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Objective The accurate measurement of Cobb angles is crucial for the effective clinical management of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The Lenke classification system plays a pivotal role in determining the appropriate fusion levels for treatment planning. However, the presence of interobserver variability and time‐intensive procedures presents challenges for clinicians. The purpose of this study is to compare the measurement accuracy of our developed artificial intelligence measurement system for Cobb angles and Lenke classification in AIS patients with manual measurements to validate its feasibility. Methods An artificial intelligence (AI) system measured the Cobb angle of AIS patients using convolutional neural networks, which identified the vertebral boundaries and sequences, recognized the upper and lower end vertebras, and estimated the Cobb angles of the proximal thoracic, main thoracic, and thoracolumbar/lumbar curves sequentially. Accordingly, the Lenke classifications of scoliosis were divided by oscillogram and defined by the AI system. Furthermore, a man–machine comparison (n = 300) was conducted for senior spine surgeons (n = 2), junior spine surgeons (n = 2), and the AI system for the image measurements of proximal thoracic (PT), main thoracic (MT), thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L), thoracic sagittal profile T5–T12, bending views PT, bending views MT, bending views TL/L, the Lenke classification system, the lumbar modifier, and sagittal thoracic alignment. Results In the AI system, the calculation time for each patient's data was 0.2 s, while the measurement time for each surgeon was 23.6 min. The AI system showed high accuracy in the recognition of the Lenke classification and had high reliability compared to senior doctors (ICC 0.962). Conclusion The AI system has high reliability for the Lenke classification and is a potential auxiliary tool for spinal surgeons.

This study was conducted to investigate weed infestations of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fields in the region of Tarim River. Forty‐nine species among 17 families were identified in these cotton fields, and 24 of them were annuals. The eight dominant weed species in the cotton fields of Tarim River basin included Chenopodium glaucum, Solanum nigrum, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hybridum, Bolboschoenus planiculmis, Sonchus arvensis, Phragmites australis, and Mulgedium tataricum. The number of weed species in the Aksu River tributary area, Yeerqiang River tributary area, and the upper and lower reaches of the Tarim River reached 29, 36, 35, and 33, respectively. Twenty species were found widely distributed among each basin. The dominant weeds in the cotton fields in the Aksu River basin and upper reaches of the Tarim River were S. nigrum and C. glaucum, those in the cotton fields in the Yarkand River basin included C. album and C. hybridum, and those in the cotton fields in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were C. glaucum and C. album. Notably the 20 common surveyed species of C. glaucum, S. nigrum, C. album, C. hybridum, B. planiculmis, S. arvensis, P. australis, M. tataricum, and others, could pose a serious challenge to regional crop production if not adequately controlled. As such, each cotton field should adopt a suitable weeding scheme with strengthened weed monitoring according to the local conditions, especially the weed distribution area characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the historical factors that have shaped the watercolour painting market in China and emphasizes the need to preserve and promote this art form. The study reveals that watercolour painting is popular among artists and collectors, with landscape and still life being common subjects. Business intermediaries play a significant role in facilitating transactions in this market. The article also discusses the evaluation of reliability and validity in assessing the measurement models of the watercolour painting market. It concludes by highlighting the significance of Chinese watercolour paintings in the ancient Chinese art market and the impact of changes in the market environment on the demand and value of these artworks. The growth of the modern Chinese watercolour market is influenced by globalization, consumer preferences, and technological advancements. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of preserving watercolour painting for cultural heritage, artistic diversity, economic benefits, and international recognition. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines the current state of the watercolour painting market in China and its impact on the market's development. The study involved 495 participants, including artists, collectors, and intermediaries. The findings indicate that artists are more likely to collect watercolour paintings, and intermediaries play a crucial role in facilitating sales. Chinese watercolour painting has a rich history and remains popular and respected in China. The market is expanding, driven by demand from art connoisseurs, interior designers, and tourists. However, challenges such as a lack of awareness about the value of watercolour paintings and competition from other art forms persist. The article suggests diversifying the market, improving education and training for artists, and utilizing technology to enhance the viewing experience and attract new audiences. The growth of the Chinese middle class and their