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Cancers of the urinary system account for 13.1% of new cancer cases and 7.9% of cancer-related deaths. Of them, renal cancer, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer are most prevalent and pose a substantial threat to human health and the quality of life. Prostate cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the male urinary system. It is the second most common type of malignant tumor in men, with lung cancer surpassing its incidence and mortality. Bladder cancer has one of the highest incidences and is sex-related, with men reporting a significantly higher incidence than women. Tumor development in the urinary system is associated with factors, such as smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diet, occupational exposure, and genetics. The treatment strategies primarily involve surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Cholesterol metabolism is a crucial physiological process associated with developing and progressing urinary system tumors. High cholesterol levels are closely associated with tumor occurrence, invasion, and metastasis. This warrants thoroughly investigating the role of cholesterol metabolism in urinary system tumors and identifying novel treatment methods for the prevention, early diagnosis, targeted treatment, and drug resistance of urinary system tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has been considered a promising route toward carbon neutrality and renewable energy conversion. At present, most bismuth (Bi) based electrocatalysts are adopted to reduce CO2 to formate (HCOOH). However, the mechanism of different Bi nanostructures on the electrocatalytic performance requires more detailed exposition. Herein, a combined chemical replacement and electrochemical reduction process is reported to realize in situ morphology reconstruction from Bi@Bi2O3 nanodendrites (Bi@Bi2O3‐NDs) to Bi nanoflowers (Bi‐NFs). The Bi@Bi2O3‐NDs are proven to undergo a two‐step transformation process to form Bi‐NFs, aided by Bi2O2CO3 as the intermediate in KHCO3 solution. Extensive surface reconstruction of Bi@Bi2O3‐NDs renders the realization of tailored Bi‐NFs electrocatalyst that maximize the number of exposed active sites and active component (Bi0), which is conducive to the adsorption and activation of CO2 and accelerated electron transfer process. The as‐prepared Bi‐NFs exhibit a Faradaic efficiency (FEformate) of 92.3% at −0.9 V versus RHE and a high partial current density of 28.5 mA cm−2 at −1.05 V versus RHE for the electroreduction of CO2 to HCOOH. Moreover, the reaction mechanism is comprehensively investigated by in situ Raman analysis, which confirms that *OCHO is a key intermediate for the formation of HCOOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) and temperature of batteries is essential to ensure the safety of energy storage systems. However, it is very difficult to obtain multiple states of the battery with fewer sensors. In this paper, a joint estimation method for a lithium iron phosphate battery's SOC and temperature based on ultrasonic reflection waves is proposed. A piezoelectric transducer is affixed to the surface of the battery for ultrasonic–electric transduction. Ultrasonic signals are excited at the transducer, transmitted through the battery, and transmitted back to the transducer by reaching the underside of the battery. Feature indicator extraction intervals of the battery state are determined by sliding–window matching correlation analysis. Virtual samples are used to expand the data after feature extraction. Finally, a backpropagation (BP) neural network model is applied to the multistate joint estimation of a battery in a wide temperature range. According to the experimental results, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the lithium-ion battery's SOC and temperature estimation results is 7.42% and 0.40 °C, respectively. The method is nondestructive and easy to apply in battery management systems. Combined with the detection of gas production inside the battery, this method can improve the safety of the battery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the co‐metabolism of glycerol and octanoate by Pseudomonas putida KT2440 significantly increased the production of medium‐chain‐length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl‐PHA). This was achieved through optimization of various parameters such as substrate concentration, nitrogen concentration, and other mixing conditions related to dissolved oxygen level. Experiments were performed in shake flasks and 5 L fermenter with findings assessed through single factor analysis and response surface methodology. The optimal concentration of substrates to improve mcl‐PHA production were determined to be 40 g glycerol/L, 12.23 g octanoate/L, and 1 g (NH4)2SO4/L. Indirect regulation of dissolved oxygen was achieved by controlling the mixing conditions such as the initial medium volume (50 mL) (shake flask experiment), agitation speed (500 rpm), and aeration rate (10 L/minutes) (fermenter experiment). Optimized process parameters resulted in an mcl‐PHA titer of 8.47 g/L, which was significantly higher than that observed under un‐optimized conditions (3.95 g/L). The response surface method can be efficiently used to determine the optimal level of several factors related to mcl‐PHA production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]