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Foodborne diseases are major global public health issues. Among microbial hazards， foodborne diseases are the most serious problem caused by pathogenic bacteria. Under the risk-based food safety management system， identifying the priority hazards and their important food sources is the premise and key to the prevention and control foodborne diseases. Currently， Europe， the United States， and other countries have established two categories of source attribution methods based on microbial subtyping. The results of these methods were transformed on a scientific basis to formulate food safety risk control measures. China is in the preliminary exploration stage of source attribution method research of foodborne disease. This study aimed to systematically sort the methodological principles and models of source attribution methods widely used internationally， combine the basis and current situation of foodborne disease source attribution research in China， and suggest four work directions for constructing the next stage of foodborne disease source attribution system in China. These directions include developing methods， combining data， building platforms and strong exchanges， which involves the development of localized source attribution model based on microbial subtyping to solve the challenges associated with confirming control and preventing and controlling foodborne diseases in China， and achieving food safety and protecting the lives and health of individuals.

Dicyclohexyl phthalate （DCHP） is a phthalic acid esters. It has been widely used in plastic processing and as a component in printing ink， paints， coatings， adhesives， and so on. DCHP can be detected in food， water， soil， air and dust. The application and management of DCHP was introduced， and its pollution characteristics based on existing research at home and abroad was described in this paper. And the research progress of DCHP’s metabolic processes in vivo and the hazard of liver， reproductive system， endocrine system and related mechanisms were further elaborated. And the existing problems and further research directions will be discussed.

ObjectiveTo explore the absorption， distribution， accumulation， and excretion after oral exposure to lanthanum and the effects of lanthanum on the blood element spectrum of rats.Methods48 female SPF-grade rats were randomly divided into 8 groups with a one-time gavage of 700 mg/kg·BW lanthanum nitrate solution using single oral exposure experiment. And the blood， heart， liver， spleen， lung， kidneys， brain， femur， and fecal of rats were collected and measured by ICP-MS after gavage for 1， 2， 4， 8， 16， 32， 64， and 128 h. Another 48 SPF-grade rats were randomly divided into 4 groups （half male and female）， each group with a control and an experimental group was observed in experimental time-point in repeat oral exposure experiment. The experimental group repeatedly gavage lanthanum nitrate solution containing lanthanum 66 mg/kg·BW， and the control group gavage an equal amount of physiological saline. Then， on the 7th， 14th， 21st and 28th days， the rats （including the control group and the experimental group） were taken to determine the contents of 44 elements in blood and the contents of lanthanum in liver， kidney， femur， feces and urine by ICP-MS.ResultsAfter single oral exposure to lanthanum， lanthanum peaked in blood for 2 h， the elimination half-life was 69.315 h， and the overall clearance rate was 1.733 L/h/kg. Lanthanum was widely distributed in the heart， liver， spleen， lung， kidneys， brain， and femur with blood， and the level in the femur was the highest （P0.05）.ConclusionIn this experiment， lanthanum can be rapidly absorbed into the blood after oral exposure and is widely distributed in the heart， liver， spleen， lung， kidneys， brain， and femur. After repeat oral exposure to lanthanum， lanthanum is easily deposited in the liver and femur， feces excretion is the main route of elimination， and no effect of lanthanum on the blood element spectrum of rats has been observed.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to provide scientific evidence for precise prevention measures by utilizing a frequency matching model to identify the primary food sources contributing to sporadic cases of nontyphoidal Salmonella （NTS） in a Chinese province from 2016 to 2020.MethodsData on NTS serotypes from both patients and food sources were collected and analyzed through the Foodborne Disease Surveillance Report System and the Food Contaminant Risk Surveillance System. Source attribution was determined using the Hald model， considering serotypes common to human cases and food sources.ResultsThe analysis revealed that livestock meat was responsible for 35.67% of NTS sporadic cases， with pork contributing significantly at 22.37%. Eggs and egg products accounted for 33.83% of NTS sporadic cases， while poultry and aquatic animals contributed 19.28% and 11.22%， respectively. According to the source attribution analysis， monophasic Salmonella typhimurium appeared to be the dominant serotype causing NTS cases in the province.ConclusionThis study concluded that pork plays a crucial role as an etiological food source for sporadic NTS cases in the province， as determined by the Hald model. These findings provide valuable insights into the prevention and control of NTS-related contamination. Moreover， the application of frequency matching models to address source attribution in sporadic cases can be extended to other provinces for similar investigations.