interest in art as an investment and cultural consumption also contribute to the market's expansion. However, ensuring the authenticity of artworks and addressing risks are important considerations. [Extracted from the article]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion Imperfect fitting of the navigation template leads to prolonged surgery time and increased blood loss. These problems have not been effectively addressed in previous research. This study explores the efficacy of a novel 5‐point positioning point‐contact pedicle navigation template in complex pedicle situations in scoliosis.This study employed a retrospective controlled design. From November 2019 to November 2023, 28 patients with scoliosis and complex pedicle were selected and underwent scoliosis correction surgery. A 5‐point positioning point‐contact pedicle navigation template was used intraoperatively to guide pedicle screw placement. Matched with 56 historical cases as a control group. The analysis included screw placement time, screw placement bleeding volume, fluoroscopy frequency, manual repositioning frequency, screw placement accuracy and grade, screw placement complications, and main curve correction rate. Continuous variables were compared using the independent samples t‐test. Categorical data were analyzed with the chi‐square test.All 28 patients successfully underwent surgery, with a total of 268 pedicle screws placed. The surgery duration ranged from 220 to 410 min, with an average of (283.16 ± 51.26) min. Intraoperative blood loss ranged from 630 to 1900 mL, with an average of (902.17 ± 361.25) mL. Pedicle screw placement time ranged from 60 to 130 min, with an average of (85.24 ± 24.65) min. Pedicle screw placement bleeding volume ranged from 40 to 180 mL, with an average of (76.47 ± 42.65) mL. Fluoroscopy frequency ranged from 3 to 7 times, with an average of (4.31 ± 1.14) times. Manual repositioning frequency ranged from 0 to 2 times, with an average of (0.46 ± 0.58) times. Pedicle screw placement grades: Grade I: 237 screws; Grade II: 25 screws; Grade III: 6 screws; Grade IV: 0 screws. There were no screw‐related complications. The correction rate ranged from 46% to 68%, with an average of (55.83 ± 9.22)%. Compared to the experienced screw group, the differences in screw placement time, screw placement bleeding volume, fluoroscopy procedures, and manual redirections were statistically significant (p < 0.05).The 5‐point positioning point‐contact pedicle navigation template features a claw‐like structure that securely adapts to various deformed vertebral facet joints, avoiding drift phenomena and ensuring accurate screw placement. Its pointed contact structure with the lamina of the spine avoids extensive and complete detachment of posterior structures, reducing blood loss, surgery time, and trauma. Predesigned pedicle screw entry points and directions reduce fluoroscopy frequency and surgery time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safty of posterior popliteal fossa S-shaped incision with double-window approach for the treatment of posterior column of tibial plateau fractures., Methods: A retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of 13 patients with complex tibial plateau fractures involving both posteromedial and posterolateral columns between May 2015 and July 2017. There were 9 males and 4 females, aged 33-64 years (mean, 46.5 years). The causes of injury included traffic accident in 5 cases, falling from height in 2 cases, falling from electric bicycle in 4 cases, and falling because of skiing in 2 cases. The preoperative range of motion of the affected knees was (35.1±9.2)°. The time from injury to surgery was 7-19 days (mean, 13.3 days). All patients underwent a posterior popliteal fossa S-shaped incision through the window of medial heads of gastrocnemius muscle (medial window) and the window between medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle (popliteal fossa window) approaches. After a good visual control of fracture reduction, both posteromedial and posterolateral columns of tibial plateau fractures were fixed with buttress plate respectively. Bone union, limb alignment, articular surface, and range of motion were estimated after operation. The American Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score was used to evaluate functional outcomes of knees., Results: After operation, 1 patient had fat liquefaction and dehiscence of incision, which healed after expanding the wound; the other patients' incisions healed by first intention, and no vascular or nerve injury occurred during operation. All the 13 patients were followed up 12-18 months (mean, 16 months). The X-ray films showed that all patients obtained good fracture unions, the fracture healing time was 14-22 weeks (mean, 18 weeks). At 12 months after operation, the articular surface was smooth without collapse, and the knee range of motion was (109.5±13.6)°, showing significant difference when compared with preoperative value ( t =18.879, P =0.000). No complication of infection, re-displacement of fracture, or secondary varus/valgus deformity was observed during follow-up. The HSS score was 82-96 (mean, 89.6) at 12 months after operation, with the result of excellent in 10 cases and good in 3 cases., Conclusion: The posterior column fracture of tibial plateau involving both posteromedial and posterolateral columns treated by double-window approach through posterior popliteal fossa S-shaped incision is safe and effective, with satisfactory results and good recovery of knee joint function.

