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Biological applications of nanomaterials as delivery carriers have been embedded in traditional biomedical research for decades. Despite lagging behind, recent significant breakthroughs in the use of nanocarriers as tools for plant biotechnology have created great interest. In this Perspective, we review the outstanding recent works in nanocarrier-mediated plant transformation and its agricultural applications. We analyze the chemical and physical properties of nanocarriers determining their uptake efficiency and transport throughout the plant body.

High‐performance theranostic systems are of paramount importance for achieving precise image‐guided cancer immunotherapy. Here, a novel nanoplatform is presented that integrates aggregation‐induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) with prussian blue (PB) nanocatalyzer for robust cancer immunotherapy. The AIEgen with dimethylamine substitution demonstrates compelling near‐infrared (NIR) light‐induced photothermal conversion and photodynamic therapy (PDT) capabilities. By incorporating AIEgen into porous PBNPs, and further enveloped within M1 macrophage membrane, a tumor‐specific theranostic nanoagent is constructed. This strategic integration effectively constrains the molecular motion of AIEgen, leading to amplified NIR‐II fluorescence brightness and PDT attributes. Moreover, PBNPs can catalyze tumor‐overexpressed H2O2 to generate oxygen to boost PDT efficacy, and PB's NIR absorption also intensifies photoacoustic imaging and photothermal effect. The integration of NIR‐II fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging provides comprehensive information for photoimmunotherapy in orthotopic breast cancer‐bearing mice. Leveraging its potent immunogenic cell death effect, the nanoagent not only significantly inhibits cancer growth, but also generates a whole‐cell therapeutic cancer vaccine to protect mice from tumor rechallenge. In highly malignant post‐surgery breast cancer models, the nanoagent enables both accurate identification of residual tumors and efficient inhibition of postoperative tumor recurrence and pulmonary metastasis. This study will offer valuable insights for creating highly efficacious and multifaceted photoimmunotherapy protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic wounds, which are a serious complication of diabetes, are a threat to most diabetic patients and there is a lack of satisfactory therapeutic strategies. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) spheroids are under intensive investigation and have emerged as a particularly promising clinical therapy to induce wound healing; however, clinical applications of MSC spheroids have lagged because of the difficulties related to proper preparation, in situ instruction and insufficient efficacy. Herein, a novel Biotin‐DFYIGSR supramolecular hydrogel is designed for three‐dimensional (3D) culture of MSCs, which enables monodispersed MSCs to form cell spheroids with high efficacy and is fairly suitable for quick spheroid harvest. MSC spheroids are demonstrated with enhanced paracrine function, which exhibited increased cell survival and promoted three overlapping stages of wound healing through the integrin α2β1 subunits. These spheroids not only accelerated the wound transition from the inflammatory phase to proliferation phase by inhibiting neutrophils and inducing M2 macrophage transition, but also promoted cell proliferation and neovascularization at wound sites to motivate skin regeneration. Ultimately, MSC spheroids achieved re‐epithelialization and collagen deposition for desirable wound closure. MSC spheroids induced by Biotin‐DFYIGSR are a facile solution for the safe and efficient treatment of diabetic wounds, with great potential for clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living organisms fabricate biomacromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins by the self-assembly process. The research on the mechanism of biomacromolecule formation also inspires the exploration of in vivo synthesized biomaterials. By elaborate design, artificial building blocks or precursors can self-assemble or polymerize into functional biomaterials within living organisms. In recent decades, these so-called in vivo synthesized biomaterials have achieved extensive applications in cell-fate manipulation, disease theranostics, bioanalysis, cellular surface engineering, and tissue regeneration. In this review, we classify strategies for in vivo synthesis into non-covalent, covalent, and genetic types. The development of these approaches is based on the chemical principles of supramolecular chemistry and synthetic chemistry, biological cues such as enzymes and microenvironments, and the means of synthetic biology. By summarizing the design principles in detail, some insights into the challenges and opportunities in this field are provided to enlighten further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]