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27 results on '"Yang, Linying"'

1. A Critical Review of Causal Reasoning Benchmarks for Large Language Models

Author

Yang, Linying, Shirvaikar, Vik, Clivio, Oscar, and Falck, Fabian

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

Numerous benchmarks aim to evaluate the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) for causal inference and reasoning. However, many of them can likely be solved through the retrieval of domain knowledge, questioning whether they achieve their purpose. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of LLM benchmarks for causality. We highlight how recent benchmarks move towards a more thorough definition of causal reasoning by incorporating interventional or counterfactual reasoning. We derive a set of criteria that a useful benchmark or set of benchmarks should aim to satisfy. We hope this work will pave the way towards a general framework for the assessment of causal understanding in LLMs and the design of novel benchmarks., Comment: AAAI 2024 Workshop on ''Are Large Language Models Simply Causal Parrots?''

Published
2024

2. The Development and Deployment of a Model for Hospital-level COVID-19 Associated Patient Demand Intervals from Consistent Estimators (DICE)

Author

Yang, Linying, Zhang, Teng, Glynn, Peter, and Scheinker, David

Subjects
Statistics - Applications
Abstract

Hospitals commonly project demand for their services by combining their historical share of regional demand with forecasts of total regional demand. Hospital-specific forecasts of demand that provide prediction intervals, rather than point estimates, may facilitate better managerial decisions, especially when demand overage and underage are associated with high, asymmetric costs. Regional forecasts of patient demand are commonly available as a Poisson random variable, e.g., for the number of people requiring hospitalization due to an epidemic such as COVID-19. However, even in this common setting, no probabilistic, consistent, computationally tractable forecast is available for the fraction of patients in a region that a particular institution should expect. We introduce such a forecast, DICE (Demand Intervals from Consistent Estimators). We describe its development and deployment at an academic medical center in California during the `second wave' of COVID-19 in the Unite States. We show that DICE is consistent under mild assumptions and suitable for use with perfect, biased, unbiased regional forecasts. We evaluate its performance on empirical data from a large academic medical center as well as on synthetic data.

Published
2020

13. Evaluation of translocation impacts on genetic patterns in farmed and naturalized populations of Mytilus galloprovincialis along the China coast: clues from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I sequences

Author

Yang Linying, Guofan Zhang, Huayong Oue, Mingkun Liu, and Li Li

Subjects
Genetic diversity, biology, Genetic variation, Haplotype, Zoology, Chromosomal translocation, Introduced species, Genetic variability, Aquatic Science, biology.organism_classification, Agronomy and Crop Science, Mytilus, Nucleotide diversity
Abstract

As an introduced species, Mytilus galloprovincialis has developed into self-sustaining naturalized populations and has been widely cultivated in northern China. The M. galloprovincialis aquaculture industry wholly depends on the movement of naturalized juveniles onto farms. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the genetic effect of continuous spats’ translocation. This study divided 12 localities of M. galloprovincialis along the China coast into three types of populations—farmed, naturalized adjacent farmed, and isolated—to investigate the genetic variation and differentiation. The genetic variability is reflected by haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, and the mean number of pairwise differences expressed as farmed populations > naturalized adjacent farmed populations > isolated populations. The Hierarchical analyses and Mantel-test indicated slight divergence between farmed and naturalized populations, northern and southern populations. The farmed and naturalized populations clustered into two separate categories in the neighbor-joining tree except two anthropogenically intervened localities. The present results suggest that the translocation practice positively affected genetic variability and played a vital role in shaping genetic composition. The information obtained in this study provides new insights into the impacts of the translocation culture model of marine mollusks.

Published
2021

21. XPS analysis of char residue from an intumescent flame retardant rigid PU composite foam

Author

Yang Linying, Zheng Ting, Tang Qichen, Qin Chang, and Dai Peibang

Subjects
Residue (chemistry), Materials science, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Chemical engineering, Composite number, Char, Intumescent, Fire retardant
Abstract

A flame retarded rigid PU foam was prepared using polyols and diisocyanates with a modified intumescent flame retardant (MIFR) via polyoxyethylene nonylphenol ether (surfactant TX-10). The MIFR included a new carbon source, calcium 3-hydroxy-2, 2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propyl phosphate. The carbon residue from the flame retardant rigid PU foams after UL-94 test was investigated with XPS. The data showed that the addition of MIFR into PU foams could promote formation of pure carbon char and P-C bond.

Published
2019

25. Observations on the ultrastructure of extrusomes in the hypotrichous ciliate Architricha indica (Protist, Ciliophora).