Objective: To explore effectiveness of suture-bridge fixation under arthroscopy in treatment of tibial eminence avulsion fracture of anterior cruciate ligament in adolescents., Methods: Between June 2013 and October 2016, 18 adolescent patients suffered tibial eminence avulsion fracture of anterior cruciate ligament were treated by suture-bridge fixation under arthroscopy. There were 11 males and 7 females with an average age of 12.5 years (range, 5-17 years). The injury caused by bruise in 6 cases, by sprain in 4 cases, and by sport injury in 8 cases. The interval between injury and admission ranged from 2 hours to 10 months (mean, 2 months). The results of preoperative Lachman and anterior drawer tests were positive. There were 10 cases of knee pain, 4 cases of knee extension limitation, and 4 cases of knee extension without strength. According to the Meyer-McKeever classification criteria, 12 cases were type Ⅱ and 6 cases were type Ⅲ., Results: All incisions healed by first intention. All 18 patients were followed up 10-18 months after operation, with an average of 12 months. Postoperative X-ray films showed that all fractures healed after 6-12 weeks (mean, 8 weeks). The results of postoperative Lachman and anterior drawer tests were negative. At last follow-up, the Lysholm knee score was 90.1±5.0 and 93.1±6.2 for affected and unaffected sides, respectively, showing no significant difference between affected and unaffected sides( t =0.669, P =3.184［?］). There was no premature closure of skeleton or leg length discrepancy and deformity., Conclusion: For tibial eminence avulsion fracture of anterior cruciate ligament in adolescents, the suture-bridge fixation under arthroscopy is an effective method with many advantages, such as minimal invasion, reliable fixation, good fracture healing, and no need for second operation to remove implants.

Objective: To evaluate the short-term effectiveness of a modified Laprade technique in the treatment of lateral multi-ligament injuries of knee by anatomical reconstruction of posterolateral complex (PLC) and anterior lateral ligament (ALL)., Methods: Between June 2013 and July 2015, 13 cases of lateral multi-ligament injuries of knee were treated. There were 9 males and 4 females with an average age of 38 years (range, 23-49 years). The injury was caused by traffic accident in 7 cases, falling from height in 4 cases, and sport injury in 2 cases. The time between injury and operation was 18-92 days (mean, 43 days). The results of anterior and posterior drawer tests and Lachmann test were positive, and all cases complicated by varus and external rotation instability. The Lysholm score of the knee was 38.4±7.7. According to International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scoring, all were rated as grade D. According to Fanelli classification criteria, all were classified as type C. Anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, PLC, and ALL were reconstructed simultaneously with autogenous tendon., Results: All incisions healed at stage I and no complication occurred. All patients were followed up 12-36 months (mean, 19 months). At last follow-up, the results of anterior and posterior drawer tests and Lachmann test were negative; 2 cases had varus instability, and 1 cases had external rotation instability. There was no anterior external rotation instability. The Lysholm score of the knee was 88.6 ±12.7, showing significant difference when compared with preoperative score ( t =13.852, P =0.000). According to IKDC scoring, 8 cases were rated as grade A, 4 as grade B, and 1 as grade C; significant difference was found when compared with preoperative value ( Z =3.182, P =0.000)., Conclusion: In the treatment of lateral multi-ligament injuries knee, anatomical reconstruction of PLC and ALL with a modified Laprade technique can obtain good short-term effectiveness.

Objective: To explore the treatment of the malunited fracture of the tibial plateau., Methods: From June 2000 to June 2005, reconstruction was performed on 29 patients (18 males, 11 females; age, 19-43 years, average, 31.6 years) with the malunited fracture of the tibial plateau. The injury duration ranged from 2.5 months to 2 years, averaged 9.7 months. After the injury, the plaster external fixation was performed on 8 patients and operation was performed on the other 21 patients. The operation was involved in the use of screws in 11 patients, anatomic plates, Golf plates and allotype plates in 8 patients, external fixation braces in 2 patients. A complicating injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was found in 4 patients, an injury to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in 2 patients, an injury to both ACL and PCL in 1 patient, and an injury to the meniscus in 6 patients. Reestablishment was performed on 19 patients, high tibial osteotomy on 7 patients, and osteotomy of the half tibial metaphysis on 3 patients., Results: Base on the follow-up for 8 months to 3 years (average, 13.6 months), the comprehensively scoring assessment showed that an excellent result was achieved in 8 patients, good in 15, fair in 4, and poor in 1, with an excellent and good rate of 82.1%, according to the Hohl knee joint function assessment on the pain, active movement, motion range, stability, and self-assessment., Conclusion: For the reconstruction of the malunited fracture of the tibial plateau, the satisfactory therapeutic effectiveness can only be achieved if the proper indications are identified and the suitable operative methods are adopted. The total knee replacement is only applicable to the elderly patient, and for the young patient, the reconstruction should be performed.