Background: Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) and homosalate (HMS) are ubiquitous emerging environmental contaminants detected in human samples. Despite the well-established endocrine-disrupting effects (EDEs) of HMS, the interaction between MNPs and HMS and its impact on HMS-induced EDEs remain unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the influence of MNPs on HMS-induced estrogenic effects and elucidate the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Methods: We assessed the impact of polystyrene nanospheres (PNSs; 50nm, 1.0mg/L) on HMS-induced MCF-7 cell proliferation (HMS: 0.01-1 [micro]M, equivalent to 2.62-262 [micro]g/L) using the E-SCREEN assay and explored potential mechanisms through transcriptomics. Adult zebrafish were exposed to HMS (0.0262-262 [micro]g/L) with or without PNSs (50nm, 1.0 mg/L) for 21 d. EDEs were evaluated through gonadal histopathology, fertility tests, steroid hormone synthesis, and gene expression changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad-liver (HPGL) axis. Results: Coexposure of HMS and PNSs resulted in higher expression of estrogen receptor a (ESR1) and the mRNAs of target genes (pS2, AREG, and PGR), a greater estrogen-responsive element transactivation activity, and synergistic stimulation on MCF-7 cell proliferation. Knockdown of serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) rescued the MCF-7 cell proliferation induced by PNSs alone or in combination with HMS. In zebrafish, coexposure showed higher expression of SGK1 and promoted ovary development but inhibited spermatogenesis. In addition, coexposure led to lower egg hatchability, higher embryonic mortality, and greater larval malformation. Coexposure also modulated steroid hormone synthesis genes (cyp17a2, hsd17[beta]1, esr2b, vtgl, and vtg2), and resulted in higher 17[beta]-estradiol ([E.sub.2]) release in females. Conversely, males showed lower testosterone, [E.sub.2], and gene expressions of cyp11a1, cyp11a2, cyp17a1, cyp17a2, and hsd17[beta]1. Discussion: PNS exposure exacerbated HMS-induced estrogenic effects via SGK1 up- regulation in MCF-7 cells and disrupting the HPGL axis in zebrafish, with gender-specific patterns. This offers new mechanistic insights and health implications of MNP and contaminant coexposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13696, Introduction Escalating plastic pollution has emerged as a grave concern for both the environment and society. (1) Among the emerging contaminants, micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) have garnered significant attention owing [...]

ObjectiveTo provide scientific basis for the development and utilization of edible pigment Monascus red， the analysis of its key components and toxicological evaluation were carried out.MethodsIdentification test and physicochemical indexes test were carried out based on the samples according to the method in National food safety standard GB 1886.181—2016. The content of citrinin （CIT） and Monacolin K were detected through high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. UPLC-Orbitrap-MS2 were used for chemical composition and content determination， in which the molecular structure was also characterized. The 14-day oral toxicity test of SD rats was carried out， based on the acute oral toxicity test of Monascus red by the limited method.ResultsThe quality and specification of test samples conformed to the provisions of China National Food Safety Standard. The content of CIT and Monacolin K was 0.030 8 mg/kg （converted as one color value） and 0.166 mg/g. Twenty compounds were separated in Monascus red by UPLC-Orbitrap-MS2， red pigment， orange pigment and yellow pigment of it accounted for 88.38%， 2.04% and 5.96%， respectively. The results of acute oral toxicity showed that Monascus red was innocuous （LD50>20 g/kg·BW）. In the 14-day repeated oral dose toxicity test， compared with the control group， rats in 5 g/kg·BW dose group exhibited no significant differences in the general clinical observation， growth and development， hematology， blood biochemistry， routine urine detection， gross anatomy，organ weight，organ-to-body ratio， and histopathological examinations.ConclusionMonascus red is composed of multiple components characterized by red pigments. There is no obvious toxic effects found in the preliminary safety evaluation， which can provide reference for further long-term research.

ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination status and dietary exposure risk of 3 perfluorinated substances and 2 chlorine substituted perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate acids in fresh vegetables planted in the vicinity of typical fluorine chemical industry parks located in Guangdong province.MethodsNinety six vegetables were collected from the vicinity of 3 typical fluorine chemical industry parks and local markets in 2019. The concentrations of 3 perfluorinated substances ［perfluorooctane sulfonate acid （PFOS）， perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA）， perfluorohexanesulfonic acid （PFHxS）］ and 2 chlorine substituted perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate acids （6：2 Cl-PFESA and 8：2 Cl-PFESA） in fresh vegetables were detected using isotope dilution method by UPLC-QqQ-MS， and the point estimate was employed to estimate the levels of dietary exposure from fresh vegetables.ResultsPFOS and PFOA were detected in all samples， while chlorine substituted perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonates were detected in 2 leafy vegetable samples. The sum of average concentration of PFASs and Cl-PFESAs in vegetable samples was 0.792 ng/g fw （fresh weight， fw）， and it was two-fold higher compared the samples around the fluorine chemical industrial with the samples from local markets. The average concentration of 5 chemicals （1.11 ng/g fw） was the highest in leafy vegetables. The results of dietary exposure assessment indicated that the exposure levels of 3 perfluorinated compounds by consumption of fresh vegetables which planted surrounding fluorine chemical industry parks were 0.185-2.35 ng/kg·BW. The hazard indexes （HI） of PFOS and PFOA were greater than 1. The exposure level of chlorine substituted perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate acids were lower.ConclusionThe exposures of PFOS and PFOA of local general population exceeded the established thresholds for the adult residents. The risks of 2 chlorine substituted perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate acids exposure from vegetables were low， which still need to be concerned.

Biodegradable plastics, hailed for their environmental friendliness, may pose unforeseen risks as they undergo gastrointestinal degradation, forming oligomer nanoplastics. Despite this, the influence of gastrointestinal degradation on the potential human toxicity of biodegradable plastics remains poorly understood. To this end, the impact of the murine in vivo digestive system is investigated on the biotransformation, biodistribution, and toxicity of PLA polymer and PLA oligomer MPs. Through a 28‐day repeated oral gavage study in mice, it is revealed that PLA polymer and oligomer microplastics undergo incomplete and complete degradation, respectively, in the gastrointestinal tract. Incompletely degraded PLA polymer microplastics transform into oligomer nanoplastics, heightening bioavailability and toxicity, thereby exacerbating overall toxic effects. Conversely, complete degradation of PLA oligomer microplastics reduces bioavailability and mitigates toxicity, offering a potential avenue for toxicity reduction. Additionally, the study illuminates shared targets and toxicity mechanisms in Parkinson's disease‐like neurotoxicity induced by both PLA polymer and PLA oligomer microplastics. This involves the upregulation of MICU3 in midbrains, leading to neuronal mitochondrial calcium overload. Notably, neurotoxicity is mitigated by inhibiting mitochondrial calcium influx with MCU‐i4 or facilitating mitochondrial calcium efflux with DBcAMP in mice. These findings enhance the understanding of the toxicological implications of biodegradable microplastics on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a ubiquitous emerging persistent organic pollutant detected in the environment and foodstuffs. Despite the dietary intake of PCP being performed using surveillance data, the assessment does not consider the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of PCP. Pork, beef, pork liver, chicken and freshwater fish Ctenopharyngodon Idella-fortified by three levels of PCP were processed by RIVM and the Caco-2 cell model after steaming, boiling and pan-frying, and PCP in foods and digestive juices were detected using isotope dilution–UPLC-MS/MS. The culinary treatment and food matrix were significantly influenced (p < 0.05) in terms of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of PCP. Pan-frying was a significant factor (p < 0.05) influencing the digestion and absorption of PCP in foods, with the following bioaccessibility: pork (81.37–90.36%), beef (72.09–83.63%), pork liver (69.11–78.07%), chicken (63.43–75.52%) and freshwater fish (60.27–72.14%). The bioavailability was as follows: pork (49.39–63.41%), beef (40.32–53.43%), pork liver (33.63–47.11%), chicken (30.63–40.83%) and freshwater fish (17.14–27.09%). Pork and beef with higher fat content were a key factor in facilitating the notable PCP bioaccessibility and bioavailability (p < 0.05). Further, the exposure of PCP to the population was significantly reduced by 42.70–98.46% after the consideration of bioaccessibility and bioavailability, with no potential health risk. It can improve the accuracy of risk assessment for PCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]