Author

Zhang, Xiaocui, Yang, Linying, Wang, Yiwen, Ni, Bing, Al-Farraj, Saleh A., Fan, Xinpeng, and Gu, Fukang

Subjects
*HYPOTRICHIDA, *PROTISTA, *CILIATA, *TRANSMISSION electron microscopy, *ELECTRON microscopes
Abstract

Extrusomes of different categories in ciliates have been suggested to have different structures and functions. To investigate the characteristics of extrusomes in the hypotrichous ciliate, we examinedArchitricha indicausing scanning and transmission electron microscopy and electron microscopic enzymo-cytochemistry. The results showed that the mature extrusomes were ellipsoidal vesicles with structureless cavities on their anterior parts and arranged in rows beneath the pellicle; the extruded structures of extrusomes were cyathiform and can remain outside of the cell surface after extrusion. These findings differ distinctly from that of previously reported extrusomes in other ciliates and thus suggest a new type of extrusomes. These organelles originated from endoplasmic reticulum in the deeper part of the cytoplasm, underwent a serious of development, gradually migrated to the cortical cytoplasm and finally positioned in their functional areas. In contrast with lower forms of ciliates, density, arrangement, and localization of extrusomes inA. indicashowed obvious differences between the ventral and dorsal surface of cells. This may be in some way related to the differentiation of the dorsoventral cortex, and functional ciliature happened to the hypotrichous ciliates. In addition, the extrusomes may perform protective or defensive function, which associates with the activity of mitochondria and contributes to the pellicle retrieval or renewal. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2014
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27. [Comparison of relevant indicators of coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with varying severity of community-acquired pneumonia].

Author

Xu Y, Zhang Y, Jiang F, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Pang G, Yang L, and Zhang Q

Subjects
Blood Coagulation, Blood Coagulation Tests, C-Reactive Protein, Calcitonin, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products, Fibrinogen, Humans, Leukocyte Count, Partial Thromboplastin Time, Platelet Count, Protein Precursors, Prothrombin Time, Community-Acquired Infections, Fibrinolysis, Pneumonia
Abstract

Objective: To compare the relevant indicators of coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with varying severity of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)., Methods: A total of 107 CAP hospitalized patients at Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Chengde Medical College from July 2013 to June 2014 were enrolled as pneumonia group while another 52 healthy outpatients served as control group. The levels of routine blood test, coagulation function, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured and compared among different groups. All hospitalized CAP patients were divided into low and high-risk groups according to pneumonia severity index (PSI). And all indicators were measured to examine the differences among different groups., Results: The white blood cell count in pneumonia group was significantly higher than that in control group ((9.3 ± 5.1) vs (7.5 ± 2.9) × 10(9)/L, P < 0.05). The red blood cell count, hemoglobin and platelet count in pneumonia group were significantly lower than those in control group ((4.3 ± 0.6) vs (4.8 ± 0.5) × 10(12)/L, (131.1 ± 18.7) vs (144.9 ± 17.4) g/L, (199.3 ± 69.4) vs (237.9 ± 72.5) × 10(9)/L, all P < 0.05). The D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs), fibrinogen (FIB), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) in pneumonia group were significantly higher than those in control group ((1.86 ± 1.28) vs (0.48 ± 0.38) mg/L, (6.42 ± 3.27) vs (2.17 ± 1.46) mg/L, (3.87 ± 1.17) vs (3.42 ± 0.96) g/L, (35.64 ± 8.34) vs (31.29 ± 11.19) s, (12.21 ± 1.40) vs (11.36 ± 2.19) s, all P < 0.05) while thromboplastin time (TT) was lower than that in control group ((13.43 ± 3.38) vs (16.16 ± 2.89) s, P < 0.05). The levels of D-dimer, FDPs, procalcitonin, CRP, APTT and PT in high-risk group were significantly higher than those in low-risk group ((2.94 ± 1.14) vs (1.16 ± 0.78) mg/L, (8.85 ± 2.82) vs (4.85 ± 2.49) mg/L, (1.72 ± 1.16) vs (0.40 ± 0.51) µg/L, (104.2 ± 61.9) vs (67.4 ± 59.5) mg/L, (38.80 ± 8.41) vs (33.60 ± 7.69) s, (12.64 ± 1.76) vs (11.94 ± 1.03) s, all P < 0.05) while platelet count and TT were lower than those in low-risk group ((172.8 ± 57.1) vs (216.5 ± 71.6) × 10(9)/L, (12.10 ± 2.66) vs (14.28 ± 3.53) s, all P < 0.05). The abnormal rates of procalcitonin, D-dimer and FDPs in high-risk group were significantly higher than those in low-risk group (100% (42/42) vs 86.2% (56/65), 95.2% (40/42) vs 75.4% (49/65), 95.2% (37/42) vs 44.6% (29/65), all P < 0.05). The plasma levels of D-dimer, FDPs, procalcitonin and CRP were well-correlated with index of pneumonia severity (r = 0.636, 0.608, 0.629, 0.250, all P < 0.05). And the plasma level of platelet was negatively correlated with index of pneumonia severity (r = -0.320, P < 0.01)., Conclusions: The red blood cell, hemoglobin and platelets are lower in patients with pneumonia than those in normal subjects. And the patients with pneumonia have coagulation and fibrinolysis disorders. The plasma levels of D-dimer, FDPs, procalcitonin, CRP and platelets are well-correlated with severity of CAP.

Published
2015

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