage at the end of the line.