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Since the last few years, the Taiwanese government has been promoting the cultural and creative industries, causing the industries in Taiwan to grow rapidly. This study utilizes data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the cultural and creative promotion performance of cities/counties in Taiwan. Furthermore, the DEA and network-based approach are combined not only to identify the most important inputs/outputs, but also to identify cities/counties that can be treated as benchmarks. This study confirms the effect of the economic gap between urban and rural areas on the promotion and development of the cultural and creative industries in Taiwan. The cultural and creative promotions in the urban areas are found to be superior to those in the rural areas in Taiwan. In addition, the cultural and creative industries in the northern Taiwan are found to be superior to those in the other areas in Taiwan. This study offers some recommendations for managers in cultural and creative departments in their decision-makings; following which will mitigate the gap between resources available in urban and rural areas and facilitate balanced development of the cultural and creative industries in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: To determine the effect of nylestriol and levonorgestrel on mRNA expression of OPG/OPGL in MG-63 cell lines, and to explore whether the paracrine effect is involved in the regulation course. Methods Semi-quantitive RT-PCR was conducted to analyze mRNA expression of OPG/OPGL in MG-63 cell lines treated with nylestriol and levonorgestrel. Results Both medicines could stimulate MG-63 cell lines to express OPG, and the best action levels of the two medicines were 10(-6) mol/L. Both medicines could decrease mRNA expression levels of OPGL dramatically. In NYL 10(-10) mol/L treatment group, medium renewal has negative effect on mRNA expression of OPG. Conclusion Both the two medicines can promote mRNA expression of OPG in MG-63 cell lines, while decrease mRNA expression of OPGL. The paracrine effect of MG-63 cell lines may be involved in the regulation of mRNA expression of OPG by NYL.