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Excessive use of inorganic fertilizers disrupts soil nutrient balance and leads to soil degradation and a decrease in biodiversity. In contrast, bio-fertilizers enhance soil structure and fertility and promote plant growth and sustainable agriculture development. Therefore, this study focused on a rotation system of winter wheat and summer maize and aimed to explore the effects of applying chemical fertilizer (NPK) and bio-fertilizer (BF) in the winter wheat season on the sustainable soil development of current wheat and subsequent maize. Before sowing winter wheat four fertilization treatments were, respectively CK (100% NPK at 750 kg ha−1), A (60% NPK at 450 + 20% BF at 150 kg ha−1), B (60% NPK at 450 + 40% BF at 300 kg ha−1), and C (60% NPK at 450 + 60% BF at 450 kg ha−1), conducted. The results showed that treatment A (60% NPK + 20% BF) replacing the NPK at 300 kg ha−1 with BF at 150 kg ha−1 significantly soil nutrient contents, enzyme activity, and microbial metabolic activity. The study also found a positive correlation between soil parameters (total nitrogen, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus, organic matter, urease, and alkaline phosphatase in the winter wheat and maize cropping season). Furthermore, the soil microbial composition showed significant enrichment of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, and variations among treatments. Moreover, the application of biofertilizer enhanced the diversity of soil fungi species, particularly during the winter wheat season. This study highlights the importance of integrating biofertilizers with NPK fertilizer for agricultural system conversion and promoting agricultural production and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Background】 In Jinzhong wheat area, Water resources are insufficient and water use efficiency is low. To irrigate properly and timely to improve water use efficiency is essential to sustainable production of local wheat. 【Objective】 The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of irrigation period on agronomic characters, flag leaf photosynthesis and water consumption characteristics of winter wheat. 【Method】 A randomized block design was conducted with no irrigation during the whole growth period as the control (CK), and 7 treatments were set: irrigation at overwintering stage (Wo), irrigation at jointing stage (Wj), irrigation at booting stage (Wb), irrigation at overwintering and jointing stage (Wo+j), irrigation at overwintering and booting stage (Wo+b), irrigation at jointing and booting stage (Wj+b), and irrigation at overwintering, jointing and booting stage (Wo+j+b). 【Result】 Compared with CK, the plant height, the number of green leaves, the area of the second leaf from the top and dry matter weight of winter wheat in heading stage were significantly increased by 28.80%, 18.82%, 34.67% and 45.56% in Wo treatment, and by 26.12%, 6.14%, 43.73% and 46.38% in Wo+b treatment. Delayed irrigation could delay the senescence of flag leaves. Wo+b, Wj+b and Wo+j+b treatments could prolong the photosynthetic function period of flag leaves and maintain higher photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance after anthesis. Overwintering water was beneficial for winter wheat to use deep soil water and improve irrigation use efficiency. With the increase of irrigation water, the water consumption of winter wheat and the proportion of irrigation amount to water consumption increased, the proportion of precipitation to water consumption decreased, the irrigation use efficiency and irrigation benefit decreased, the grain yield of winter wheat increased, and water use efficiency increased first and then decreased. Wo+b treatment could obtain higher yield, water use efficiency, irrigation use efficiency and irrigation benefit concurrently, and make great use of irrigation and precipitation. 【Conclusion】 In the irrigated wheat area, irrigation at overwintering and booting stages can meet the water requirement for winter wheat growth, and obtain higher yield and water use efficiency concurrently in Jinzhong.

【Objective】 In order to provide theoretical and technical support for water-saving and efficient production of Winter Wheat in Jinzhong region, the carbon metabolism of winter wheat after anthesis was studied under different irrigation conditions. 【Method】 According to the irrigation period, were set seven irrigation treatments. Wintering (W), Jointing (J), Booting (B), Wintering+Jointing (WJ), Wintering+Booting (WB), Jointing+Booting (JB), Wintering+Jointing+Booting (WJB), and non-irrigation as control (CK), in the whole stages analysis of winter wheat photosynthetic characteristics after anthesis, sugar metabolism and grain weight of grain. 【Result】 ①Compared with CK, with the increase of irrigation frequency, the Pn and Gs of flag leaves, the metabolic activities of SPS and SS, the sucrose content and soluble sugar content of flag leaves, the sucrose content and soluble sugar content and starch contents of grains of winter wheat after anthesis, which were increased first and then decreased, JB treatment was the highest, while the 1000-grain weight decreased with the increase of irrigation frequency. ②Among the different treatments, the carbon metabolism of irrigation 2 water JB treatment was the best, followed by WB and WJB treatment; Compared with CK, the yield was increased by 35.57% to 85.20%, and WJB treatment with 3 water was the highest, followed by WB treatment. ③Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between 1 000 grain weight and grain starch content (P